Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
1
Organic pigproduction
Module M4801-480: Organic Livestock Farming and Products
Bianca Haußner
5th of July 2012
University of Hohenheim
Faculty of Agricultural SciencesInstitute of Animal Production in the Tropics and Subtropics (480a)Prof. Dr. Anne Valle Zárate
www.smh.com
2
1. Introduction
2. Natural behaviour of pigs
3. Breeding and genetic resources
4. Housing systems
5. Feeding systems
6. Health and welfare
7. Biological parameters
8. Economic efficiency
9. Conclusions
10. References
Content
3
• Increasing demand for organic food items through concern of food quality and safety, environment, and animal welfare
• Growing demand of organic pork in Europe, although still a niche product
• Variation in the different member countries of the EU
• Insufficient market transparency and structure
• Consumers’ willingness to pay relatively high premiums for organic pork
• Current production of organic pork cannot meet the demand
• Conversion of conventional into organic pig production
Introduction
4
Organic pig production in core European producing
countries
1.63
0.81
0.660.57
0.48
0.32 0.300.20
0.13
0
50
100
150
200
250
Aust
ria
Switz
erla
nd
Swed
en UK
Ger
man
y
Italy
Dem
ark
France
Finla
nd
Sto
ck o
f o
rgan
ic p
ig (
in 1
,000 h
ead
)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8Fattening pigs
Sows
% organic to totalnumber of pigs
Introduction
Source: Compiled after Edwards, 2011
% Organic to total fattening pigs
5
• Aim of organic pig production: Production system with high animal welfare standard
• Little change of behavioural repertoire due to domestication
• Higher welfare � pigs can express their natural behaviour
• What are the instinctive behaviours of pigs?
Natural behaviour of pigs
/www.planet-schule.deyoknabottoms.comitsnotthecoffin.blogspot.com/2011/04/progress-but-not-quite.html
6
Natural behaviour of pigs
Locomotion
behaviourSocial behaviour
Resting and sleeping behaviour
Defecation
behaviourNesting and
farrowing behaviour
ComfortFeeding
behaviour
Exploration behaviour
7
Social behaviour
• Very distinctive and differentiated
• Herd animal: All behaviour pattern performed in group
• Naturally living in small groups (20-30 animals)
• Pigs are social animals and form hierarchies
• 10% of the active time per day used to form social structure
• Problem to integrate new pigs to existing groups
Natural behaviour of pigs
www.nutztierfoto.com/galerie/schwein/artttypus/rottewildschweinfutteraufnahme.html
www.ign-nutztierhaltung.ch/Schweinehaltung/verhalten/v2sozial2.php
8
Locomotion behaviour
• Structured day in terms of time and place
• In nature: change of the behavioural activity � change of location
• Wild boar: up to 4-6 km per day
• Piglets during the 2nd – 6th week: playing with a lot of running � need a lot of space
3.bp.blogspot.com
http://yonderwayfarm.com/pastured-pork/3.bp.blogspot.com/_z7gCdmd-ja4/S-UO17Sk5OI/
Natural behaviour of pigs
9
Exploration behaviour
• Exploration by eye, ear, mouth, tactile and olfactory sense (e.g. truffle pig)
• Extremely sensitive rooting disc
• Main time of activity during the day
• Combined with foraging and rooting
• Welfare consequences of rooting deprivation
• Nothing to explore in a pigpen� redirection behaviour towards pen fixtures or penmates
• Rooting areas to be provided
thumbs.dreamstime.com/thumb_73/115391443711Z0v2.jpg
www.johnharveyphoto.com/SaltSpringBB/PigRooting.html
Natural behaviour of pigs
www.ign-nutztierhaltung.ch/Schweinehaltung/verhalten
10
Natural behaviour of pigs
informedfarmers.com/feeding-guidelines-for-pigs/
Feeding behaviour
• Pigs are omnivores � wide natural spectrum of feed
• Social behaviour: one finds food � all start to eat
• System must ensure possibility of synchronic feeding
• Need to forage even when fed on a well-balanced diet
• Otherwise frustration � poor welfare seen e.g. in sham chewing, bar biting
glaciervalleyfarm.wordpress.com/our-breeds/www.depts.ttu.edu/porkindustryinstitute/SowHousing_files/Sow%20Housing%20overview.htm
11www.nutztierfoto.com http://www.tierhaltung.at/VU/schweine/schwein_haltung.html
Natural behaviour of pigs
Defecation behaviour
• Strong aversion to own or conspecifics’ excrements
• Strict separation of defecation and laying area
• Preferred defecation areas close to watering place
• Problem of punctual soil and water pollution
12
Nesting and farrowing behaviour
• Behavioural need of maternal behaviour in domestic pigs �provision of shelter for piglets
• Considerably effected by the husbandry system and by environmental circumstances
• Restriction under conventional husbandry conditions
• Opportunity for behaviour expression � better health and welfare
Natural behaviour of pigs
www.vgt.ch/news2006/060110einstreu_in_abferkelbuchten.htmhttp://www.vgt.ch/vn/0701/sau_mit_gras.jpg
13
Nesting and farrowing behaviour
• Physiological stress in sows
� Delayed births and increased rate of stillbirth
� Negative effect on the piglets: reduced survival rate / savaging of piglets
• Loose farrowing system or at least suitable material required
www.ign-nutztierhaltung.ch/Schweinehaltung/verhalten/v2mutter4.php
Natural behaviour of pigs
www.eyesonanimals.com/uploads/RTEmagicC_Les-NL-June05-sow_factory_farm__2__02.jpg.jpg www.ktbl.de/index.php?id=488
14
Natural behaviour of pigs
http://free-photo.gatag.net/en/2010/10/17/110000.html
Sleeping and resting behaviour
• Peaks of activity at the morning and afternoon
• Resting in groups, rarely alone
• Housing systems with protected laying area
• Quality of floor important: soft and dry laying areas
• Relaxed resting and sleeping: lateral position
15
Natural behaviour of pigs
Comfort behaviour
• Limited thermoregulation
• Piglets and young fatteners � cold stress
• Fatteners and lactating sows � heat stress
• Wallow, bathing or shower
– Hygiene: to clean hair and skin, get rid of external parasites
– Regulation of body temperature
– Protection from sunburn
http://butcherinfoblog.blogspot.com/2011_03_01_archive.html
www.ign-nutztierhaltung.ch/Schweinehaltung/verhalten/v2pflege3.php
media.netletter.at/av/bz/mmedia//2011.05.31/1306850116_5.jpg
16
EC-regulation 889/2008 supplementing the EC-regulation 834/2007
• Choice of breeds and strains according to their resistance and vitality (e.g. no pig breeds prone to PSE syndrome)
• Preference to indigenous breeds• Piglets must come from organic piglet producers• Lack of animals of organic origin � non-organic piglets <
35kg, 20% of adult breeding sows
Origin of the animals
8 & 9
Contents concerning pig keepingIssueArticle
Source: Compiled after Commission Regulation (EC) No 889/2008
Breeding and genetic resources
17
Breeding and genetic resources
• Mainly same genotypes as found in conventional production
• Consideration of breeding aspect in the organic pig production for long time quite low
• No own profile of quality � no clear distinction in the taste from conventionally produced pork
• Consumer demands of lean meat � fast growing animals
– Selection according to carcass quality but not meat quality
• Importance to consider adaptability traits in pig breeding for organic production systems
18
Breeding and genetic resources
Selection criteria for appropriate outdoor sows
– Hardiness
– Prolificacy
– Good maternal behaviour
– Ease of handlings
Selection criteria for appropriate outdoor boars
– Hardiness
– Right temperament for group management
19
Breeding and genetic resources
Use of traditional breeds
• In-situ conservation of endangered pig breeds
• Adapted to the local environment
– Feed intake
– Environment conditions
– Comparatively higher disease tolerance
• Suitable behaviour patterns
• Potential for regional marketing programs of pork brands
• Lower percentage of lean meat but higher meat quality
• Lower feed efficiency
• Fatteners are often cross-bred animals
– High performing breeds x local breeds
20
Pig breeds
International transboundarybreeds
www.hartls-kulinarikum.at
Large White / Yorkshire
www.g-e-h.de/geh
Landrace www.fwi.co.uk/blogs/livestock-and-sales-blog/TS%20Welsh%20Pig%20Champ.jpg
Pietrain
www.thepigpage.com/sooner_select/images/2009/may29/masters/2-5-Hamp.jpg
Hampshire
Duroc
www.britishpigs.org.uk/breed_du.htm
21
Selection of local breeds
(Germany)
www.g-e-h.de
Bentheim Black Pied
www.angler-sattelschweine.de/galerie_heute.html
Angler Saddleback
Pig breeds
Düppeler Weideschweinwww.egge-weser-digital.de/htm-inhalte/20005019.html
22
Selection of local breeds
(Europe)
www.mangalitza.at/IGWOE/rubrik.php?rubrik=1.0_rassekunde#mr01
Mangalitza (Hungary)
www.in-italia.de/italien/toskana/abbadia-san-salvatore/bauernhof-mit-schweinen-cinta-senese/
Cinta Senese (Italy)
www.agromeat.com/attachm3nt5/1150704931Cerdo_iberico_Bellota2.jpg
Iberian pig (Spain)
Pig breeds
23
EC-regulation 889/2008 supplementing the EC-regulation 834/2007
• Permanent access to open air areas, preferably pasture• Sows shall be kept in groups, except in the last stages of
pregnancy and during the suckling period• Piglets may not be kept on flat decks or in piglet cages• Final fattening phase may take place indoors• Exercise areas must permit dunging and rooting by the
animals
Housing11
Contents concerning pig keepingIssueArticle
Source: Compiled after Commission Regulation (EC) No 889/2008
Housing systems
24
Farming traditions
Consumer expectations
•Animal welfare
Soil and land
•Available land surface•Soil properties
Climate
•Precipitations•Snow•(Cold) winter temperatures•Hot temperatures in summer
Environment
•Risk of nutrient leaching
Farmer
•Economy•Work schedule•Investment costs
Animals
•Expression of natural behaviour•Health
Organic standards
•EU-Regulation•Regulations of farmers association
Housing systems
Source: FIBL 2011, modified
25
Housing systems
• Diversity of required management related to the different housing systems
• Concrete and slatted floors or deep litter
• Organic standards require access to outdoor run
– Range: From open to fully covered by a roof
• Basically three forms of housing systems:
– Indoor, outdoor, mixed
26
Housing systems
• Housed inside with access to concrete outside run
• Heated buildings or uninsulated barns with open fronts
• Challenges:
– Provision of suitable space for pigs to express their natural behaviour
– Separation of areas to express different behaviour patterns essential to avoid problems, economic losses and extra work
Indoor Housing
27
Outdoor
Indoor
Farrowing
Weaning
Fattening pigs
Pregnant sows
Weaner pigs
Mating
Lactating sows & piglets
Indoor Housing
Housing systems
Source: FIBL 2011, modified
28
http://www.ign-nutztierhaltung.ch/Schweinehaltung/systeme/systeme_3.php
Housing of empty and pregnant sows
Deep litter with elevated feeding area
Housing systems
29
Housing of empty and pregnant sows
Multi area housing with laying units
Housing systems
http://www.ign-nutztierhaltung.ch/Schweinehaltung/systeme/systeme_7.php
30
Housing systems
www.ign-nutztierhaltung.ch/Schweinehaltung/systeme/systeme_14.php
Housing of sows with piglets
Heku box
31
Housing systems
www.ign-nutztierhaltung.ch/Schweinehaltung/systeme/systeme_20.php
Housing of sows with piglets
BAT box for groups of sows
32
Housing systems
Housing of weaned piglets
3-area housing system
http://www.ign-nutztierhaltung.ch/Schweinehaltung/systeme/systeme_29.php
33
Feed alley Feeding area Feed alley
Defecation area Laying area
Housing of fattening pigs
Danish system
http://www.ign-nutztierhaltung.ch/Schweinehaltung/systeme/systeme_32.php
http://www.ign-nutztierhaltung.ch/Schweinehaltung/systeme/systeme_31.php
34
• Pigs are kept outside for the whole year
• Huts or natural shelter
• Little or no building costs
• Meets the consumers expectations
• Challenges:
– Organisation of pasture rotation to maintain the vegetation cover
– Avoid environmental damage
– Ensure bio-security
– Identify and treat health problems
– Sun protection
– Organisation of the work
Outdoor Housing
Housing systems
35
Farrowing
Weaning
Fattening pigs
Pregnant sows
Weaner pigs
Outdoor
Indoor
Mixed Housing
Mating
Lactating sows & piglets
Source: FIBL 2011, modified
Outdoor Housing
Housing systems
36
www.tierschutz-landwirtschaft.de/html/schweine.html
Pigs on pasture
www.picdeutschland.de
northernhorse.com/coyoteacres/listings.asp?ltype=largeblackpigs ebeyfarm.blogspot.com/2008/12/giant-milk-score.html
Housing systems
37
Farrowing
Weaning
Fattening pigs
Pregnant sows
Weaner pigs
Outdoor
Indoor
Outdoor Housing
Mating
Lactating sows & piglets
Source: FIBL 2011, modified
Mixed Housing
Housing systems
38
• Different combinations of outdoor and indoor housing systems
• Combination of advantages of both systems
• Practicability depends on climatic conditions, historic and farmspecific development
• Enables sows to be kept on pasture during different stages of their life (e.g. during pregnancy or during group suckling)
• Weaners and fatteners
– Normally: Large groups, in a barn, concrete outdoor runs
– During summer: Access to a pasture for weaners and fatteners
Mixed Housing
Housing systems
39
• Climate is a challenging issue in organic sow husbandry related to health and welfare
• Depending on the geographical location, both heat and cold stress possible during different seasons
• Heat stress: rather a problem for lactating sows (high feed intake, metabolic activity for milk production)
• Cold stress: piglets, young fatteners and eventually dry sows (restricted feed level)
• How to prevent heat and cold stress?
Housing systems
Measurements against temperature stress
40
• Provide shade, wallows or water sprinkling systems to alleviate heat stress
• Provide huts and plentiful dry straw bedding to alleviate cold stress
• For piglets: provide supplementary heat by use of a heat lamp or floor heating (unlikely in outdoor systems)
• Good layer of dry bedding everywhere where piglets might lie down
• Creep area: warm and draught free
Housing systems
Measurements against temperature stress
www.oekolandbau.nrw.de
www.vu-wien.ac.at/de/infoservice/aktuelles/presseinformationen/presseinfo2011/joachim-ferkel-tz/
41
Maximum number of animals per ha
14Other pigs
14Pigs for fattening
6.5Breeding sows
74Piglets
Equivalent to 170 kg N / ha / yearPig class
Source: Compiled after Commission Regulation (EC) No 889/2008
Housing systems
42
• Organically produced feed produced as far as possible on the farm unit
• Roughage must be added to the daily ration of pigs
• Feeding of piglets must be based on natural milk, at least for a period of 40 days
• Since 1. January 2012: 100% organically produced feed*
Feed20 & 43
Contents concerning pig keepingIssueArticle
Source: Compiled after Commission Regulation (EC) No 889/2008
EC-regulation 889/2008 supplementing the EC-regulation 834/2007
Feeding systems
*5% conventionally produced feed allowed until 31/12/ 2011
43
Objectives of modern pig feeding
���� significantly influenced by the feeding system
• High level of animal health
• High growth performance
• Productivity of pig husbandry
• Harmlessness
• Use of farm grown (feed) resources
• Protection of the environment
Feeding systems
Source: Modified from Rodehutscord, 2012
44
• Integration of greater numbers of pigs into the organic farming systems more difficult than in the case of ruminants
• Nutrition based on home-grown feeds, produced and handled organically more difficult
• Forbidden are:
– GM grain
– Antibiotics or drugs for disease prevention and growth promotion
– Chemically extracted feeds
– Synthetic vitamins
– Artificial amino acid
Feeding systems
45
• Use of breeds with high genetic potential for primary performance traits in organic pig production
• Pigs of high genetic potential show a quick growth in relation to their body weight
• Genetic progress in these traits not accompanied by a similar increase in feed intake capacity
• Gap between increased nutrient requirement and limited feed intake capacity
• Relatively little use of fibrous, bulky feed
• Diets with high nutrient and energy densities are provided
• Challenge to formulate these high-density diets in organic pig production
Feeding systems
46
Limitation of amino acids
• “Liebig's barrel“
• Restricted protein synthesis in case of the constraint of one essential AA
� Generally: Lysine first limiting amino acid
bezi
ehun
gsflo
w.fi
les.
wo
rdp
ress
.com
Met ThrLys Leu
Phe TrpVal Ile
Source: Modified from Rodehutscord, 2012
• Shortage or imbalance of AA
� Adverse effects on the performance
47
100% feed of organic origin
� restricted use of e.g. potato protein (since January 2012), beer
yeast and maize gluten (mainly convent. produced)
Feeding systems
• Alternative: Grain legumes (peas, fava beans, lupines)
www.gourmet-magazin.dewww.organicplanet.com/products/favabeans.phpwww.oekolandbau.nrw.de
• AA-composition not suitable to meet the demand of high performing pigs
• Recommendation of phase feeding according to the varying dietary requirements during the pig’s life cycle: starter, grower, finisher, gestation, lactation
48
EC-regulation 889/2008 supplementing the EC-regulation 834/2007
• Tail-docking and cutting of teeth shall not be carried out routinely
• Physical castration is allowed in order to maintain the quality of products and traditional production practices
• Any suffering to the animals shall be reduced to a minimum by applying adequate anaesthesia and/or analgesia
Management of animals
18
• Disease prevention based on selection of appropriate breeds, appropriate husbandry conditions, high quality fodder, avoiding overstocking
• The use of chemically synthesized allopathic veterinary medical products or antibiotics for preventive treatments is prohibited
• Veterinary treatment, phytotherapeutic, homeopathic products
• If not effective � use of chemically-synthesized allopathic veterinary medical products
Disease prevention & treatment
23
Contents concerning pig keepingIssueArticle
Source: Compiled after Commission Regulation (EC) No 889/2008
Health and welfare
49
Health and welfare
• Disease prevention by selection of appropriate breeds and husbandry practices
• Appropriate density of livestock � avoiding overstocking
• Use of chemically synthesized allopathic veterinary medicinal products & antibiotics for preventive treatments prohibited
• Health and welfare problems in organic pig production may differ from problems in conventional pig herds
• Common problems: endo-parasites, respiratory diseases, lameness, skin lesions
• Piglet mortality: big issue of concern
50
Health and welfare
Physical alteration
• Tail-docking, not to be carried out routinely
• Cutting of teeth, not to be carried out routinely
• Castration of the piglets allowed without the application of anaesthesia and/or analgesia during a transition period expiring on 31 December 2011
www.topagrar.com
www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/
animal-health-online.de/kastrat/narkose.html Isoflurane inhalation anaesthesia
51
Health and welfare
Physical alteration
• Nose-ringing of pigs kept on pasture
• Prevention from rooting to protect the vegetation cover
• � Drawback in animal welfare
• Under discussion
www.tierschutz-landwirtschaft.de/html/nasenringe_-klammern.html
52
Production cycle in pig production
Mating/Insemination
(Boar or AI)
114 days
Farrowing Piglets born
Conv. 21-28 days Conv. 21-28 days
Organic ≥ 40 days Organic ≥40 days
Weaning Weaning
1 weekFattening Conv. ~ 120 days
Sow in heat Organic ~150 days
Sum Conv. ~ 150 days Sum Conv. ~ 145 days
Sum Organic ~ 165 days Slaughtering Sum Organic ~ 190days
Piglet production Finishing pigs
Source: Kaufmann, 2009 modified
53
11.010.911.210.310.110.3Weaned piglets / litter
11.69.912.418.520.825.5Mortality until weaning (%)
12.512.112.812.912.714.0Live born piglets / litter
25.525.625.543.040.841.9Lactation length (days)
87.987.187.784.380.780.2Farrowing rate (%)
47.036.343.835.433.437.5Sow cullings / year (%)
25.925.526.421.120.521.5Weaned piglets / sow / year
2.42.42.42.12.02.1Litters /sow / year
378296397198130122No. sows per farm
281648771079No. herds
RotTF L1YRotTF L1YPerformance trait
ConventionalOrganic
Average sow and litter performance of crossbred sows on organic and conventional herds during 2006 to 2007
L1Y = Dutch Landrace x Yorkshire; TF= T-line x Finnish Landrace cross; Rot =rotational cross using L1, F, T and Y lines.
Biological parameters
(Source: Modified from Leenhouwers et al., 2010)
54
Biological parameters
Slaughter weight, carcass and meat quality of pig of different genotype and in different production systems
1 number of tested groups, 2 number of tested animalsConv: Conventional, Org: Organic SH: Swabian-Hall Swine, Pi: Pietrain, Du: Duroc, LR: Landrace
(Source: modified from Weißmann et al., 2009)
2.62055.6805433.2712Org
3.21656.0771333.289Org
- -51.7751263.266Org.
2.32858.6734583.0416Org
1.63058.2961622.5332ConvDu*LR
1.72856.8852592.6830ConvPi*AS
- -50.8831253.126ConvSH
1.04259.5893872.5135ConvHybrid
Intra-
muscular fat
(%)
n2Lean
meat (%)
DWG
(g / Tag)n2
FCR
(kg feed /
kg gain)
n1
Produc-
tion
system
Geno-
type
55
Economic efficiency
Biological and economic parameter of organic and conventional piglet production for the financial year 2002/2003
12.1734.82Labour demand per sow and year (h)
411489Return without direct costs (€/sow)
9810Other variable costs (€/sow)
417596Total feed costs (€/sow)
8951Veterinary costs (€/sow)
11360Cost of replacement (€/sow)
1,1501,250Total return (€/sow)
52.9084.36Revenue per piglet (€)
29.1028.02Weight at sale per piglet (kg)
41.5028.44Replacement rate (%)
20.2013.14Number of raised piglets / sow / yr
Conventional**Organic*Parameters
(Source: Bussemas, 2006 modified from BLE, 2004; Hinken, 2004)
*17 farms in 8 federal states in Germany, > 10 sows, mainly LR and LR x LW sows **Farmers’ association Westfalen, 295 farms, Ø 146 sows, hybrid sows and boars
56
Lower veterinary
expenditures
Longer productive
lifetime of sows
Price
premiums
Labour demand
Space demand
Restricted fattening
Feeding
expenditures
Factors impacting the economic efficiency
Economic efficiency
Production cycle
Less expensive housing
equipments
57
Conclusions
• Growing demand for organic pork
• Research needed to optimize management and husbandry system
• Appropriate breeding programs for suitable pig breeds for organic system needed
• Feeding remains the major challenge in organic pig production
• High health standard difficult to maintain
• Marketing potential to be exploited through better knowledge of market channels and production of meat quality fitting to consumers demands
58
References
• Blair, R. 2007. Nutrition and feeding of organic pigs. Cabi Publications, Wallingford, UK.• Bonde, M. and Sørensen. J. T. 2004. Herd health management in organic pig production
using a quality assurance system based on Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points. NJAS - Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences 52:133-143.
• Bonde, M., Baadsgaards, N.P. and Sørensen, J. T. 2005. In: Sundrum, A. and Weissmann, F. (eds.). Organic pig production in free range systems. Special Issue 281. FAL Agricultural Research. Völkenrode, Germany.
• Bussemas, R. (Ed). 2006. Ökologische Schweinehaltung - Praxis, Probleme, Perspektiven. Bioland, Mainz, Germany.
• EC. 2007. Council regulation (EC) No 834/2007 of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 2092/91. Official Journal of the European Union L 189 (20.7.2007), 1–23.
• EC. 2008. Council regulation (EC) No 889/2009 of 5 September 2008 laying down detailed rules for the implementation of Council Regulation (EC) No 834/2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products with regard to organic production, labelling and control. Official Journal of the European Union L 254 (26.9.2009), 73-79.
• Edwards, S. 2011. Knowledge synthesis: Animal health and welfare in organic pig production - Final Report COREPIG. Newcastle, UK.
• Larson, B., Hurley, S., Kliebenstein, J. and Honeyman, M. 2004. Cost of Organic Pork Production: A Seasonal Analysis and Needed Price Premium for Continuous Production. Paper presented at American Agricultural Economics Association Annual Meeting, July 1-4, 2004, Denver, USA.
• Leenhouwers et al. 2011. Breeding replacement gilts for organic pig herds. Animal 5(4):615-621.
• Loeser, R. and Deerberg, F. 2004. Ökologische Schweineproduktion: Struktur, Entwicklung, Probleme, politischer Handlungsbedarf. Bericht, Geschäftsstelle Bundesprogramm Ökologischer Landbau, Bundesanstalt für Landwirtschaft und Ernährung (BLE), Bonn, Germany.
59
References
• Loeser, R. 2006. Pig Husbandry in Germany - financial and physical results of a benchmarking analysis 2004/2005. Paper presented at Joint Organic Congress, Odense, Denmark, May 30-31, 2006.
• KTBL. 2006. Nationaler Bewertungsrahmen Tierhaltungsverfahren. KTBL Schrift 446. Darmstadt, Germany.
• KTBL. 2011. Ökologische Schweinehaltung. Zukunftweisende Haltungsverfahren. KTBL Schrift 484. Darmstadt, Germany.
• Redelberger, H. (Ed). 2004. Management-Handbuch für die ökologische Landwirtschaft. KTBL-Schrift 426, Darmstadt, Germany.
• Sundrum, A. and Weissmann, F. (eds.) 2005. Organic pig production in free range systems. Special Issue 281. FAL Agricultural Research. Völkenrode, Germany.
• Weißmann, F., Baulain, U., Brade, W., Werner, D. and Brandt, H. 2010. Alt oder Neu -Welche Rassen passen für die ökologische Schweinefleischerzeugung? In: Rahmann, G. (Ed.) Ressortforschung für den Ökologischen Landbau 2009. Johann Heinrich von Thünen-Institut - Bundesforschungsinstitut für Ländliche Räume, Wald und Fischerei (vTI), Braunschweig, pp. 49-64.
• Wlcek, S. and Zollitsch, W. 2004. Sustainable pig nutrition in organic farming: By-products from food processing as a feed resource. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 19:159-167.
• Zollitsch, W. 2007. Challenges in the nutrition of organic pigs. J. Sci. Food Agric. 87:2747-2750.
• http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/653746/Yorkshire Accessed 2/july/2011• http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/45545/Breed_of_pigs-Duroc_-
_Primefact_64-final.pdf Accessed 15/July/2011• http://www.prairieswine.com/pdf/36055.pdf. Accessed 2/July/2011• http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/140205.htm. Accessed
2/July/2011
60www.tipicappennino.it/adon/files/maialini.jpg
Thank you very much for your attention !
