Organic Electronics – where are we, where do we go? · • Most important markets: - Logic/Memory - OLED-Display - Photovoltaics. Time 1st wave: OLED Displays 2nd wave: OLED lighting

Organic Electronics –where are we, where do we go?

Karl Leo

Institut für Angewandte Photophysik,

TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany, www.iapp.de

and

Fraunhofer-COMEDD, 01109 Dresden

EDS Webinar, September 27, 2012

© Fraunhofer COMEDDFor internal use only

Outline

•Introduction

•What are organic semiconductors?

•Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLED)

•Organic Solar Cells

•A few remarks on manufacturing

Photovoltaic cells

Organic materials

Transistors and memory

• Large area & flexible substrates possible

• Large variety of materials

• Low cost

Organic light emitting diodes

Organic Semiconductors

Future Markets for Organic Devices

• IdTechex study:

• 330 billion US$ in 2027

• Most important markets:- Logic/Memory- OLED-Display- Photovoltaics

Time

1st wave: OLED Displays

2nd wave: OLED lighting

4th wave: Organic electronics

3rd wave: Solar cells

Progression of Organic Products

Energy diagram

E

x

Cathode

LUMO

HOMO

Anode

Device structure

V

A

Light emission

OLEDs: Basic Principles

Glass substrate

Transparent anode

Emissive layer

Cathode

++ +

---

Organic materials needed: ≈ 1 g/m2 !

Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED)

OLED display market forecasts – and the reality..

OLED display market forecasts – and the reality..

The 55‘ OLED TV is coming…


Outline

•Introduction





pzpz

sp2 sp2

σ

σ∗

π

π∗

The basics of organic semiconductors:Conjugated π-electron systems

plane of thesp2-orbitals

pz-orbital π -bond

π -bond

σ-bond

pz-orbital

Sp2-hybridised Carbon:

Molecules with conjugated π-electron system

delokalisierte π −Elektronen

pz

σ∗

sp2

6 x

18 x

LUMO (π*) => EC „conduction band“

HOMO (π) => EV „valence band“

π-electron systems delocalize!

• VdW crystals• small π−π-overlap, narrow bands• saturated electron system

delocalizedπ-electrons

Technology: vacuum evaporation

Polymers with conjugated π-electron system

pz

σ∗

sp2

6 x

18 x

n

n x pz

sp2

VB (π)

CB (π*)

• broad bands• transport limited by

interchain hops

Technology: solution processing

Carbon: the influence of dimensionality

Source: Castro Neto, Geim et al.

Van der Waals-coupling:Narrow bands

mob

ility

0D

2D covalent broad bands

2D

10-2

101

104

1D

1D covalent:broad bands

Band dispersion in vdW-coupled organics

• Dispersion from angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy

• Bandwidth 4t ≈ 200 meV: compare to exciton binding of about 500meV

• Agrees with mobility of 3.8cm2/Vs in broad band model

H. Yamane et al., Phys. Rev. B 68 (2003) 033102

• Molecules often have comparably low symmetry

• Consequently, crystals have low-symmetry crystal class: Monoclinic or triclinic

• Disorder plays a big rolePhthalocyanine-crystal

Materials with low symmetry: packing is important

N. Karl et al. 2001

• Rocking width correlates with mobility

• Even small disorder reduces µ strongly

• Conductivities are accordingly low

Mobility as a function of disorder

Typical OLED today!

QT (Quaterrylen)Directly on Au(111)

reconstructed Au(111)-surface

on HBC on Au(111)

1 ML HBC on Au(111): d = 3 Å

10 nm

[ courtesy T. Fritz; R. Forker et al., Adv. Mat., 20, 4450 (2008) ]

Growth of ordered layers: a challenge


Outline

•Introduction





Single layer OLEDs

• Here: hole mobility larger than electron mobility=> losses by holes reaching the cathode=> losses by exciton quenching at the cathode=> low outcoupling efficiency

A n o d e C a t h o d eO r g a n i c

+

+

--

e V

Φ

Φ

V

-

+E F

E F

A n o d e C a t h o d e

++

--

-

+

I s

E v a c

A s

H T L E L E T L

Electron and hole blocking layers

• self balancing system => γ=1• no exciton quenching by metal contacts• outcoupling can be optimized

A n o d e C a t h o d eO r g a n i c

+

+

--

e V

Φ

Φ

V

-

+E F

E F

A n o d e C a t h o d e

++

--

-

+

I s

E v a c

A s

H T L E L E T L

• Small molecule OLED: balance easy for RGB, white more difficult

• Polymer OLED: Balance more difficult to achieve

HTL

Ele

ctro

n B

L

Ho

le B

L

Em

itte

rITO

Al

ETL

X

Five layer device: every layer optimized for specific function

Achieve Carrier Balance: Blocking Layers

Inorganic LED (e.g., GaAs/AlGaAs)Undoped Organic LED

• space charge limited currents

• low work function metals neededITO-preparation necessary

HTLETL

• Flat-band under operation

• Low work-function contacts not needed !

p n

CB

VB

EFe

EFh

Metal

i

Why doped layers: organic vs. Inorganic LED

The pin-OLED structure

• Device operates in flat-band condition

• Carriers are injected through thin space-charge layers

p-H

TL

Ele

ctro

n B

lock

er

Ho

le B

lock

er

Em

itte

r

Anode

Cathode

n-E

TL

p i n

Nominally undoped ZnPc: ≈10-10 S/cm

⇒ Doping increases conductivity by orders of magnitude

10-3 10-2 10-110-4

10-3

10-2 ZnPc series 1 ZnPc series 2

T= 30°C

linear dependenceCon

duct

ivity

σ

[S/c

m]

Molar Doping Ratio F4-TCNQ : ZnPc

e-

M. Pfeiffer, A. Beyer, T. Fritz, K. Leo, Appl. Phys. Lett. 73, 3202 (1998);

K. Walzer, B. Maennig, M. Pfeiffer, K. Leo, Chem. Rev. 107, 1233 (2007)

P-doped ZnPc: Conductivity vs. Doping Concentration

Thickness of space charge layers

• MeO-TPD doped with F4-TCNQ

• Sparge-charge layer thickness scales with dopant density

• Few monolayers for high dopant density

S. Olthof et al. J. Appl. Phys. 106, 103711 (2009)

-2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.01x10-9

1x10-8

1x10-7

1x10-6

1x10-5

1x10-4

1x10-3

1x10-2

1x10-1

n - ZnPc i - ZnPc p - ZnPc

Al

ITO

ZnPc - homo ( di = 30 nm )

Cur

rent

Den

sity

( A

/cm

2 )

Voltage ( V )

24.0 °C -1.8 °C -26.6 °C -42.6 °C -58.7 °C -82.8 °C

ZnPc: K. Harada et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 036601 (2005);

Pentacene: K. Harada et al., Phys. Rev. B 77, 195212 (2008)

Al

n-ZnPc

i-ZnPc

p-ZnPc

ITO

15 nm

30 nm

40 nm

The most simple device: pn homo junction

Where ist the voltage limit: Results for thermodynamically ideal

device

• At 100Cd/m2:only about 20% excess voltage over theoretical limit

• Voltages at high brightness can still be improved!

R. Meerheim et al., Proc. SPIE 6192, 61920P/1 (2006)

0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,51E-5

1E-4

1E-3

0,01

0,1

1

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

1E7

1E8

1E-5

1E-4

1E-3

0,01

0,1

1

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

1E7

1E8

blue: 2,28V

green: 1,95V

red: 1,56V

Lum

inan

ce (

Cd/

m2)

Voltage (Volt)

Best value for red: 1.89V (Novaled)

The all-organic device: Red pin OLED at 2.4V

Best devices: 1.89V ≈ thermodynamic limit + 20%

opticalrecombIexternal eU

hb ηηνη ×××=

• bI: Electron and hole current balance: 1 can be reached √

• eU: Operating voltage should be ≈ photon energy √

∀ηrecomb: 75% Triplet, 25% Singlet excitons: 0.25 for fluorescent emitter:Use phosphorescent emitters (Forrest/Thompson), optimize recombination zone √

∀ηoptical: about 20% in flat structure: 80% lost to wave guide modes

Recombination efficiency

What determines OLED efficiency?

Spin Statistics: Phosphorescent Emitters are needed (Thompson & Forrest)

• e-h-recombination: 75% triplet- and 25% singlet-excitons

• Phosphorescent emitters: triplets are used as well due to spin-orbit

coupling by heavy metals (Ir, Pt, Cu…)

• ≈ 100% internal quantum efficiency reached

+

+

+

+

hole electron exciton

Triplet

Triplet

Triplet

Singlet

Ir

N

Ir(ppy)3

3

PhosphorescentEmitter: Ir(ppy)3

opticalrecombIexternal eU

hb ηηνη ×××=

• bI: Electron and hole current balance: 1 can be reached √

• eU: Operating voltage should be ≈ photon energy √∀ηrecomb: 75% Triplet, 25% Singlet excitons: 0.25 for fluorescent emitter:

Use phosphorescent emitters (Forrest/Thompson), optimize

recombination zone √∀ηoptical: about 20% in flat structure: 80% lost to wave guide modes

Outcouplingefficiency

What determines OLED efficiency?

Distribution of Power in Modes

• Outcoupled modes• Substrate modes (1)• Organic modes (2)• Plasmonic losses (3)

3

Substrate Modes: Outcoupling easily achieved

Source: TemiconSource: Temicon

3

• Emitter is treated as electrical dipole • Power spectrum K is calculated by a transfer

matrix approach• Isotropic orientation of molecules is

assumed• Total emitted power by the dipole is

given by

Optical Simulation: The Model

n

ITO

Ag

Low-n (LI) glass

p∫∫∞∞

==00

2 ),(2),()( duuuKduuKF λλλ

[1] W.L. Barnes, J. Mod. Opt. 45, 661 (1998))[2] M. Furno et al., Phys. Rev. B 85, 115205 (2012)

Mauro FurnoMauro Furno

Waveguide Modes

Cathode

Organics

ITO

Glass

Emitting Center

M. Furno et al.

Surface Plasmon Modes

Cathode

Organics

ITO

Glass

Emitting Center High Losses due to Coupling to Metal!

M. Furno et al.

Distribution of power into different modes

• Calculations by Mauro Furno (M. Furno et al. Proc. SPIE 7617, 761716 (2010); Phys. Rev. B 85, 115205 (2012))

• Model includes Purcell effect

• Model can be tested by variation of electron transport layer thickness

R. Meerheim et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 97, 253305 (2010)

Bottom-emitting OLED with high-index substrate

• High-Index Substrates: no index step at substrate-OLED interface

• Surface plasmons can be suppressed by thick ETL

• Absorption is largest optical loss


MeO-TPD (36)NDP-2

Spiro-TAD (10)

BAlq (10)

Bphen (x)Cs

ITO (90)

Ag (100)

NPB:Ir(MDQ)2(20)

High-n (HI) glass


Experiment: High Index Glass

MeO-TPD (36)NDP-2

Spiro-TAD (10)

BAlq (10)

Bphen (x)Cs

ITO (90)

Ag (100)

NPB:Ir(MDQ)2(20)

High-n (HI) glass

Up to 54 % EQE (104 lm/W) were reached for red OLEDs


Experiment: High Index Glass

All-phosphorescent white OLED

• S. Reineke et al., Nature 459, 234 (2009)

• Novel emitter layer design

• High-index substrate and higher-order electron transport layer

ETL

ITO

Ag

Low-n (LI) glass

HTL

High-n (HI) glass

S. Reineke et al., Nature 459, 234-238 (2009)

Results for White OLED

Results with high-index thin films

Results with high-index thin films

• Extremely high quantum and power efficiency• Approach not yet proven for white

• Z.B. Wang et al., Nature Photonics 5, 753 (2011)

Realistic Efficiency Goal for White OLED

• Internal efficiency close to 100%

• Low voltage

• Outcoupling about 60%

• About 150 lm/W are possible!


Outline

•Introduction





Potential of Organic Photovoltaics

• Flexible plastic substrates and thin organic layers• Low material and energy consumption

• Short energy payback time

• Potentially transparent, color adjustable

• Compatible with low-cost large-area production technologies

Images: Konarka, Neuber, Heliatek, IAPP

Organic Solar Cells – where is the Market?

• „Window of opportunity“ in power market: 2015-2030

• What is needed: 10-12% in module = 15-17% in lab

• Lifetime at least 10 years

OPV

Polymer/small-molecule heterojunctionDye-sensitized solar cell

Hybrid organic-inorganic

Classes of Organic PV

• Absorption leads to tightly bound (0.2 … 0.5 eV) excitons

• Separation in electric field inefficient

• Usual solar cell structure does not work

The exciton separation problem

S. E. Gledhill et al. J. Mat Res. 20, 3167 (2005)

P. Würfel, CHIMIA 61, 770 (2007)

The exciton diffusion length problem

• Exciton diffusion lenghts are usually be small: ≈ 10 nm

• Much higher values have been reported for materials with higher order

• Possible workaround: use triplet diffusion: so far not successful

a n o d e( e . g . I T O )

c a t h o d e( e . g . A l )

d o n o r

a c c e p t o r

a n o d e c a t h o d e

C. W. Tang, Appl. Phys. Lett. 48, 183 (1986)M. Hiramoto et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 58, 1062 (1991)J. J. Hall et al., Nature 376, 498 (1995)G. Yu et al. Science 270, 1789 (1995)

Flat heterojunction (FHJ) bulk heterojunction (BHJ)

The key element: donor-acceptor heterojunction

New Small Molecule Absorber Materials

• Benzoporphyrins: Y. Matsuo et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131, 16048 (2009)

• Squaraines: F. Silvestri et al, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130, 17640 (2008); G. Wei et al., ACS Nano 4, 1927 (2010)

• Merocyanines: N. Kronenberg et al., J. Photon. Energy 1, 011101 (2010)

• Bodipys: T. Rousseau et al., Chem. Comm. 1673 (2009), R. Gresser et al., Tetrahedron 67, 7148 (2011)

• Thiophenes: K. Schulze et al., Adv. Mat. 18, 2872 (2006); Y. Sun et al., Nature Mat. 11, 44 (2012)

Solution processed record efficiencies

• Y. Sun et al., Nature Mat. 11, 44 (2012)

• 6.7% photoconversion efficiency

• 180nm active layer thickness!

The p-i-n Concept forOrganic Solar Cells

AOBFF

F F

N

N

N

N

F4-TCNQ

NN

N

N

N

N

NN Zn

S

CN

CNS

S

Bu Bu

S

S

BuBu

CN

CN

DCV5T-Bu

ZnPc

C60

Anode

p-doped HTL

Photovoltaicactive Layer

n-doped ETL

Cathode

p

i

n

B. Maennig et al., Appl. Phys. A 79, 1 (2004)M. Riede et al., Nanotechnology 19, 424001 (2008)

4P-TPD

Di-NPD

2-TNATA

• • donordonor--acceptoracceptor pair for photoactive layer pair for photoactive layer

NN

N

N

N

N

NN Zn

C60 ZnPc

• • hole transport layerhole transport layer

• • acceptor: p-dopantacceptor: p-dopantFF

F F

N

N

N

N

F4-TCNQ

Small Molecule Organic Solar Cell Materials

• • electron transport layerelectron transport layer

O O

OO

N

N

CH3

CH3

PTCDIC60

N

N

N

N

CH3

CH3

CH3

m-MTDATA MeO-TPD • • donor - precursor: n-dopantdonor - precursor: n-dopant

Rhodamine BO

O

O

N+

/ Cl-

N

NN

MeO

MeO

MeO

MeO

ZnPc: optical gap ~ 1.55eVUOC ≈ 0.5V

Exciton separation: energy loss at the donor-acceptor heterojunction

Example system: ZnPc/C60

ZnPc

4.0

5.1

4.3

4.8

EQF,e

EQF,h

Uoc=0.5V

Abs. edge: 1.6eVOpen circuit voltage: ≈0.5V⇒Large loss of energy

Minimum energy lossupon charge separation:0.2….0.7 eV?

C60

DCV3T

DCV5T

DCV6T

DCV7T

DCV1T

DCV4T

University of UlmDepartment Organic

Chemistry II

E.Brier, E. Reinold,P. Kilickiran,P. Bäuerle

Low gap thiophene oligomers

2.12 eV

2.03 eV1.90 eV

1.80 eV

-6.5

-6.0

-5.5

-5.0

-4.5

-4.0

-3.5

-3.0DCV6TDCV5TDCV4TDCV3T

ener

gy

/ eV

LUMO

HOMO

in CH2Cl2/TBAPF6 vs. Fc/Fc+ (-4.8eV)

E. Brier, P. Bäuerle et al., in preparation

C. Uhrich et al., submitted to Adv. Funct. Mater.

K. Schulze et al., Adv. Mater. 18 (2006) 2872

fullerene C60(UPS/IPES)

UPS

D'Andrade et al., Org. Electr. 6 (2005) 11

CV, peak-to-peak:CV, onset

N. Sato et al., Chem. Phys. 162 (1992) 433

R. W. Lof et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 68 (1992) 3924

Low gap thiophene oligomers:transport levels

ITO / Au(1) / pTNATA(30) / pNPD(10,4:1) / NPD(5) / DCVnT (8) / C60 (40) / Bphen(6) / Al(100)

Voc = 1.13 V

Voc = 1.00 V

Voc = 0.93 V

-10

0

10

-10

0

10

-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

-10

0

10

DCV4T

j (m

A/c

m2 )

DCV5T

j (m

A/c

m2 )

DCV6T

voltage [V]

j (m

A/c

m2 )

decreases

Open circuit voltage Charge carrier separation efficiencyfill factor FF saturation factor j(-1V)/jSC

FF = 27.6%j(-1V)/jsc = 1.32

FF = 50.4%j(-1V)/jsc = 1.10

FF = 49.7%j(-1V)/jsc = 1.15

increases

with increasing chain length

Minimum HOMO-LUMO difference: approx. 0.3eV

Solar Cells with DCVnT

-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0-15

-10

-5

0

5

ADA-BCO 2 / C60

118 mW/cm2 white lightUoc = 0.98 Vjsc = 10.57 mA/cm²FF = 48.5 %η = 4.26 %

ZnPc / C60

118 mW/cm2 white lightUoc = 0.49 Vjsc = 10.1 mA/cm²FF = 55 %η = 2.3 %

curr

ent d

ensi

ty

(mA

/cm

2 )

voltage (V)

η = 3,4%

DCV5TZnPc C60 C60

Comparison DCV5T vs. ZnPc: Double Voltage

K. Schulze et al., Adv. Mater. 18 (2006) 2872

DCV5T/C60

New Thiophenes: DCV5T-Me Series

S

S

S

S

S

CNNCCN

NC

CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3

1: DCV5T-Me(1,1,5,5)

S

S

S

S

S

CNNCCN

NCCH3 CH3 CH3 CH3

2: DCV5T-Me(2,2,4,4)

S

S

S

S

S

CNNCCN

NC

CH3 CH3

3: DCV5T-Me(3,3)

R. Fitzner et al., submitted (2012)University of UlmDepartment Organic

Chemistry II

DCV5T-Me Results

glass + ITO

NDP9 (1)

C60

(15)

DCV5T-Me 1-3:C60

(2:1, 90°C, 30)

BPAPF (5)

p-BPAPF 10wt%(50nm)

Au (50nm)

University of UlmDepartment Organic

Chemistry II

# VOC (V) ISC (mA/cm2)

FF Eff.(%)

1 0.91 9.6 62.5 5.5

2 0.95 9.4 62.1 5.6

3 0.96 11.1 65.6 6.9

Main effect: subtle dependence of crystal size in BJH on molecular structure

• Much of the solarspectrum is currentlynot used!

Extendabsorption to IR

Tandem or triple cells

Covering the full solar spectrum

M. Hiramoto et al., Chem. Lett. 1990 (1990) 327; A. Yakimov & S.R. Forrest, Appl. Phys. Lett. 80 (2002) 1667

p-i-n tandem cells:

• Pn-junction is ideal recombination contact

• optimizing interference pattern with conductive transparent layers

=>optical engineering on nanometer layer thickness scale

photoactive layer 1

photoactive layer 2

substrate foil

-

+

p

n

p

n

+

-

Pin-tandem cells: doped layers are critical for optical optimization

J. Drechsel et al., Appl.Phys.Lett. 86, 244102 (2005)

R. Schüppel et al., J. Appl. Phys. 107, 044503 (2010)

Pin-tandem cells: placing absorbers in different field maxima

T h i c k n e s s o f s p a c e r l a y e r

0 n m ( 1 s t m a x . )

7 4 n m ( 1 s t m i n . )

1 2 4 n m ( 2 n d m a x . )

R. Schüppel et al., J. Appl. Phys. 107, 044503 (2010)

Pin-tandem cells: placing absorbers in different field maxima

Good junctions

Importance of Efficient Recombination contact

• Recombination contact must be „bad“ solar cell: Open-circuit voltage should be zero

• Highly doped pn-junction is ideal solution: tunneling through narrow space charge layer (S. Olthof et al., J. Appl. Phys. 106, 103711 (2009), R. Timmreck et al., submitted)

Bad junction

Efficient Recombination Contact

•Metal clusters have only weak effect on efficient recombination

•Highly doped pn-junction is very efficient, stable and simple recombination contact

R. Timmreck et al., J. Appl. Phys. 108, 033108 (2010)

Small-Molecule OPV Record > 1cm²

8.3 % on 1.1cm² certified byFraunhofer ISE, Germany

© heliatek

Small-Molecule OPV Record > 1cm²

8.3 % on 1.1cm² certified byFraunhofer ISE, Germany

© heliatek

Latest Heliatek Result: 10.7% certified by SGS Fresenius

Development of OPV Efficiencies

diagram available under www.orgworld.de

C

onve

rsio

n e

ffici

en

c y (

%)

Organics is more: The O-Factor

• Standard measurement: 1 sun, 25 0C, perpendicular incidence

• Reality: 40-60 0C, often less than 1 sun, diffuse light

• Organics:– Positive temperature coefficient– Higher efficiency for lower intensity– Special diffuse light responsivity

• Sums up in the O-Factor: approx. 30% better!

High independence on incident

angle:

Efficiency development from 0 to 60°

above the expected values of pure

geometrical consideration

• Heliatek Absorber• Certified Efficiency: 8.3 % (1

cm2)• Collaboration of Heliatek und

IAPP (TU Dresden)

© Heliatek GmbH www.heliatek.com

Incident Angle Performance

Superior low-light performance:

97 % of full-sun efficiency at 1/10th

sun



IAPP (TU Dresden)


Intensity Performance

Superior low-light performance:

97 % of full-sun efficiency at 1/10th

sun



IAPP (TU Dresden)


Intensity Performance

1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.51.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

Power conversion efficiency of a tandem cell (in %)

electrical gap energy of first cell / eV

elec

tric

al g

ap e

nerg

y of

sec

ond

cell

/ eV

0

2.000

4.000

6.000

8.000

10.00

12.00

14.00

16.00

18.00

20.00

22.00

first cell second cell

e.gap 1.9eV 1.25eV ~21%o.gap ~770nm ~1300nm

e.gap 2.1eV 1,5eV ~20%o.gap ~690nm ~1030nm

e.gap 2.225eV 1.7eV ~19%o.gap ~645nm ~890nm

T. Mueller et al.

Efficiency Outlook for Tandem Cells

Dependence of degradation on photocurrent

• Degradation is directly proportional to photocurrent

M. Hermenau et al., Solar EnergyMaterials&SolarCells 95, 1278 (2011)

Recent degradation study: water and oxygen

• M. Hermenau et al. Solar En. Mat. & Solar Cells 95, 1268 (2011)

Results of degradation study

• Mainly current and FF degrade; Voc is rather stable

• Water is much more relevant than oxygen

– Water leads to oxidation of Al electrode

– Water induced ZnPc degradation

M. Hermenau et al. Solar En. Mat. & Solar Cells 95, 1268 (2011)

Lifetime of Thiophene Tandem Cells

StressConditions

DeviceTemperature

Integrated Light Dosis

Corresponding Exposure Time in

Middle Europe

50°C 8.1 MWh/m² 8 y

85°C dark

• Collaboration between

Heliatek & IAPP

• Absorber materials from BASF

and Heliatek, dopants from

Novaled

• Glass-glass encapsulation

• Halogen light at about

1.5 suns


Outline

•Introduction





© Fraunhofer COMEDD

Roll-to-roll pilot tool Rollex 300

linear organic source modules

RF-DC-Magnetron

linear ion source

Metal evaporator module(two metal sources)

Substrate roll

protective sheet

port to glove box for inert substrate handling


Roll to roll vacuum coater

attachement possibilityfor a glove box

winding units

deposition cylinder


OLED OPERATION TESTS UNDER INERT CONDITIONS AND AFTER LAMINATION

Electrical tests after the encapsulation

Electrical tests in the inert box


WHITE PIN OLED

Transparent OLED on Polymer web

top emitting OLED on metal sheets

Master degree „Organic and Molecular Electronics“ at TU Dresden

• New Master program „Organic and Molecular Electronics“

• Starting in fall 2012

• Industry grants available

• www.tu-dresden.de/physik/ome

• Organic Semiconductors:

• Advantages: Flexible, Low Cost, …

• But: Low mobility and stability

• Organic Light Emitting Diodes have shown excellent performance

• Organic Solar Cells: still a long way to go

• Manufacturing technologies still rather immature

Conclusions

• S. Reineke, S. Hofmann, S. Pfützner, H. Ziehlke, C. Körner, T. Menke, T. Müller, L. Burtone, D. Ray, C. Elschner, J. Meiss, M. Furno, C. Sachse, L. Müller-Meskamp, M.K. Riede, B. Lüssem, J. Widmer, M. Hummert, M. Gather (IAPP)

• K. Fehse C. May, C. Kirchhof, M. Toerker, M. Hoffmann, S. Mogck, C. Lehmann, T. Wanski (FhG-IPMS)

• J. Blochwitz-Nimoth, J. Birnstock, T. Canzler, S. Murano, M. Vehse, M. Hofmann, Q. Huang, G. He, G. Sorin (Novaled)

• M. Pfeiffer, B. Männig, G. Schwartz, K. Walzer (Heliatek)• J. Amelung, M. Eritt (Ledon)• D. Gronarz (OES)

• R. Fitzner, E. Brier, E. Reinold, P. Bäuerle (Ulm)• D. Alloway, P.A. Lee, N. Armstrong (Tucson)• U. Zokhavets, H. Hoppe, G. Gobsch (Ilmenau)• K. Schmidt-Zojer (Graz), J.-L. Bredas (Atlanta)• R. Coehoorn, P. Bobbert (Eindhoven)• T. Fritz (Jena)• M. Felicetti, O. Gelsen (Sensient)• A. Hinsch, A. Gombert (ISE)• D. Wöhrle (Bremen), J. Salbeck (Kassel), H. Hartmann (Merseburg/Dresden)• C.J. Bloom, M. K. Elliott (CSU)• P. Erk (BASF) and others from OPEG• BMBF, SMWA, SMWK, DFG, EC, FCI, NEDO

Acknowledgment

Prof. Dr. Karl LeoInstitut für Angewandte PhotophysikTechnische Universität Dresden01062 Dresden, Germanyph: +49-351-463-37533 or mobile: +49-175-540-7893 Fax: +49-351-463-37065 email: [email protected] page: http://www.iapp.de

We are looking forward to a cooperation

Documents

Organic Electronics – where are we, where do we go? · • Most important markets: - Logic/Memory - OLED-Display - Photovoltaics. Time 1st wave: OLED Displays 2nd wave: OLED lighting