Organic CompoundsOrganic CompoundsBig Four CompoundsBig Four Compounds

Greenhouse BiologyGreenhouse Biology

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Elements and Compounds Elements and Compounds Found in Living ThingsFound in Living Things

Only Only 1111 are are commoncommon in living in living thingsthings MOST Common are:MOST Common are:

CarbonCarbonHydrogenHydrogenOxygenOxygenNitrogenNitrogen

2 Main Groups of Chemical 2 Main Groups of Chemical CompoundsCompounds

MOST Common are:MOST Common are: CarbonCarbon NitrogenNitrogen OxygenOxygen HydrogenHydrogen

Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds Organic Organic

compounds are compounds are compounds that compounds that contain carbon and contain carbon and hydrogen atomshydrogen atoms

Came from a living Came from a living organismorganism

Inorganic CompoundsInorganic Compounds Inorganic: Does Not Inorganic: Does Not

come from living come from living organismsorganisms

CO2 Carbon DioxideCO2 Carbon Dioxide H2O Water H2O Water

What’s so special about What’s so special about CARBON?CARBON?

4 outer (valence) 4 outer (valence) electronselectrons

Can bind withCan bind with

4 different atoms4 different atoms

What’s so special about What’s so special about CARBON?CARBON?

Carbon has 4 places that Carbon has 4 places that molecules can attach to it molecules can attach to it and share!and share!

What’s so special about What’s so special about CARBON?CARBON?

Carbon has 4 places that molecules Carbon has 4 places that molecules can attach to it!can attach to it!

THE BOTTOM LINE about THE BOTTOM LINE about CARBONCARBON

It has HUGE potential for making a It has HUGE potential for making a WIDE VARIETY of different types of WIDE VARIETY of different types of molecules!molecules!

How to BUILD (and take apart) How to BUILD (and take apart) Organic MoleculesOrganic Molecules

Monomer – a small subunit (building block) that Monomer – a small subunit (building block) that can be joinedcan be joined

Polymer – a large molecule made up of many Polymer – a large molecule made up of many smaller monomer subunitssmaller monomer subunits

How to BUILD (and take apart) How to BUILD (and take apart) Organic MoleculesOrganic Molecules

Macromolecule – term for VERY large Macromolecule – term for VERY large polymerspolymers

How to BUILD (and take apart) How to BUILD (and take apart) Organic MoleculesOrganic Molecules

Dehydration Dehydration SynthesisSynthesis Process that MAKES Process that MAKES

polymerspolymersDehydrationDehydration – – lose waterlose water

SynthesisSynthesis – – making or putting making or putting togethertogether

How to BUILD (and take apart) How to BUILD (and take apart) Organic MoleculesOrganic Molecules

HydrolysisHydrolysis Process in which Process in which

polymers are polymers are broken apartbroken apart

Example: digestionExample: digestion Add back the water Add back the water

that was taken outthat was taken out Breaks polymer into Breaks polymer into

monomer subunitsmonomer subunits

Add back the water Add back the water that was taken outthat was taken out

Bottom Line about Making Bottom Line about Making PolymersPolymers

Small subunits link together to make large Small subunits link together to make large polymerspolymers Dehydration reactions link themDehydration reactions link them

Removal of waterRemoval of water Creates covalent bonds between subunitsCreates covalent bonds between subunits

To break apart polymers into subunits, you To break apart polymers into subunits, you just add the water backjust add the water back Hydrolysis reactionHydrolysis reaction Breaks covalent bonds between subunitsBreaks covalent bonds between subunits

Bottom Line about Making Bottom Line about Making PolymersPolymers

Really LONG Really LONG complex molecules complex molecules can be made and can be made and broken down by broken down by these methods.these methods.

Like linking and Like linking and unlinking cars in a unlinking cars in a train.train.

FOUR MAJOR GROUPS of FOUR MAJOR GROUPS of Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates LipidsLipids ProteinsProteins Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

FunctionsFunctions Quick ENERGYQuick ENERGY Energy STORAGE in PLANTSEnergy STORAGE in PLANTS Energy STORAGE in ANIMALSEnergy STORAGE in ANIMALS Structural compounds for SUPPORTStructural compounds for SUPPORT

GENERAL CARB STRUCTURE: GENERAL CARB STRUCTURE: Monomers and PolymersMonomers and Polymers

MonomersMonomers MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides Individual car in the trainIndividual car in the train

PolymersPolymers PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides The whole trainThe whole train

MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides

Monomers of carbs Monomers of carbs are monosaccharidesare monosaccharides

Simple/single sugarsSimple/single sugars Basic formula CH2OBasic formula CH2O Example: Example:

GLUCOSE; C6H12O6GLUCOSE; C6H12O6 Sugar made by plants Sugar made by plants

in photosynthesisin photosynthesis Others: galactose (milk Others: galactose (milk

sugar); fructose (fruit)sugar); fructose (fruit)

Why monosaccharides are Why monosaccharides are importantimportant

Energy in them can be made Energy in them can be made QUICKLY available to living thingsQUICKLY available to living things Energy is stored in the chemical bonds Energy is stored in the chemical bonds

of the sugar moleculesof the sugar molecules In particular, bonds between CARBON and In particular, bonds between CARBON and

HYDROGEN atoms store lots of energyHYDROGEN atoms store lots of energy When these bonds are broken, energy is When these bonds are broken, energy is

releasedreleased This energy is then available to useThis energy is then available to use

Cellular respirationCellular respiration converts this energy to a converts this energy to a usable form!usable form!

Monosaccharide - GlucoseMonosaccharide - Glucose

Note that there are Note that there are lots of these C-H lots of these C-H bonds in a sugar bonds in a sugar moleculemolecule

Each has lots of Each has lots of potential energy potential energy stored in itstored in it

DisaccharidesDisaccharides

DOUBLE sugarsDOUBLE sugars Two Two

monosaccharides monosaccharides joinedjoined

Examples:Examples: Sucrose (table Sucrose (table

sugar)sugar) Glucose + fructoseGlucose + fructose

Lactose (milk)Lactose (milk) Galactose + glucoseGalactose + glucose

Why are Disaccharides Why are Disaccharides useful?useful?

Not quite so easily Not quite so easily broken down as broken down as monosaccharidesmonosaccharides

Can by used by plants / Can by used by plants / animals for safe animals for safe temporary storage of temporary storage of sugarssugars Used in transport in Used in transport in

plantsplants Sugar not consumed on its Sugar not consumed on its

way from leaves to rootsway from leaves to roots Makes milk harder to Makes milk harder to

digest in animalsdigest in animals MOST adult animals cannot MOST adult animals cannot

digest milkdigest milk Keeps it for YOUNG ONLYKeeps it for YOUNG ONLY

PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides

Made by joining MANY Made by joining MANY monosaccharidesmonosaccharides

Sugar (thus energy) is STORED in Sugar (thus energy) is STORED in this formthis form

TYPES of PolysaccharidesTYPES of Polysaccharides

STARCHSTARCH PLANTS store energy in this formPLANTS store energy in this form LOTS of GLUCOSE molecules linked in LOTS of GLUCOSE molecules linked in

LONG CHAINSLONG CHAINS Animals CANNOT store energy in this Animals CANNOT store energy in this

form, but they CAN digest and USE it!form, but they CAN digest and USE it!

StarchStarch

TYPES of PolysaccharidesTYPES of Polysaccharides

GLYCOGENGLYCOGEN Energy storage Energy storage carbohydrate in carbohydrate in

ANIMALSANIMALS Found in the liver, mostly.Found in the liver, mostly. ALSO made of lots of glucose linked ALSO made of lots of glucose linked

togethertogether

GlycogenGlycogen

CelluloseCellulose

STRUCTURAL STRUCTURAL carbohydrate in in the carbohydrate in in the cell wall of PLANTScell wall of PLANTS

SUPPORT and SUPPORT and PROTECTIONPROTECTION

UNDIGESTABLE in our UNDIGESTABLE in our stomach BY humans stomach BY humans ANIMALSANIMALS

WOODWOOD

ChitinChitin

STRUCTURAL STRUCTURAL carbohydratecarbohydrate

Cell walls of fungiCell walls of fungi Exoskeleton of Exoskeleton of

arthropodsarthropods

LipidsLipids

Waxes Waxes OilsOils FatsFats SteroidsSteroids

Functions of LipidsFunctions of Lipids

Energy Storage Energy Storage InsulationInsulation

Functions of LipidsFunctions of Lipids

1.Triglycerides: 3 fatty acid chains 1.Triglycerides: 3 fatty acid chains & 1 glycerol molecule& 1 glycerol molecule

Ex: animal fats (lard), plant oilsEx: animal fats (lard), plant oils 2. Phospholipids: 2 fatty acid 2. Phospholipids: 2 fatty acid

chains & a phosphorus group; have chains & a phosphorus group; have polar & non-polar qualities.polar & non-polar qualities.

33 Steroids Steroids - cholesterol and - cholesterol and hormones (estrogen and hormones (estrogen and testosterone, for example)testosterone, for example)

3434

Functions of LipidsFunctions of Lipids

shock-absorption/shock-absorption/protection of organsprotection of organs

formation of formation of membranes in cells membranes in cells and organelles and organelles

make important make important compounds called compounds called steroids - cholesterol steroids - cholesterol and hormones and hormones (estrogen and (estrogen and testosterone, for testosterone, for example)example)

Structure of LipidsStructure of Lipids

Glycerol + 3 fatty Glycerol + 3 fatty acidsacids

Why are Fatty Acids the Why are Fatty Acids the “important part”?“important part”?

fatty acids are fatty acids are LONGLONG chains of carbon and chains of carbon and hydrogen atomshydrogen atoms

remember: bonds remember: bonds between carbon and between carbon and hydrogen atoms hydrogen atoms STORE ENERGY!STORE ENERGY!

So fats (with their 3 So fats (with their 3 fatty acids) are fatty acids) are PACKED with energy PACKED with energy and are GREAT at and are GREAT at energy storageenergy storage

EFFICIENT energy storageEFFICIENT energy storage

Because there are SO MANY C-H Because there are SO MANY C-H bonds in fatty acids, lipids are VERY bonds in fatty acids, lipids are VERY efficientefficient ways of storing energy. ways of storing energy. Fats produce more energy per gram Fats produce more energy per gram

than carbohydrates do!than carbohydrates do! more efficient means better for more efficient means better for

animals - lots of energy without animals - lots of energy without much "baggage“ for animals that much "baggage“ for animals that need to move.need to move.

Efficient energy storageEfficient energy storage

Some plants do use oils for energy Some plants do use oils for energy storagestorage Corn oil, peanut oil, etc.Corn oil, peanut oil, etc.

Efficiency is just not as important for Efficiency is just not as important for plants since they don’t have to move plants since they don’t have to move around - so starch is still often the around - so starch is still often the primary energy storage molecule for primary energy storage molecule for themthem

Saturated vs. Unsaturated Saturated vs. Unsaturated FatsFats

saturated fat saturated fat - when each carbon in a - when each carbon in a fatty acid shares a single covalent bond fatty acid shares a single covalent bond with as many hydrogen atoms as possiblewith as many hydrogen atoms as possible

causes the fatty acids to be very straight causes the fatty acids to be very straight they can’t bend they can’t bend

butter and lardbutter and lard

Saturated FatSaturated Fat

Saturated vs. Unsaturated Saturated vs. Unsaturated FatsFats

unsaturated fat unsaturated fat - a fatty acid that has at least - a fatty acid that has at least two carbons double bonded to each other instead two carbons double bonded to each other instead of two hydrogen atoms - causes the fatty acids to of two hydrogen atoms - causes the fatty acids to bendbend

oilsoils the carbons are NOT bound to the maximum the carbons are NOT bound to the maximum

number of hydrogen atoms.number of hydrogen atoms.

Saturated vs. Nonsaturated Saturated vs. Nonsaturated FatsFats

ProteinProtein

Functions – MANY!Functions – MANY! MOST IMORTANT:MOST IMORTANT: ENZYMES are made from proteinENZYMES are made from protein SynthesisSynthesis – builds every structures in – builds every structures in

organism cellsorganism cells

Structure of ProteinsStructure of Proteins MonomersMonomers of AMINO of AMINO

ACIDS make proteinACIDS make protein 20 different types of 20 different types of

amino acids can be amino acids can be used to synthesize used to synthesize organellesorganelles

Protein StructureProtein Structure

A protein is a polymer of amino acidsA protein is a polymer of amino acids Amino acid monomers link together Amino acid monomers link together

by covalent bonds called PEPTIDE by covalent bonds called PEPTIDE BONDS. BONDS. = = Proteins are long chains Proteins are long chains of amino acids of amino acids sometimes called sometimes called polypeptidespolypeptides in in

reference to their peptide bonds.reference to their peptide bonds. Peptide bonds are formed the same way Peptide bonds are formed the same way

as all bonds among the organic as all bonds among the organic compounds we're discussing - compounds we're discussing - DEHYDRATION reactions.DEHYDRATION reactions.

Making Proteins from Amino Making Proteins from Amino AcidsAcids

EnzymesEnzymes

EnzymesEnzymes are are proteinsproteins that act as that act as catalystscatalysts for the for the chemical reactions chemical reactions in your body.in your body.

Chemical reactions are what living things Chemical reactions are what living things are all about.are all about.

Most of the chemical reactions in your Most of the chemical reactions in your body, if left to themselves, would not body, if left to themselves, would not happen quickly enough for you to survive.happen quickly enough for you to survive.

CATALYST (Enzyme)CATALYST (Enzyme)- something that - something that speeds up a chemical reaction.speeds up a chemical reaction.

EnzymesEnzymes Enzymes have Enzymes have unique unique

shapesshapes LOCK AND KEY FIT LOCK AND KEY FIT designed to fit the chemicals designed to fit the chemicals that they are to "speed up" that they are to "speed up" (the (the SUBSTRATESSUBSTRATES of the of the REACTION)REACTION)

The region of the enzyme The region of the enzyme that FITS the substrate that FITS the substrate specifically is called the specifically is called the enzyme's enzyme's ACTIVE SITEACTIVE SITE. . The substrate BINDS with the The substrate BINDS with the

enzyme at the enzyme's enzyme at the enzyme's ACTIVE SITE.ACTIVE SITE.

EnzymesEnzymes

Enzymes can either:Enzymes can either: bring two (or more) reactants together bring two (or more) reactants together

more quickly and force them to reactmore quickly and force them to react stress bonds in a single substrate and stress bonds in a single substrate and

cause it to break apart more easilycause it to break apart more easily http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/

0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__how_enzymes_work.htmlanimation__how_enzymes_work.html

EnzymesEnzymes

An enzyme itself is An enzyme itself is NOT CHANGEDNOT CHANGED by the chemical reaction it catalyzesby the chemical reaction it catalyzes

A single enzyme can repeat its A single enzyme can repeat its catalytic activity with many, many catalytic activity with many, many substrate molecules - that is, it can substrate molecules - that is, it can be used over and over again.be used over and over again.

Enzyme catalyzed reactionEnzyme catalyzed reaction

EnzymesEnzymes

ENZYMES ARE VERY SPECIFICENZYMES ARE VERY SPECIFIC! ! If the shape of the enzyme's active site If the shape of the enzyme's active site

becomes damaged, it will be unable to becomes damaged, it will be unable to bind with its substrate bind with its substrate

Thus, it will be unable to function. Thus, it will be unable to function. If an enzyme loses its shape it is said to If an enzyme loses its shape it is said to

be be DENATUREDDENATURED. . enzymes can be denatured by enzymes can be denatured by HEAT HEAT or by or by extremes in pH.extremes in pH.

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids

FunctionsFunctions tell the cell how to functiontell the cell how to function transmit genetic information to offspringtransmit genetic information to offspring

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids

StructureStructure Monomers of Monomers of

nucleic acids are nucleic acids are nucleotidesnucleotides

SugarSugar PhosphatePhosphate Nitrogen Base Nitrogen Base

Many nucleotides Many nucleotides linked together give linked together give a nucleic acid - a nucleic acid - RNARNA and and DNA DNA are the are the two main examplestwo main examples