Organic Chemistry IntroductionDr. Ashley Faris

Page 1

Organicchemistry:

Why do we care ?- carbon is unique in the

- millions of compounds are present in :-

=-

* Basis

If youwant to be . . .

an engineer : a knowledgeof Cochem can help

you choose the rightmaterial for the appropriate

application.A doctor : a knowledge of oChem can help youdecide the best drug to prescribe

so why is carbon so unique?

1) Carbon's tendency to form four covalent bonds .- carbon has

- in many cases ,elements want to

achieve

Page 2

ex : CHy covalent bond :

e-

pair geometry:molecular geometry:bond angle :

* Rule of thumb :

2) carbon's ability to form double and triplebonds

ex:

Page 3

Side note:

Silicon has similar properties to carbon but cannot

form double or triple bonds readily because

3) carbon's tendency to catenateex : ②①

c - c - c - c c - q- c

C

③ c - cl lc - c

- constitutional isomers :

Page 4

When we study ahem , there are patterns sowe group compounds together based on their

some common families of organic compounds :aka functional groups :

CHM001B WS21:OrganicChemistry

MissionCollege2|P a g e

Q4.Circleandidentifythefunctionalgroupsincortisoneacetate,theactiveingredientinsteroidskincream.

Q5.Circleandidentifythefunctionalgroupsinwarfarin,themedicationusedtotreatbloodclots.

CC

CC

C

CC

CC

C

CCC

CC

CC

CH3CH(CH3)CH(C2H5)CH2CH3

O

O

O

O

O

OH

O O

OH

O

Br

Br

ClCl

CC

CC

C

CC

CC

C

CCC

CC

CC

CH3CH(CH3)CH(C2H5)CH2CH3

O

O

O

O

O

OH

O O

OH

O

Br

Br

ClCl

Page 5

Page 6

If you take ochem you will learn:

c) nomenclature

2) properties3) synthesis of functional groups4) reactions of functional groups5) characterization of functional groups

* This is like the TED talk overview of OChem .

You

will immerse yourself if you take cochem inthe

future in learning the languageof Cochem . We are

focusing on nomenclatureand identifying functional

groups so you can begin learningthe language of

OChem .

How do we draw structures?

1) structural formulas:

ex : butane , CyH to

2) condensed structuralformula :

ex :

3) skeletal formula:

ex:

Page 7

Rules for drawing skeletal structures :

1) Every bend represents acarbon

.

2) We do not draw hydrogens attached to carbons.

3) Draw other atoms like oxygen , nitrogen ,and any

hydrogens attached .

LetspracticetDraw the structural formulas and

skeletal formulas

for the threeconstitutional isomers of pentane ,

Cs H 12 '

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Nomenclature :

Rulesfornamingalkanesii) Find the parent chain

2) Identify the substituent(s)

3) Number the parent chainto givesubstituents the lowest number

4) If you have morethan one of the

same substituent, then use prefixes2

34

5) write substituents alphabetically(not including prefix) . Separatenumbers with commas and separatenumbers and letters with hyphens.

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LetspracticelName the following skeletal structures :

i ) ¥

2) if

3)-

I

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Alkenesanl.tl#ynes- Alkanes are- hydrocarbons -

ex :

* Non cyclic alkaneshave the formula-

- Alkenes are hydrocarbons thatcontain at least one

-

and alkynes contain at least one

-

→ These compounds are missing hydrogensand therefore are referred

to as

#u

* Noncyclic alkenes have theformula-

ex:

* Noncyclic alkynes have the formula-

ex:

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Rules for nomenclature of alkenes and alkynes:

-

1) The parent chain is the longest continuous chainthat contains the double or triple bond .

2) The parent name has the ending- ene for alkenes

and - ynefor alkynes .

3) Number theparent chain to give thedouble or

triple bond thelowest number .

4) Follow the rest of the rules in naming as youwould

in naming an alkane .

Letspracticel

-E-

¥I I

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Geometric isomerism in alkenes →

- major difference betweena single bond and a double

bond is the-

ex:

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Ar#iHydrcabE- contain benzene

⇐' c →Ol "

CTC-C Resonance:

1) All bonds have the-- .

2) The true structure of benzeneis

fI

3) React differently than- .

1) monosubstituted benzenes -

ex:

* The are some common names you shouldlearn :

Nitz °"A

Page 14

2) If the parent chain is longer than sixcarbons

,then

benzene is a substituent- .

ex :

3) Disubstituted benzeneS - two hydrogenshave been

substituted

→

ex:Br

"

OH

I

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4) It is very commonto use ortho ( l , 2) , meta (1,33,

and para C 1,4)in place of numbering .

ex :

Br

"

Br

no ,

Br

Cl