Organic Chemistry

In a nutshell..

Important Elements

• CARBON is the most important element in organic chemistry

• Also important…– Hydrogen– Oxygen– Nitrogen– Sulphur– Phosphorus– Chlorine

Covalent Bonds

• Covalent bonds occur when electrons are SHARED between non-metals.

• Carbon has 4 bonds

CValence Electrons

Other Bonds

• Hydrogen one bond• Oxygen two bonds• Nitrogen three bonds• Sulphur two bonds (varies)• Phosphorus three bonds (varies)• Chlorine one bond• Bonds = # valence electrons needed to be

Happy

One, Two, Three….

• Elements can form Single, Double, and Triple Bonds– Single bonds share 2 electrons– Double bonds share 4 electrons– Triple bonds share 6 electrons

H H O O N N

Hydrocarbons

• Hydrocarbons are made up of hydrogen and carbon only.

• They are divided up based on the number of bonds.– alkanes have Single Bonds– alkenes have Double Bonds– alkynes have Triple Bonds

Prefixes

• Prefixes are used to describe the number of Carbons in the compound.

• Meth = 1 Carbon Eth = 2 Carbons

C C CH

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

Prefixes

• Meth1 carbon Hex 6 carbons

• Eth 2 carbons Hept 7 carbons

• Prop 3 carbons Oct 8 carbons

• But 4 carbons Non 9 carbons

• Pent 5 carbons Dec 10 carbons

Prefix + Suffix

• Methane Ethylene

C C CH

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

Functional Groups

• Functional groups contain combinations of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, that are attached to the carbon chain and determine chemical properties.

C C C C CH

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

Functional Group Examples

• The –OH functional group is characteristic of all organic alcohols.

H

H

H

OHC

Methanol: Meth = 1 carbon ol = functional group OH

Functional Group Examples

• The –COOH functional group is characteristic of all organic carboxylic acids

O

H

OHC

Methanoic Acid: Meth = 1 carbon oic acid = OOH functional group

Benzene Ring

•

H

CCC

C CC

H

H

H

H

H

Name that Compound!

C C C C CH

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

Pentane

Name that Compound!

C C C C CH

H

H

H

Pentene

Name that Compound

O

H OH C CH

H

Ethanonic acid

Name that Compound

H

H OH C CH

H

Ethanol

H

Name that Compound

Propyne

C C CH

H

H

H

Crystal Meth

N-methyl-1-phenylpropan-2-amine

Answer These Questions

• Pg 686 in HOLT Chemistry Book

• # 3, 4, 7, 9, 11

#3

• All are hydrocarbons

• Alkanes contain only single bonds

• Alkenes contain at least one double bond

• Alkynes contain at least one triple bond

#4

#7

• A functional group is an atom or group of atoms that gives characteristics properties to organic compounds

#9

H C C C

H H H

H H

C C C H

H H H

H H

# 11• Any structure that contains 7 Carbon

atoms, an appropriate number of Hydrogen atoms, and at least one triple bond is correct.