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Organic ChemistryChemistry 2013-2014
Carbon can form 4 covalent bonds with other atoms. This allows it to make millions of different compounds.
Carbon can form single, double and triple bonds.
Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds
Saturated hydrocarbons contain no double or triple bonds.
Unsaturated hydrocarbons contain double and/or triple bonds.
Can be straight or branched. Boiling point increases as
number of carbon atoms increases.
A hydrocarbon is a compound that only contains hydrogen and carbon atoms.
Definition/Functional group: single bonds only; saturated; nonpolar
Suffix: -ane Examples
Methane Ethane
Hydrocarbons: Alkanes
Definition/Functional group: at least one double bond; unsaturated; nonpolar
Suffix: -ene Example: ethene, C2H4
Hydrocarbons: Alkenes
Definition/Functional group: at least one triple bond; unsaturated; nonpolar
Suffix: -yne Examples
Ethyne, C2H2 Butyne, C4H6
Hydrocarbons: Alkynes
Definition/Functional group: contain at least one benzene ring, often with other groups added (“substituted” for hydrogen). Benzene exists as a resonance structure. It is also a carcinogen.
Prefix: Benz- Examples
Benzene Benzaldehyde
Benzene Rings
Definition/Functional group: contain an –OH group, called a “hydroxyl” group.
Suffix: -ol Examples
Methanol Ethanol Propanol
AlcoholsNote: not all alcohols are safe to drink (ethanol is the “alcohol” in all alcoholic beverages). The “alcohol” family is large and its members have many properties. For example, methanol is highly toxic!
Definition/Functional group: contain an oxygen atom double-bonded to a carbon atom at the end of a hydrocarbon chain.
Suffix: -anal Examples: Methanal, CH2O Ethanal,
C2H4O
Aldehydes
Definition/Functional group: contain an oxygen atom double-bonded to a carbon atom NOT at the end of a hydrocarbon chain.
Suffix: -none Examples
Propanone, C3H6O
Ketones
Definition/Functional group: a hydrocarbon chain in which one of the links is an oxygen atom, bonded to a carbon atom on either side.
Suffix: -ether Examples
Ethers
Definition/Functional group: a hydrocarbon where one carbon atom is bonded to another carbon and two oxygen atoms, one through a single bond and one through a double bond. That sounds pretty confusing, but esters are easy to recognize. They all have the same basic shape as the picture above, where the letter “R” means carbon atoms or other “organic” groups.
Suffix: -ate Examples
Esters
Definition/Functional group: these are alkanes that are cyclic, meaning that the ends are connected to form a regular geometric shape. Ex. triangle, square, pentagon, hexagon, etc. Benzene is not a cyclic alkane due to its double bonds and resonance.
Prefix: Cyclo- Examples: Cyclopropane, C3H6 Cyclobutane,
C4H8
Cyclic Alkanes
We’re going to focus on naming the simplest kinds of organic molecules—alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, alcohols, and aldehydes.
However, you will have to be able to classify the names and structures of each type of organic molecule in these notes, or to pick a name from a list that most closely fits a structure.
Nomenclature
Prefixes (stand for number of carbon atoms in chain):
Number of Carbon Atoms
PrefixNumber of
Carbon AtomsPrefix
1 Meth- 6 Hex-
2 Eth- 7 Hept-
3 Prop- 8 Oct-
4 But- 9 Non-
5 Pent- 10 Dec-
What type of organic molecules are these prefixes and suffixes used for?
Alcohol
Ester
Ketone
Alkene
Benzene ringAlkane
What kind of prefix or suffix matches each of these structures?
-yne -none
Cycl0--ane -ane Benz-
To determine the name of an organic molecule, first classify it by type. Then count the number of carbon atoms in the molecule.
For example, the following structure has one double bond, so its suffix is –ene. There are six carbon atoms in the chain, so its root is hex-. The name of this structure is hexene.
Structure Prefix Root Suffix Name
Prop- -ene Propene
Cyclo- -hept- -ane Cycloheptane
Pent- -yne Pentyne
Structure Prefix Root Suffix Name
Prop- -anal Propanal
Pent- -ol Pentanol
Propanol Cyclobutane Pentanal
Draw the following: