Organic ChemistryAlkanes (end with –ane, simplest hydrocarbons, contain only single

covalent bonds)# of C Prefix Simple Formula 1 meth- CH4

2 eth- C2H6

3 prop-C3H8

4 but- C4H10

5 pent- C5H12

6 hex- C6H14

7 hept- C7H16

8 oct- C8H18

9 non- C9H20

10 dec- C10H22

-all alkanes that are straight chains are namedn-alkane (means normal)C4H10 = n-butane

-look at pg 1010 *iso-, and neo-

Branched Chain Alkanes-alkane group takes the place of a H atom-called a substituentalkyl group- hydrocarbon substituent

-ends with –yl (take away -ane)-contains one less H-look at # of C to name

ex- CH3 = methyl C2H5 = ethyl

Naming Branched Chain Alkanes1) Find the longest chain = parent molecule

ex- heptane2) # the C’s in the chain, making sure alkyl

groups have lower numbers, can count backwards

ex- 2,3,4 instead of 4,5,63) Add #’s to names of alkyl groups, with a dash

in betweenex: 2-methyl 3-methyl 4-ethyl

4) Use prefixes to denote multiples of the same alkyl groups, commas between #’s

ex- 2,3-dimethyl5) Put alkyl groups in alphabetical order

ignoring prefixesex- 4-ethyl-2,3-dimethyl

6) **Use proper punctuation-commas separate #’s-hyphens separate #’s and letters-no spaces

7) Add parent chain name ex- 4-ethyl-2,3-dimethylheptane

*Remember prefixes*2 = di- 3 = tri- 4 = tetra-5 = penta- 6 = hexa- 7 = hepta-8 = octa- 9 = nona- 10 = deca-

Drawing Structural Formula From Name1) Find parent chain and draw2) # C’s on parent chain3) Identify substituents and attach to proper C4) Add hydrogen as neededTry These!!5) 3-ethylhexane2) 2,2,4-trimethylpentane3) 3-ethyl-3,4-dimethyloctane

saturated compounds- contain max # of H-all alkanes, all single C-C bonds

unsaturated compounds- do not contain max # of H-contain double or triple C-C bonds-alkenes and alkynes

Alkenes-contain at least one double C═C bond

Naming Alkenes1) Find longest chain containing double bond

-this is parent chain-gets –ene endingex- butene

2) # so that C atoms of the double bond get the lowest #’s, then look at alkyl groups to get lowest #-double bond gets numbered in the nameex- 2-butene

3) Substituents get named the same as alkanesex- 2-methyl

4) Put all togetherex: 2-methyl-2-butene

Alkynes-named same way except end in –yne

http://www.chembio.uoguelph.ca/educmat/chm19104/organic_nomenclature_quizzes.htm

Structural Isomers-compounds that have the same simple formula,

but different structural formulasEx- C4H10

n-butane 2-methylpropaneTry This!! Write the structural formulas/skeleton formulas

and names for the nine isomers of heptane

Cyclic Hydrocarbons-contain a hydrocarbon ring-all single bonded cyclic hydrocarbons are

named with the prefix cyclo- ex-

cyclopropane

-if have subgroups, name just like before

Try these!!

1-ethyl-3-methylcyclohexane

1,3-dimethylcyclopentane

unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbons/aromatic hydrocarbons

-contain 6 carbon with 3 double bonds-called benzene

=

-benzene can have subgroups coming off of it

1-ethyl-2,3-dimethylbenzene

methylbenzene

-if benzene is a substituent it is called phenyl

2-phenylpropane

-or isopropylbenzene

Functional Groups**R represents C chain attached to functional

groupHalocarbons R-XX= a halogenfunctional group = halogen-use root of halogen to name

ex-chloromethane

1,4-dibromobenzene

Alcohols R-OHfunctional group = OH (hydroxyl)-name same as others except ending on parent

chain drops the –e and gets an –ol-must number where the -OH is located-alcohols containing 2, 3 or 4 –OH get prefix(diol, triol, tetrol) after parent chain

ex- methanol

1,2-ethanediol

2-methyl-2-propanol

Ethers R-O-Rfunctional group = ether-name R groups then add ether (space between)ex-

ethylmethyl ether

diphenyl ether

Aldehydes

functional group = carbonyl group-name same as others, but gets the –al ending-OH is always on the terminal carbon, so no

need to numberex-

propanal

3-phenyl-2-propenal

2-methylbutanal

Ketones

functional group = carbonyl group-to name, drop –e on parent chain and add –one-number so ═O gets lowest #ex-

propanone

2,4-dimethyl-3-hexanone

diphenylmethanone

Carboxylic Acids

functional group = carboxyl-ends with –oic acidex-

ethanoic acid

4-methyl-3-pentenoic acid

Esters

functional group = ester-get –oate ending, with space between, parent

chain is where ester group is located-esters have fruity, pleasant odorsex-

ethyl ethanoate

butyl propanoate

ethyl pentanoate

Amines

functional group = amine group-named by groups attached and end with amine ex-

ethylamine

trimethylamine

ethylmethylamine

SummaryType Structure Group Endinghalocarbon R-X X=halogen root of halogenalcohol R-OH hydroxyl -olether R-O-R ether etheraldehyde carbonyl -al

*on terminal carbonketone carbonyl -one

carboxylic acid -COOH carboxyl -oic acid

ester ester -oate

amine NR3 amine amine