Organ SystemsST 110

Chapter 4

Objectives

• Describe the various organ systems of the body

• Describe the concept of homeostasis and it’s importance to your health

• Compare and contrast negative and positive feedback

• Discuss organ replacement, problems versus solutions

Introduction

• Organ – a collection of two or more different tissues, organized to perform a specific function

• Organ System – a collection of various organs organized to perform a specific function not capable of a single organ

• Eleven organ systems:– Integumentary System– Skeletal System– Muscular System– Nervous System

Introduction

• Organ Systems– Endocrine System– Circulatory System

• Cardiovascular System• Lymphatic System• Immune System

– Respiratory System– Digestive System– Excretory (Urinary) System– Reproductive System

Integumentary System

• Components– Skin– Hair– Nails– Suderiferous (sweat)

glands– Sebaceous glands

• Functions– Protection– Helps regulate body

temperature– Houses sensory

receptors

Skeletal System

• Components– Bones– Joints– Ligaments– Cartilage

• Functions– Support and protection– Attachment point for muscles– As a rigid framework for movement– Produces blood cells– Stores inorganic salts

Muscular System

• Components– Muscles– Tendons

• Functions– Locomotion– Internal movement– Heat generation

Nervous System

• Components– Brain– Spinal Cord– Associated Nerves

• Functions– Communication and

coordination of function between body parts

– Memory– Learning– Conscious thought

Endocrine System

• Components– Pituitary Gland– Pineal Gland– Thyroid – Testes– Ovaries – Hypothalamus– Thymus– Pancreas– Adrenal Glands

• Function– Regulate body metabolism, growth, and

reproduction

Circulatory System:Lymphatic SystemImmune System• Components

– Lymph vessels– Lymph nodes– Thymus– Spleen– Red bone marrow

• Function– Transportation– Protection

Circulatory System:Cardiovascular System

• Components– Heart– Arteries– Veins– Capillaries– Blood

• Function– Transportation

Respiratory System

• Components– Nasal Cavity– Pharynx– Larynx– Trachea– Bronchi– Lungs

• Function– As a reservoir for

oxygen/carbon dioxide gas exchange

– Helps regulate acid/base balance

Digestive System

• Components– Mouth– Tongue– Teeth– Salivary Glands– Pharynx– Esophagus– Stomach– Liver– Gallbladder– Pancreas– Small Intestine– Large Intestine

• Function– Introduce, breakdown, and absorb nutrients– Eliminate waste

Excretory(Urinary) System• Components

– Kidneys– Ureters– Urinary Bladder– Urethra

• Function– Eliminate waste

products from the blood– Help regulate

fluid/electrolyte balance

Reproductive System

• Components– Male

• Scrotum• Testes• Penis• Epididymides• Ductus (vas) deferens• Seminal vesicles• Prostate• Bulbourethral Glands• Urethra

• Components– Female

• Ovaries• Uterine (fallopian) tubes• Uterus• Vagina• Vulva • Mammary Glands

Reproductive System

• Function – perpetuation of the species

Homeostasis

• Ability to maintain a relatively constant internal environment.

• Regulated and maintained by the integration of the organ systems of the body

• Conditions monitored– O2/CO2 concentration

– pH– nutrient/waste concentration– Electrolyte concentration– Extracellular fluid volume and pressure

Feedback Systems

• Means by which the body maintains homeostasis

• Two types– Negative feedback

• Most often used• Acts to reverse change in the internal

environment– Positive feedback

• Acts to accelerate or increase change in the internal environment

Organ Replacement

• Approximately 8 million transplant operations are performed annually

• Artificial organs – only a temporary fix• Xenograft organs – temporary measure• Advances to increase organ availability

– Expansion of acceptable donor criteria– Improved organ preservation during transport– Procedures that allow for implantation of a

partial organ– Advances in genetic engineering, stem cell

biology, and tissue engineering