PLATE IV - Size 50bverses~ Size 4 and 5 Reverses

CAPTIONS REVERSED - Please note, in the article "Varieties of Manchukoan Order Insignia" on pp. 22-24 of the January issue, that the captions under the two photos have been placed under the wrong illustrations. On p. 22, the photo of the 0. Pillars of State should have the caption on p. 23, and on p. 23 the photo of the 0. Auspicious Cloud should have the caption on p. 22. We regret the oecuranee of this error.

ORDERS OF KNIGHTHOOD IN 1837 Part II by Raymond J. Walker

(Having given a very brief view of what chivalry was our reference writer in The Penny Magazine gets down to listings in the issue of Feb~ ruary 25, 1837. We abridged his preface in Part I of this article).

The following listing of orders existing in 1837 contains some that do not go back to chivalric origins and those who have reference works on orders of the present day will find that the tendency is to found new orders as the years go by. Our list gives data on only four orders for Great Britain and Ireland while Taffrail in 1941 list 23 orders for the British Empire. We shall not go into the history of the British orders of knighthood for they have been the subjects of many articles. There is also likely to be errors in the list we are presenting, such as dates, etc., but we will follow our reference and not attempt to correct his chronology.

ENGLAND: THE GARTER. Founded 1350 by Edward III. Statutes remodelled by Henry VIII. THE BATH. Founded 1399. Henry IV. Revived by George I in 1725.

SCOTLAND: THE THISTLE. Founded 1540. James V. Revived by James II of Great Britain in 1687 and again by Queen Anne in 1703.

IRELAND: ST. PATRICK. Founded 1783. George III.

HANOVER: GUELPHIC ORDER. Founded 1815. Georve IV. To commemorate the deliverance of Hanover.

IONIAN ISLANDS: ST. MICHAEL and ST. GEORGE. 1818. George IV. Founded after the treaty of 1818 made the islands a protectorate of Great Britain.

EUROPE: KNIGHTS TEMPLARS. Founded in 12m Century. Crusades. Cannot be a~signed to any one country. The KNIGHTS OF MALTA also dates from Crusades. Not assignable to any one country. TEUTONIC ORDER instituted in lltO was a German one, it existed principally in Austria in 1837.

AUSTRIA: THE GOLDEN FLEECE. Founded 1450. On the marriage of Philip, Duke of Burgundy, with Isabella of Portugal. MARIA THERESA. Founded 1757 by Maria Theresa and named in her honor. STo STEPHEN. Founded in 1764 by Maria Theresa and named in honor of Stephen, the first Christian King of Hungary. LEOPOLD. Founded 1808 by Francis I. Named after his father Leopold II. IRON CROWN. Founded 1805 by Napoleon. Adopted and remodelled by Francis II in 1816. ELIZABETH THERESA. Founded 1750 by Elizabeth, widow of Charles VI; remodelled in 1771 by Maria Theresa. THE STARRY CROSS. Founded 1688 by Empress Eleonora. A female order. Founded to commemorate the miracle of the preservation of a fragment of the true cross during a fire. The reigning empress was always the grand mistress of this order.

BADEN: ORDER OF FIDELITY. 1715. Remodelled in 1803. MILITARY MERIT. 1807. LION of ZAHRINGEN. 1812.

BAVARIA: STo HUBERT. 1444. To commemorate a victory won on St. Hubert’s Day by Girard V, Duke of Juliers and Berg. Revived in 1709 ST. GEORGE. 1729. Founded by Charles d’Alborg. This was the re- vival of an order of the same name that dated from the 12m century. MAXIMILIAN JOSEPH. 1806. Maximilian Joseph was the founder. CIVIL MERIT. 1908. Founded by Maximilian Joseph. ST. MICHAEL. 1693. Joseph Clement. Remodelled in 1812. ROYAL ORDER OF LOUIS. 1827. Louis I. For those who served with credit for 50 years in the public service. THERESA. 1827. Theresa, Queen of Bavaria. Female order. ELIZABETH. 1766. Electress Elizabeth Augusta. A female order. LIONo 1768. Charles Theodore. Extinguished by Maximilian Joseph in 1808.

BELGIUM: ORDER OF LEOPOLD. 1832. Leopold. To reward services ren- dered to the count,/.

BRUNSWICK: HENRY THE LION. 1834. Duke William.

DENMA~£: THE ELEPHANT. 1693. Christian V. Said to date from 12th century; others say 1458; Christian revived and altered it. DANNEBROG. 1693o First instituted by Waldemar II in 1219. Revived in 1671 by Christian V, but its statutes are dated 1693. Frederick VI remodelled the order in 1808.

FRANCE: ST. MICHAEL° 1469. LOUIS XI. The Ancient orders of France were all suppressed during the Revolution. This was revived by Louis XVIII. HOLY GHOST. 1578. Henry III. ST. LOUIS~ 1693. Louis XIV. MILITARY MERIT. 1759. Louis XV. For Protestants. Re-established 1814. ST. HUBERT. 1416. Re-established in 1816. LEGION OF HONOR. 1802. Napoleon. Ratified by Louis XVIII in 1814. CROSS OF JULY. 1830. Louis Philippe. To commemorate the Three Days of 1830.

HESSE: (Electorate) GOLDEN LION. 1770. Frederick II. Extended in 1816 by William I. MILITARY MERIT. 1769. Frederick II. Until 1820 it was termed the Order of Military Virtue° IRON HELMET. 1814. William I.

HESSE: (Grand Duchy) ORDER OF LOUIS° 1807. Grand Duke Louis I.

HOLLAND: MILITARY ORDER. 1815. William I. THE LION. 1815. To reward civil merit only.

LUCCA: CROSS OF ST. GEORGE. 1833. Charles Louis.

PARMA: CONSTANTINE. 1190. This order formerly named the Angelic. Itappears to have been founded by the Byzantine Emperor Isaac Com- nenue, After yarious changes it settled in Parma.

PERSIA: THE SUN AND LION. 1808. Feth Aly Shah. Founded to reward foreigners who perform important services to Persia; given to Am- bassadors.

PORTUGAL: ORDER OF CHRIST. 1317. Denis. Founded after the suppres- sion of the Templars. The order became very rich about 1420, in the time of John I. ST. JAMES OF THE SWORD. 1170. See SPAIN. ORDER OF AVIS. 1162. This order arose out of the Moorish wars. The name was taken from the fortress or castle of Avis. TOWER AND SWORD. 1459. Alphonso V. Revived in 1808. THE IMMACULATE CONCEPTION. 1818. John VI. Founded for the ad- mission of both sexes. ST. ISABELLA. 1804. Charlotte de Bourbon, Queen of Portugal. Female Order. DON PEDRO° 1826. Don Pedro.

HOVERCRAFT CREWMEN WIN COMMENDATION - History was made recently by the announcement of the first ever awards for operational service in hover- craft. The British Royal Navy sent a hovercraft to Borneo for extensive proving trials in the coastal waters and the great inland swamps and rivers and, in the course of their twelve month tour of duty, the crew- men rendered valuable service in the campaign against Indonesian infil- trators in Sabah and Sarawak.

The Far East Commander-in-Chief cited them in orders and awarded some of them his personal Commendation. A Commander’s-in-Chief Commen- dation consists of a suitably worded certificate and carries no special insignia or ribbon. It can however be more useful in the long run than a medal because, all other things being equal, it enhances the recipi- ent’s chances of promotion.

W.C. E.H.0’Toole