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Order CARNIVORAChapter 16

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CarnivoraCharacteristics

1. Carnassial teeth (P4/m1) present or modified [Fig. 15-4 ]

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More Carnivora Characteristics

2. Fusion of Scaphoid and Lunar (Fig. 15-7A)

3. Glenoid usually C-shaped (Fig. 15.5)

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Feliform CARNIVORA

Flynn et al., 2005 Systematic Zoology

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Family Viverridae

1. Genets and Civets, about 34 species2. Ethiopian, Oriental, Middle East3. Tropical and subtropical areas4. mainly solitary, nocturnal, arboreal5. Primarily carnivorous, also omnivores,

frugivores (Arctictis, the binturong), 6. perianal glands produce "civet" musk

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Family Herpestidae

1. Mongooses (37+ species)2. Native to Africa, Middle East, & Asia3. Terrestrial and semi- arboreal4. diurnal and nocturnal5. Feeding generalist, mostly arthropods6. Introduced to many places 7. Solitary or may form social groups

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Madagascan carnivorans

1. are now placed in the Eupleuridae2. Cryptoprocta is a cat ecomorph

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Family Hyaenidae

1. Ethiopian, Palearctic, OrientalA.

2. Forelimbs longer than hindlimbs3. Feet digitigrade4. Matriarchal societies

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Striped and Spotted Hyenas

1. Strongly built skulls and powerful dentition

A. Crocuta2. Scavengers and carnivores3. Nocturnal predators4.

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Crocuta

1. Female dominated hierarchies2. Female masculinization:

A.3. developmental cause:

A.

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Proteles, the Aardwolf

1. Much smaller than other hyaenids2. termite and ant feeder

A.B.C.D.

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Family Felidae1. Cosmopolitan, except for Antarctica, Australia,

Madagascar, and some islands2. Short rostrum3. Number of teeth is reduced 4. Hypercarnivorous: well developed carnassial5. Kill preys by suffocation or by biting the prey’s

neck6. digitigrade7. claws: sharp, recurved, retractile (except

Acinonyx)

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Felid Taxonomy

1. 36 species2. taxonomy questionable3. from 2 (Felis, Acinonyx) to 20 genera are

recognized4. pantherine cats can roar; flexible cartilage

replaces hyoid bone

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Cats of Texas1. Some (*)haven’t been seen here recently

A. Ocelot, Leopardus pardalisB. Margay*, Leopardus wiediiC. Bobcat, Lynx rufusD. Jaguarundi, Puma (Herpailurus) yagouaroundiE. Jaguar. Panthera onca*F. Mountain Lion, Puma concolor

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Family Felidae: Mountain Lion

1. Puma concolor2. Cougar, puma, panther, catamount3.4.5.6.

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Family Felidae: Jaguar*

1. Panthera (Jaguarius) onca2. Only “big cat” in the New World.3. Third largest cat in the world4.5.

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Cani formia

Flynn et al., 2005 Systematic Zoology

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Family Canidae

1. Cosmopolitan, except Australia (dingoes are feral dogs)

2. 13 genera, 33 species3. 1-75 kg4. Long rostrum 5. Large nasal chamber with

complex turbinals6. Alisphenoid canal

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Canid Dental Characters1. Broadly adapted

A. Mainly medium-sized predatorsB. long canines and strongly built carnassial teethC. Postcarnassial teeth have crushing surfaces

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Canid Characters

1. Limbs are usually long2. Clavicle is absent3. Feet digitigrade4. Non-retractile claws5. baculum well-developed

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Family Canidae: Gray Wolf

1. Canis lupus2.3.4.5. Reintroductions

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Family Mustelidae

1. The most diverse family within the order Carnivora

2. cosmopolitan, except Australian;3. 23 genera, 63 species4. Occupy virtually every type of terrestrial

habitat

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Mustelid Characters

1. small, with long body and short limbs2. digitigrade, non-retractile claws3. Males about 25% larger than females4. Well developed anal scent glands5. Long skull and short rostrum 6. Well-developed baculum

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Mustelid Dentition

1. Carnassials are usually well developed

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Keystone Species

Sea ottersbagheera.com/inthewild/spot_spkey.htm

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Mephitinae

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Family Procyonidae

1. Raccoons, coatis, ringtails, kinkajous2. Nearctic, Neotropical3. 6 genera, 18 species

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Procyonid Characteristics

1. Tail long, usually ringed 2. plantigrade, all can climb trees3. baculumwell-developed4. Reduced carnassial5. mainly omnivores6. Potos, a frugivore

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Family Ailuridae

1. Ailurus--red panda2. Himalayas3. alisphenoid canal present4. primarily herbivorous

A.

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Family Ursidae1. bears, including the giant panda2. Holarctic (including Atlas Mountains),

Oriental, and Neotropical3. Large, 4. mainly omnivores, also a carnivore (Ursus

maritimus) and herbivore (Ailuropoda)

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Ursid Characters

1. anterior premolars are small, may be absent

2. molars broad and flat; last upper molar very large, elongate [Fig. 12-26]

3. alisphenoid canal present4. plantigrade

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6 genera, 19 species

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North American Bears

1. Ursus arctos2. Ursus americanus3. Ursus maritimus

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Pinnipeds

1. aquatic carnivorans2. feet modified into flippers 3. fusiform bodies4. simplified, homodont, cheekteeth5. derived from primitive ursoids

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Differenc es between seals and sea li ons/fur s eals

1 . Seals (Phocidae)A. Lack pinnaeB. flippersC. Claws

2. Sea lions (Otariidae)A. PinnaeB. flippersC. claws

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Otariidae: sea lions, fur seals,

1. 7 genera, 14 species2. Pacific, South Atlantic, Indian (near

Australia only)3. highly social, can have pronounced sexual

dimorphism

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Otariid skeleton1. Fig. 15-17a2.3.4.

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Family Odobenidae - Walrus

1. hind foot as in otariids2. external ear absent3. eyes and vibrissae to locate shellfish4. males up to 1200 kg

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1. 1 genus, 1 species [Figs. 12-29, 12-30]

2. northern oceans3. baculum well-

developed4. upper canines ever-

growing, form tusks5. Tusks used for

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Family Phocidae

1. Seals (Fig 15.16)2. 10 genera, 19 species3. mainly on northern and southern oceans

limbs

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Phocid skeleton

1.2.3.4.

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Diving in elephant seals

1. Maximum depth of 1500 m. 2. . 3.4. Exceeded only by sperm whales

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CARNIVORE ADAPTATIONS

Locomotion, Reproduction, Environmental Physiology

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Cursorial adaptations

1. speed = rate of stride * length of stride2.

A. increasing the length of stride B. increasing the rate of stride C. increasing both

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Increased Limb Length long stride

1. metapodials.2.

A.B.

3.Changing foot posture increases limb lengthA.PlantigradeB.DigitigradeC.unguligrade

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Locomotor Categories

1.AmbulatoryA.Plantigrade

2.CursorialA.DigitigradeB.Unguligrade

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Alteration of Pectoral Girdle to Increase Stride Length

1. Flat and rectangular scapulaA.

2. Clavicle is reduced or vestigialA.B.C.

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Increased Stride Rate

1. Reduction of Distal Limb MassA. Artiodactyla: B. Perissodactyla: C. Fusion of radioulna; reduction of fibulaD. Muscle mass proximal

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Cheetah locomotion

1.increased dorso-ventral flexion of vertebral columnA.

2. .

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Spontaneous Ovulation

1.Most mammals

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Induced Ovulation

1.several carnivores including cats and raccoons

2.Feline baculum

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Delayed Implantation

1. bears, mustelids, all pinnipeds

2. Obligate delayed implantationA. postpartum estrusB. Seals

a. Males and fe males are together only during mating season

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Bear Reproduction

sdnhm.org/exhibits/bears/teachersguide/backgroun d.html

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ADAPTATIONS TO THE COLDLarge Body Size

1. Surface to volume ratio.2. Bergmann’s “Rule”3. “ races from cooler-climates in warm-blooded

vertebrates tend to be larger than races of the same species living in warmer environments” (Mayr 1970:197)

4. Body size increases with latitude A.B.

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Bergmann's Rule

1.Ashton (2000)A.Latitude: 78/110 species of mammals obey BRB.Temperature: 48/64 species of mammalsC.“

2.

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ADAPTATIONS TO THE COLD, 2Increased Effective Insulation

A. Pelage A. construction

a. e.g. pronghorn,

B. density a. e.g. sea otter

C. thickness and/or length improves insulation a. e.g. arctic fox [Alopex lagopus]

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Insulation in Aquatic Mammals

1. water is a heat sink2. water versus air3. Aquatic mammals with fur:

A. trap air in furB.

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Insulation in Aquatic Mammals

1.Sea otters A.wash furB.dry by pressing it with pawsC.blows air into fur,

2.Otariids

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Increased Effective Insulation

1. Fur2. Fat

A. thick subcutaneous fat (blubber) layer [fig 8.8]

B. PhocidaeC. Cetacea

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thick subcutaneous fat (blubber) layer [fig 8.8]

1. Fat insulates deep, vital organsA. 25% of body weight of Weddell seal is fatB. 40-45% of harbor porpoise weight is fat

2.

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ADAPTATIONS TO THE COLD, 3

1. Appendages and Regional HeterothermyA. temperatures that are different from the core temp.B. Extremities lose heat rapidly C. selective vasoconstriction

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Heat Exchange in Leg

3. rete mirabile and countercurrent heat exchange in extremities

a.b.

4. Eskimo dogs exposed to cold (-30°C), core temperature = 38°C, toe pads 0°C and tops of feet at 8 C°; similarly for Rangifer. [fig 8.9]

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Allen’s Rule

1. Appendages of endothermic animals in cold climates are shorter than those of related or same species in warmer climates.

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Dormancy

1. Adaptive Hypothermia includes both dormancy and torporA. hypothermia B. strategy for coping with heat or cold

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Why aren't bears deep hibernators?

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Winter Lethargy in Ursus arctos

1.2.3.4.5.6.