Upload
laurence-roberts
View
213
Download
1
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Ordeal of Reconstruction
Ordeal of Reconstruction
• All Confederate Leaders were eventually pardoned in 1868 by Andrew Johnson
Ordeal of Reconstruction
• Problems of Peace
• 1. Southern economy and social structure was destroyed
Ordeal of Reconstruction
• 2. Many white southerners still believed that secession was correct
Ordeal of Reconstruction
• 3.Emancipation was uneven in different parts of the southern confederacy that were conquered
Ordeal of Reconstruction
• For Blacks Emancipation allowed
• 1. look for lost family members
Ordeal of Reconstruction
• 2. right to get married• 3. form their own churches
• 4. opportunity for education
Ordeal of Reconstruction
• As a result of Emancipation former slaves traveled to look for family members testing their freedom
Ordeal of Reconstruction
• From 1878 to 1880 some 25,000 blacks from Louisiana Texas and Mississippi left to seek opportunities in Kansas
Ordeal of Reconstruction
• Steamboat captains refused to transport blacks across the Mississippi thus ending the exodus
Ordeal of Reconstruction
• Freedman Bureau was created by Congress in March of 1865
Ordeal of Reconstruction
• It provided clothing medical care food and education to both free blacks and white refugees
Ordeal of Reconstruction
• The greatest achievement of the Freedman's bureau was the opportunity for education primarily teaching former slaves to read
Ordeal of Reconstruction
• Southerners rejected the Freedman bureau as a threat to their supremacy in the south
Ordeal of Reconstruction
• Andrew Johnson
• The Tailor President
Ordeal of Reconstruction
• Refused to secede with Tennessee
• Added to Lincoln ticket to appeal to War Democrats and pro-Union southerners
Ordeal of Reconstruction
• Strong Supporter of States rights and champion of poor whites
Ordeal of Reconstruction
• Presidential Reconstruction• Lincoln stated 10% solution • State could reenter the
union if 10% of its voters in the 1860 election for President took an oath of allegiance to United States
Ordeal of Reconstruction
• Next a formal state government must be started and the state would be readmitted to union
Ordeal of Reconstruction
• This proposed reconstruction would lead to a rapid readmission of southern states to the union
Ordeal of Reconstruction
• Deep divide between Congress and the President Lincoln
• Wade-Davis bill in 1864
Ordeal of Reconstruction
• 50 % of voters take allegiance to the United States
• Stronger safeguards towards emancipation
Ordeal of Reconstruction
• Two factions • Majority agreed with Lincoln
• Minority (radicals) felt south should suffer more
Ordeal of Reconstruction
• Wanted the social structure to be destroyed
• Emancipated blacks to be protected federally and to ratify 13th Amendment
Ordeal of Reconstruction
• They also believed south were conquered territories and Congress would develop what terms were needed for readmission to union
Ordeal of Reconstruction
• 13th Amendment to Constitution
• The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution officially outlaws slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime. It was passed by the Senate on April 8, 1864, by the House on January 31, 1865, and adopted on December 6, 1865. On December 18, Secretary of StateWilliam H. Seward proclaimed it to have been adopted. It was the first of the three Reconstruction Amendments adopted after the American Civil War.
Ordeal of Reconstruction• 15TH AMENDMENT• AMENDMENT XV• SECTION 1.• The right of citizens of the United States to vote
shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
• SECTION 2.• The Congress shall have power to enforce this
article by appropriate legislation.
Ordeal of Reconstruction
• Johnson’s plan was similar to Lincoln's a quick restoration of Southern States after a few basic conditions were met
Ordeal of Reconstruction
• South answers to Emancipation were
• Black Codes to• Ensure a stable and subservient labor force
Ordeal of Reconstruction
Banned Jury duty for blacks and vote
• Could not rent land
Ordeal of Reconstruction
• Punishments for idleness• Fines for blacks who
jumped labor contracts• Labor contracts were
plantation owners would rent land
Ordeal of Reconstruction
• Called sharecroppers rent was so high that no profit was made by former slaves
• So they “jumped” the contract
Ordeal of Reconstruction
• Northern reaction was the south was arrogant and it seemed that the south would not acknowledge that the North won the war
Ordeal of Reconstruction
• Johnson and Congress Clash
• Johnson vetoed the extension of the Freemans Bureau
Ordeal of Reconstruction
• Civil Rights act of 1866 gave blacks rights of Citizenship
Ordeal of Reconstruction
• A dilemma for Republicans especially radicals that if blacks were now citizens the south could be more powerful in National politics
Ordeal of Reconstruction
• Fearing the south (if they got a majority in Congress) would repeal the Civil Rights Act of 1866
Ordeal of Reconstruction
• 14th Amendment was passed
• 1. gave citizen rights to freeman
• 2. Assumed all debt of the south
Ordeal of Reconstruction• 14th Amendment• All persons born or naturalized in the United
States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.
Ordeal of Reconstruction
• 3. disqualify from state and federal office Confederates who as federal office holders could not hold office again
Ordeal of Reconstruction
• 4. if denied blacks to vote the state would lose members of Congress
Ordeal of Reconstruction
• No state would be readmitted to union until the 14th Amendment was passed
• Tennessee was the first southern state to ratify 14th Amendment in 1866 and readdmitted
Ordeal of Reconstruction
• The chief argument between Congress and the President was Johnson soft treatment of the south
Ordeal of Reconstruction
• All republicans believed that blacks should have right to vote
Ordeal of Reconstruction
• On March 2, 1867 Congress passed the Reconstruction Act
• South is broken up in 5 military districts
Ordeal of Reconstruction
Ordeal of Reconstruction
• Each district commanded by a Union General
Ordeal of Reconstruction
• Also demanded that each state pass the 14th Amendment
• State Constitution allow former male slaves the right to vote
Ordeal of Reconstruction
• A15th Amendment granted black men the right to vote
Ordeal of Reconstruction
• In 1877 the last Federal troops were removed thus reforming the Union.
Ordeal of Reconstruction
• IT DID NOT GRANT THE RIGHT TO VOTE TO WOMEN
Ordeal of Reconstruction
• Blacks united and participated in the Union League
• The union league helped:
Ordeal of Reconstruction
• 1. educated blacks on their civic duty
• 2. Campaign for Republican Candidates
• 3. Build black churches and schools
Ordeal of Reconstruction
• 4. recruiting militias and militants to protect black communities
Ordeal of Reconstruction
• Blacks in the south relied on the Union league to educate them on their civic duties
Ordeal of Reconstruction
• African American woman assumed new political roles
• 1. participating in church life
Ordeal of Reconstruction
• 2. monitoring state conventions
• 3. participating in political rallies
• 4. organizing mass meetings
Ordeal of Reconstruction
• But they could not vote
Ordeal of Reconstruction
• Two types of unsavory• Characters out of
Reconstruction• Scalawags southerns
plundering or stealing from southern states
Ordeal of Reconstruction
• Carpetbaggers
• Sleazy Northerners who came to south to seek power and profit from Reconstruction
Ordeal of Reconstruction
• Radical state governments passed legislations and reforms that were needed
Ordeal of Reconstruction
• However corruption in both North and South was common
Ordeal of Reconstruction
• KKK
• Ku Klux Klan
• Invisible Empire of the South
Ordeal of Reconstruction
• They could be described as a secret terrorist organization
Ordeal of Reconstruction
• KKK’s motives:• 1. keep blacks in their place
• 2. prevent blacks from voting
Ordeal of Reconstruction
• 3. keep white “carpetbaggers” from voting
• 4. end radical reconstrution
Ordeal of Reconstruction
• They resented black legislators ability and sucess
Ordeal of Reconstruction
• The Force Acts and the union Army helped surpress the KKK but they were successful in using intimidation including lynching's beatings and murder
Ordeal of Reconstruction
• Johnson Impeachment
• Tenure Act of 167Senate must consent to any cabinet position removal
Ordeal of Reconstruction
• Secretary of War Stanton was dismissed by Johnson
• House Impeached Johnson and he went to trail in Senate
Ordeal of Reconstruction
• Failed to convict Johnson by 1 vote
• 2 reasons • 1. poor precedent and
politically motivated• 2. hated his replacement more
Ordeal of Reconstruction
• In 1867 Secretary of State William Steward signed a treaty to purchase Alaska from Russia
• Stewards Folly
Ordeal of Reconstruction
• Real reasons Johnson was not convicted
• 1. abuse of Checks and balances
Ordeal of Reconstruction
• 2. concern about who would take over
• 3. creating a destabilizing period
• 4. Johnson agreed to stop obstructing Republican policies
Ordeal of Reconstruction
• Steward overcame opposition in Congress because Russia was a friend to the Union in Civil War
Ordeal of Reconstruction
• It was Johnson greatest success in foreign policy during his administration