Oratory and Rhetoric in Renaissance Medicine

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Oratory and Rhetoric in Renaissance MedicineAuthor(s): Nancy G. SiraisiReviewed work(s):Source: Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol. 65, No. 2 (Apr., 2004), pp. 191-211Published by: University of Pennsylvania PressStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3654206.

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2/22

r a t o r y

n d

Rhetor ic n

enaissance

edic ine

Nancy

G.

Siraisi

In

Renaissance

medical

practice

hetorichad an

ambiguous

eputation.Many

authors

warned

physicians

against

use of

persuasion

or

repeated

some

version

of

the truism

hat

patients

are

cured

not

by

eloquence

but

by

medicines. On the

other

hand,

physicians

were

also

reminded hat

by speaking

well

they helped

patients

o

have confidence in

their

advice and

to

understand

irections,

which

in

turn

facilitatedcure.'

Yet

some

aspects

of medical culture

of the

period

be-

tween

1450 and 1600

seem

profoundly

attentive o

rhetoric,

at

least as

regards

the use

of

language,performative

lements,

and the

influence

of these

features

in

ancient

models

(most

notably

Galen

himself).2

One area

in which rhetoric

had an

unambiguous,

acknowledged,

and

essential

place

was

in

the

medical

orations

pronounced

at

university

ceremonies.

A

sample

follows:

Pursuit

of all these

different

hings by

study, nvestigation

of

obscuri-

ties with

ingenuity,

conquest

of

difficulties

with

industry,

and--after

penetrating

nto the

very

fibers

of the earthand

searching

everywhere

into the arcanaof the

whole of

natureand from

all

herbs,

fruits, trees,

animals,

gems,

and

even

poisons--

inquiry

afterremediesand

the

proper

way

to use

them

for all

the

ills of human

ife from so

manyauthors,

o

many

disciplines,

and

even

from the

very

stars: these

things,

I

say,

I am

very

grateful

to

Anthony

Grafton,

Sachiko

Kusukawa,

and Thomas

Riitten

for com-

ments on

earlier

versions of this

essay.

1

Ian

Maclean,

Logic,

Signs

and

Nature n the

Renaissance:

The

Case

of

Learned

Medicine

(Cambridge,

2002),

96, 104;

and see

Pietro d'Abano

(d.

1303),

Conciliator:

Ristampa oto-

mecanica

dell'edizione

Venetiis

pud

luntas

1565,

ed.

Ezio Riondato

and

Luigi

Olivieri

(Padua,

1985),

differentia

1,

f.

3'.

2

See

Heinrich Von

Staden,

Gattung

und

Gedaichtnis:

Galen

tiber

Wahrheitund Lehr-

dichtung,

n

Gattungen

wissenschaftlicher

Literatur n der Antike

(Tiibingen,

1998),

65-94,

and dem, Galenand the 'SecondSophistic' inAristotleandAfter,ed. RichardSorabji,Bulle-

tin

of

the

Institute

of

Classical

Studies,

Supplement

68

(1997),

33-54.

191

Copyright

004

by

Journal

f the

History

f

Ideas,

nc.


3/22

192

Nancy

G.

Siraisi

have

uncovered so

many

hidden

cures,

been attainedwith

such ardu-

ous

powers

of the

mind,

completed

with so much

effort of

memory,

offer

so

many things

necessary

for the

health

of the entire

humanrace

in

common,

that

does

not indeed

[the

entire

enterprise

of

medicine]

seem to have been superhuman ndreallyin a certainway divine?3

This

nicely

exuberant

example

of

Renaissancemedical rhetoric

exempli-

fies

the

genre

in

several

respects.

The

oration

to which it

belongs

was

origi-

nally

delivered

to an

academic

faculty

of

medicine

by

a

physician;

t

shows

the

impact

in

medical

settings

of the revival

of

epideictic

rhetoric,

and its author

drew on

learned

sources

and

commonplaces

aboutmedicine

that

belonged

to

a

store

of

broadly

humanistic

erudition,

sharedboth

in

and outside

the medical

profession.

In

fact the

only

truly

distinctivefeatureof this

passage

is its author.

It comes fromErasmus'sEncomiummedicinae,which he wrotein 1499 for a

friend-

a

physician

named

Gysbertus

to

deliver to the medical

faculty

of the

University

of

Paris.4

If

Gysbertus

was

exceptionally

fortunate

n his

ghost, many

other

surviv-

ing

medical

orations

are

internal

products

of

medical

faculties,

the work of

university

mastersor

students

of medicine. But whoever their

authors,

orations

delivered n

or

written or an

academicmedical

setting

offer some

telling

illus-

trations both of the

way

in

which

certain kinds of humanistic

interests

and

requirements

ame

to

penetrate

medical

learning

and

of

the reactionof

human-

istic rhetoricto medicine. Medical humanism s usually understood o en-

compass

both the core

enterprise

of intensive

philological

study, editing,

and

translation

f Greek

medical

texts

-never the

occupation

of more

than

a hand-

ful

of

hellenist

scholars

and

also the

reception

and

scientific

influence of

the

fruits

of

their

labors

among

a

wider medical audience.

But Renaissance

medi-

cine was also a

humanistic

discipline

in a much

broader

and more

inclusive

sense;

that

is,

it

both

fostered

and

provided ample

scope

for the

development

among

learned

physicians

of

interests characteristicof humanistic

culture

in

general:

rhetoric,

history,

biography,

ascination

with

remote

peoples

and

places,

and antiquarianism.At the same time, as the passage from Erasmusquoted

3

Desiderius

Erasmus,

Encomium

medicinae,

in

his

Opera

omnia,

ordo

1,

vol.

IV,

ed. M.

Cytowska,

J.

Domanski,

C.

L.

Heesakkers,

and J. H. Waszink

(Amsterdam,

1973),

147-86.

At

166: Sed ut

dicere

coeperam,

has omnes

rerumvarietates tudio

persequi,

obscuritates

ngenio

assequi,

difficultates ndustria

ervincere,

c

penetratis

errae

ibris,

excussis

undique

otius

naturae

arcanis,

ex

omnibus

herbis,

ruticibus,arboribus, nimantibus,

emmis,

ex

ipsis

denique

venenis,

cunctis

humanae

vitae malis

efficacia

quaerere

remedia

atque

horum

oportunum

usum ex tot

autoribus,

ot

disciplinis,

imo et ab

istis

syderibuspetere:

haec,

inquam,

am abdita

rimari

cura,

tamardua iribus

animi

adipisci,

am

multa

memoria

omplecti,

am

necessaria d salutem

universi

mortalium eneris ncommuneproferre,nonneprorsushominemaiusacplanedivinumquiddam

fuisse videtur?

4

Ibid.,

Introduction,

147-49.


4/22


5/22

194

Nancy

G.

Siraisi

tile

took

his

texts

from

medical or

philosophical

auctoritates

ather

han

from

the

Bible.7

The formal

occasions for academicmedical orations

did not

change;

but

in

the

courseof the fifteenth

century

developmentsparalleling

hose

in

other orms

of oratory, acredandsecular, ransformedhemin both contentandstructure.8

Thematic

discourses

presenting

arguments

based on chosen

texts

gave

way

to

demonstrative

praise.

At

Padua,

where

contacts between

professors

of

medi-

cine and ocal humanists

were

numerous

nd

where,

as McManamon

as

shown,

the

elder

Vergerio

pioneered

he revival

of

classical

oratory

n

the

political

sphere

in

the 1380s and

'90s,

the

transformation lso

began

early

in the medical

fac-

ulty.9

Before 1414

Jacopo

da

Forli

praised

medicine

as the

most

outstanding

of

the arts

with

citationsfrom

Boethius,

Ovid,

Virgil,

and Cicero

as

well

as

medi-

cal

sources.'0

n

the 1430s

CristoforoBarzizza

and Matteolo

da

Perugia

seem

to have been especially appreciatedas medicalorators, f one may judge their

repeated

nvitations

to

give

the

inaugural

orationof

the academic

year

and

by

the survival

of

a

numberof the

resulting speeches.

In an

oration

devoted to

praise

of

Hippocrates,

Matteolo

mingled

approving

references

to

scholastic

medical

authoritieswith

the

language

of

persuasion

and

visual

imagery.

He

7

Gentile

da

Foligno,

Sermoad

conventum

magistri

Martini

di

Senis,

ed. in

Carl

C. Schlam,

Graduation

peeches

of Gentile

da

Foligno,

Mediaeval

Studies,

40

(1978),

96-119,

at

113-19;

Sermo

1,

ed. in

Jole

Agrimi

and

Chiara

Crisciani,

Edoceremedicos

(Naples,

1988),

258-61;

also

see

P. Osmund

Lewry,

FourGraduation

Speeches

from Oxford

Manuscripts

c.

1270-1310),

Mediaeval

Studies,

44

(1982),

138-80;

Ludwig

Bertalot, Eine

Sammlung

Paduaner

Reden des

XV

Jahrhunderts,

uellen

und

Forschungen

aus Italianischen

Archiven

und

Bibliotheken,

26

(1936),

245-67;

Celestino

Piana,

Nuove

ricerche

su le

Universitct

i

Bologna

e di Parma

(Flo-

rence,

1966),

8-82;

Ralph Drayton,

'In

the

Heart

of

Any

Incepting

Student':

Religion

and

Medical

Astrology

in

Montpellier,

ca.

1400,

paper

delivered

at the annual

meeting

of

the His-

tory

of Science

Society,

1999;

also

see

Darleen

Pryds,

The

King

Embodies

the Word:

Robert

d'Anjou

and the

Politics

of

Preaching

(Leiden, 2000).

8

John

O'Malley,

Praise

and Blame in

RenaissanceRome:

Rhetoric,

Doctrine,

and

Reform

in

the

Sacred Orators

of

the

Papal

Court,

c.

1450-1521

(Durham,

N.C.,

1979);

John

M.

McManamon,

The Ideal

Renaissance

Pope:

Funeral

Oratory

rom

the

Papal

Court,

Archivum

historiaepontificiae, 14 (1976), 9-61; Funeral Oratoryand the CulturalIdeals of ItalianHu-

manism

Durham,

N.C.,

1989)

and

Pierpaolo

Vergerio

he Elder:

TheHumanist

s Orator

Tempe,

Az.,

1996).

See P.

O.

Kristeller,

Philosophy

and Rhetoric rom

Antiquity

o

the

Renaissance,

n

his

Renaissance

Thought

and

Its

Sources,

ed. Michael

Mooney

(New

York,

1979);

Renaissance

Eloquence:

Studies in the

Theory

and

Practice

of

Renaissance

Rhetoric,

ed. James J.

Murphy

(Berkeley,

1983);

and

John

Monfasani,

Humanismand

Rhetoric,

n

Renaissance

Humanism:

Foundations,

Forms,

and

Legacy

(Philadelphia,

1988),

III,

171-235;

also

Karl

Milliner

(ed.),

Reden und

Briefe

italienischer

Humanisten,

ed.

Barbara

Gerl

(Munich,

1970;

original

edition,

Vienna,

1899).

9

McManamon,

Pierpaolo Vergerio,

31-49

and 170-73.

1o

Jacopo

da

Forli,

Medicinaartium

preclarissima,

ed. in Jole

Agrimi

and

Chiara

Crisciani,

Edocere medicos(Naples, 1988),263-73.

See Tiziana

Pesenti,

Professori

e

promotori

di medicina

nello

Studio

di Padova

dal 1405

al

1509:

Repertorio

bio-bibliografico

(Padua, 1984),

42-44

and

133-37.


6/22

Oratory

and

Rhetoric

in

Renaissance

Medicine

195

extolled

Hippocrates's

admirabili

natura

et divino excel-lentissimo

ingenio,

described

the

words

of the

Aphorisms

as

like

jewels,

and

stated

that

they

were

oracles

to be

contemplated

rather han

interpreted

that

we cannot doubt

then

emanated

rom

a

certain

divine

breast. '2

All

three

of these authorswere

professorsof medicine whose principalworks consisted of scholastic com-

mentaries

on

portions

of the

Canon of

Avicennaor

other

Arabo-Latinmedical

texts.

Moreover,

as

recent

scholarship

has

convincingly

demonstrated,

he self-

image

of

medicine

reflected

in

such

orations,

far

from

being

new,

had been

built

up by

scholastic

medical

authors

extending

back to the thirteenth

entury

andbefore.13

Nevertheless,

this

early fifteenth-century

hift in

oratorical

style

establisheda

place

for humanist

epideictic

rhetoric

within one form

of

medical

discourse.As

such

it

deserves to be

regarded

as

the

first

stage

of the

penetration

of

contemporary

umanist astes

and

values within

medicine

itself,

antedating

by a generationor morethe rise of philological study by physiciansof Greek

medical

texts.

Tiziana

Pesenti has

recently

remarked

hat it is

no

longer pos-

sible to

regard

he

humanistic

nterestsand

contacts

of

fifteenth-century

talian

physicians

as

totally apart

from

or

unintegrated

with their medical

culture.14

These

fifteenth-century

medical

orations

provide

compelling

evidence to

sub-

stantiate he

same

point.

II.

Description,

Narrative,

Polemic,

and

Self-expression

in

Medical

Orations

New languageand style was indeed in and of itself a substantialcompo-

nent of

innovation

n

Renaissance

medicine.' Yet it

must be admitted hat

for

the most

part,

when the

subject

was

theencomium

of

medicine

or some

varia-

tion

thereof,

generations

of authors

both in and

outside

of the medical

profes-

sion were

content

to shuffle a

handful

of well worn

topoi.

Nevertheless,

the

oratorical

genre

as it

developed

in

the

sixteenth

century

was an

open

one

that

allowed

the

possibility

of

variety

and

self-expression

to those who chose or

were

encouraged

o take

it.

In

tone

sixteenth-century

medical orations

ranged

from the

earnestand

religiously

inspired

o imitation

Lucianic

satire.

In

content

theyvariedequallywidely.Inaddition o the standard eneraltopics (praiseof

medicine

itself,

praise

of

major

igures

of medical

antiquity,

tc.)

and

the

biog-

raphies

found in

funeraryspeeches,

there are medical orations

that

deal

with

12

Matteoloda

Perugia,

De laudibus

medicinae n

principio

suae

lectiones

ordinariae,

n

Tre

orazioni nuziali

di

Guarino

Veronesee

una

'Laus medicinae' di

Matteolo da

Perugia,

ed. A.

Messini

(Rome,

1939),

37-42.

'3

Agrimi

and

Crisciani,

Edocere

medicos,

passim.

14

Tiziana

Pesenti,

I

libri di

medicina di

Giovanni di

Marco

da Rimini

(c. 1400-1474),

II

bibliotecario,

NS 2

(1998),

93-109.

15 ee VivianNutton, TheChangingLanguageof Medicine,1450-1550, n Vocabulary f

Teaching

and

Research

BetweenMiddle

Ages

and Renaissance:

Proceedingsof

the

Colloquium,

London,

Warburg

nstitute,

11-12

March

1994,

ed.

Olga Weijers

Turnhout,

1995),

184-98.


7/22

196

Nancy

G.

Siraisi

relatively specialized

medical

subject

matter.

Some

of these

are

more or

less

routine

lectures

on

particular

medical

topics (examples

include the causes

of

pestilence,

deafness,

and

muteness).'6

But a few reflect both

the

changing

face

of

medicine

itself and

the

scientific commitmentof

their authors.

Thus,

a

re-

centstudyofAlessandroBenedetti'sAnatomice,a treatisewrittenseveralyears

before its

publication

n

1502 and

usually

considered

a

pioneering

text of Re-

naissance

anatomy,recognizes

new

rhetoric

as

one

of its most innovative

and

significant

features and

characterizes he work

as

in

the

general

form of

an

oration

ntended

o

support

he revival

of anatomical

studies.

Considered

n

this

light,

Benedetti'sworkrecalls

Regiomontanus'samously

prescient

oration on

the

dignity

and worth of the

mathematical ciences of

a

few

years

earlier.17

But

Regiomontanus's

was

a

formalorationdelivered

at

the

beginning

of

a

course of

lectures at

Padua,

whereas

although

Benedetti charac-

terized himself as physicuset orator, ' is Anatomicewas not, of course,

necessarily

written

or oral

delivery

on a

single

formal

occasion.

Perhaps

more

comparable

with

Regiomontanus's

oration

is Johann

Dryander's inaugural

speech

in

1536 at the

young

university

of

Marburg-founded only

nine

years

earlieras the

first

Lutheran

university

n

imperial

territory.Dryander

used the

occasion for a

forceful

expression

of

his

own

scientific convictions and com-

mitment,

vehemently

insisting

that the future

of

medical science

lay

with

anatomy

(and

pouring

scorn

on

squeamish

reluctance to handle

cadavers).19

More

self-serving

but

still

impressive

was

Giovanni

Argenterio's

nsistence

in

the orationthatopenedhis lectures at Naples in 1555, thatrecent advancesin

anatomy

constituted

both

a

model and a

justification

for

innovations

in

other

16

For

example,

Matthaeus

Zeizius, Oratio.

De

physicis

causis &

periodis pestilentium

morborum:

ublice

recitata n

Academia

Francofordiana

Marchionum Decano Matthaeo

Zeysio

...

cum

decerneret itulum

magisterii

..

anno 1592. die 12.

Octobris.

Additaest

subfine

oratiuncula

de

quaestione

An

morbi

aequefrigidi

ac

calidi

in

pestilenti

statu

grassentur.

Publice

recitata ab

eodem

Zeysio,

cum renunciaretur

octorisartis medicaea ... Johanne

Knoblochio

.. anno Christi

1593

(n.

p.,

1595);

Johann

Mathesius,

Oratio,

de admirabili

uditus

nstrumentifabrica

t structura

(Wittenberg,

1577);

Salomon

Alberti,

Oratio

de surditateet

mutitate

Nuremberg,

1591).

17

Alessandro

Benedetti,

Historia

corporis

humani sive

Anatomice

(Florence, 1998),

ed.

Giovanna

Ferrari,

ntroduction,

:

I1

ibro

di

Benedetti

e infattiun manuale

pratico,

che illustra

un

contenuto

scientifico,

che

racchiudeun

messaggio

filosofico,

il

tutto

compreso

nella forma

complessiva

di

un'orazione volta a

sostenere la

ripresa

degli

studi anatomici. See Noel

M.

Swerdlow,

Science and

Humanism n

the Renaissance:

Regiomontanus's

Orationon the

Dig-

nity

and

Utility

of the

Mathematical

Sciences,

n World

Changes:

ThomasKuhnand the Nature

of

Science

(Cambridge,

Mass.,

1993),

131-68.

18

Benedetti,

Historia

corporis

humani,

ed.

Ferrari,

ntroduction,

39.

19

Johann

Dryander,

n

praelectionem

medicam

oratio,

qua

anatomiae

necessarium

tudium

commendatur,

Marpurgi

a

Joan.

Dryandro

in

frequentissimo

eius

Academiae

confessu

habita

VIIIKalend.Novemb.anno M. D. XXXVI,n his Anatomiae Marpurg,1537), [7]-[26];and see

Andrea

Carlino,

Books

of

the

Body:

Anatomical Ritual and Renaissance

Learning (Chicago,

1999),

222-24.


8/22

Oratory

and

Rhetoric in

Renaissance

Medicine 197

areas

of

medicine,

including

his

own

critique

of

Galen's

theory

of

diseases.20

Whatever

he

occasion

or

announced

opic,

the oratorical

genre

was

frequently

hospitable

to

contemporary

eligious

and

scientific

polemic,

either

separately

or

intertwined.

The funeral

oration

for the medical humanist and

botanist

LeonhartFuchs(d. 1566)-which incorporatesa detailedbiographycarefully

placed

in

the

context

of

current

events--is

as insistent on Fuchs's Lutheran

constancy

and

the

very grave

vexations he was

subjected

o

by

the

monks

and

their

supporters

s on

his

classical

learning

and

copious

medical writ-

ings.21

In

1570

the

Wittenbergprofessor

Abraham

Wernerdevoted

a

graduation

oration

n

the

medical

faculty

to

the

by

then standard

opic

of

a

detailed,

histori-

cal

and

non-mythological

ife

of

Galen

based

argely

on statements

n

the latter's

own

writings.22

However,

he set

it

in

the

context of

a

lengthy opening

denun-

ciation of Paracelsiansand all theirworks. Theirnew anduntried deas, their

barbaric

mpudence

and

insolence in

rejecting

Galenic medicine based on true

principles,

reason,

and

experience,

the

violence and

danger

of their chemical

medicines

were all

equally

deplorable.23

A

few

years

later Thomas Erastus

(d.

1583),

true

to his

calling

as

both

physician

and

theologian,

used his declama-

tion on

the

most

standard f all

topics

of

medical

oratory,

namely,

In

praise

of

medicine,

o

demonstrate,

with

copious

biblical

citations,

that

the fault of the

Paracelsians

ay

in

their

rejection

of a

traditionof medicine not

only

ordained

by

God but in

continuous

existence

from

the

time of

Moses.24

But

the

genre

was equallyhospitable o materialreflecting nterest n orreceptiveness o his-

tory,

biography,

ravel

accounts,

or

antiquarianism mong

physicians.

A

few

authors

ncorporated

genuinely

substantial

reatmentsof the

history

of medi-

cine

or their

own

medical

faculty.

Among

the most

notable,

hough

not the

first,

of

these

was

the

history

of the

medical

faculty

of the

University

of

Paris,

com-

posed

by

Gabriel

Naud6.25

20

Oratio

oannis

ArgenteriiNeapoli

habita in

initio suarum ectionumanno

1555,

unnum-

bered

folio at the

beginning

of

his

Opera

(Venice,

1606),

pars prior.

21

Georg

Hizler,

Oratio

de

vita

et

morte

clarissimi

viri,

medici et

philosophipraestantissimi,

D. LeonhartiFuchsii (Tiibingen,1566); English translation n The great herbal of Leonhart

Fuchs:

De

historia

stirpium

ommentarii

nsignes,

1542

(notable

commentaries

n the

historyof

plants),

ed.

Frederick

G.

Meyer,

Emily

Emmart

Trueblood,

and

John

L.

Heller

(Stanford,1999),

I,

260-80.

Hizler

was

professor

of Greek

and

Latin letters at

Tiibingen.

22

See Vivian

Nutton,

Biographical

Accounts of Galen

from

1350 to 1650

(Wolfenbtittel

colloquium

Geschichteder

Medizingeschichtsschreibung,

998).

23

Abraham

Werner,

Oratio de

vita

Galeni ... cum

doctores in

medicinae

renunciarentur

viri

doctissimi D.

Georgius

Agricola

Ambergensis,

et D.

Fabianus

Summer

Wittenberg,

1570),

A2r-A5v.

24

Thomas

Erastus,

De

medicinae

audibus

oratio.

In

his Varia

opuscula

medica

(Frankfurt,

1590),

1-14.

25

GabrielNaud6,De antiquitateet dignitatescholae medicae Parisiensispanegyris.Cum

orationibus

encomiasticis ad IX

iatroganistas

aurea

medica donandos

(Paris, 1628);

cf.

Gian

Giacomo

Bartolotti,

On the

Antiquityof

Medicine,

n

Giovanni

Tortelli,

On Medicineand

Physi-


9/22

198

Nancy

G.

Siraisi

The

eighteenyoung

physicians

who

achievedtheirmedical

degrees

at

Paris

in

1560

listened to

graduation

orationson

an

antiquarian

opic

from

a

lawyer.

Jean

Le

Vieil,

the

author

and

speaker

an

identity

that,

as noted

above,

cannot

always

be

assumedfor these

productions),

was

an enthusiast or

ancient

athlet-

ics.26

Under the heading motion and rest exercise had long played a minor

part

n

the medical

traditionof the six

things

non-natural

environmental

on-

ditions

or states of the

body,

the others

being

air,

food,

and

drink,

sleeping

and

waking,

evacuation and

repletion,

and

the

emotions).

But

sixteenth-century

interest

in

the

history

of

the

subject

was as much or

more

humanistand anti-

quarian

as

medical,

as

both the

chapters

on

the exercises

of the Greeks and

Romans

in

Sir

Thomas

Elyot's

TheBoke Named

the

Governor

1531)

and

the

best

known

complete

treatiseon ancient

exercise,

Girolamo

Mercuriale'scel-

ebrated

De arte

gymnastica

(1569)

testify.

Mercurialewas a professorof medicine and notedmedicalauthor,but this

work

closely

reflects his

contacts

with

a circle

of

Roman

humanists

and

anti-

quarians.27

e Vieil's

choice of

topic

for

his

medical

graduation

rationsseems

to

have

more to do with

the idea

of

graduation

as

testimony

to

strenuous

en-

deavor than

anything

else. His

collection consists of

three

introductory

ora-

tions and one

for each of the

eighteen graduands.

Each of the

individual

enco-

mia

consists

of

a

capsule

biography

ollowed

by

moralizationon

a

distinguish-

ing

featureof the

candidate.

Thus,

the name of Jean

Nestora

reminded

Le

Vieil

of

the

Homeric Nestor and

inspired

him

to

truismsabout

sage

advice

(he

must

have been fairlydesperatewhen he got to JeanLeibald,aboutwhom the only

thing

he

could find to remark

was the

piety

of

the aunt

who

paid

for

the

young

man's

studies).28

ut

the three

engthy general

ntroductory

rations

are all de-

voted to

extended

comparisons

of the

physical

exercises

engaged

in

by

the

ancientsand the

intellectual

struggles

of Parisian

medical students.

In

the

first,

after

pointing

out that

motion was

necessary

o

everything

n the

universe,

from

cians;

Gian

Giacomo

Bartolotti,

On the

Antiquity

f

Medicine:

TwoHistories

of

Medicine

of

the

XVth

Century,

ed. and tr.

Dorothy

M. Schullianand

Luigi

Belloni (Milan,1954).

26

Jean le

Vieil

[Johannes

Vetus],

Orationes

in medicinae commendationem

t in

gratiam

octodecim medicae

laureae candidatorum

nstitutae

(Paris,

1560).

27

Thomas

Elyot,

The Boke Named

the

Governor,

ed. Donald

W. Rude

(New

York,

1992),

75-84. Girolamo

Mercuriale,

Artis

gymnasticae

apud antiquos

celeberrimae,

nostris

temporibus

ignoratae,

libri sex

(Venice,

1569);

Vivian

Nutton,

Les exercices

et

la

sant6:

Hieronymus

Mercurialis

t

la

gymnastique

m6dicale,

n

Le

corps

a la Renaissance.

Actes du XXXe

Colloque

de Tours

1987,

ed.

Jean

C6ard,

Marie-Madeleine

Fontaine,

and Jean-Claude

Margolin

(Paris,

1990),

295-308.

28

Le

Vieil,

Orationes:

Nestor, 83-87; Liebald,

134-39.

The

only

one of

the

graduates

o

achieve

any particular

ubsequent

distinction was Maurice de

la

Corde,

later

the

authorof

a

commentaryon the Hippocratic reatises on disease of women (HippocratisCoi, Medicorum

principis,

liber

prior

de morbis

mulierum .. Maurciio Cordaeo

Rhemo

nterprete

et

explicatore

[Paris,

1585]).


10/22

Oratory

and Rhetoric in

Renaissance

Medicine

199

the

heavenly

bodies down

to

plants,

Le Vieil led his

audience

hrough

he

Spar-

tan

practice

of

hardening

both

boys

and

girls by exposure

to

harsh

climatic

conditions and

scanty

food

(noting

with

apparent

approval

hat

Spartangirls

were

not

allowed

soft

upbringing

ndoors like

girls

in other

cities),

and

the

educationof young Persians n hunting.He moved on to Solon's laws regard-

ing

the

physical

educationof

Athenian

youth,

Plato's recommendation

f

gym-

nastic

for both

sexes

and all

ages

( pueros

et

puellas,

viros et

matronas ),

nd

the

Olympic

games. Finally

this

traditionof

ancient athletics

deterioratednto

the cruel

Roman

games,

rightly

abolished

by Christianity.

e Vieil

opined,

how-

ever,

that

the

training

of

young

French nobles

in

arms and

horsemanship

and

the

practice

of

tournamentswas

more

or less

equivalent

o

the valuableancient

Greek

insistence on

physical

training

this

less than a

year

after the disastrous

death

of

Henri

II

from an

injury

received in a

tournament).

He

managed

o find

his way backto universitymedicaleducationby declaringthatphilosophical

debate

served

the

equally

important

purpose

of

providing

exercise for

the

soul.

In

the

second

of these orations

he

compared

he

young

medici

with

victors

in

the

Olympic games

and

recipients

of

a

Roman

triumph;

n the thirdhe

equated

Parisian

graduation

nsignia

and

scholarlyprivileges

with the

prizes

and

privi-

leges

accorded

o

victors in

the ancient

games.29

In

several

different

versions

the theme

of

travel

or

of

wisdom

gathered

from afar

provided

the

authorsof

orationsand relateddocuments

with

the

op-

portunity

o

relate ancient

practice,

precept,

or

doxography

to the

contempo-

raryworldof medicallearning, nterest n all kindsof naturaland humanpar-

ticulars,

and

esteem for

learned

travel.

In

1579

Christoph

Schilling

a

young

German

physician,

arrived

at

Montpellier

on

the last

stage

of

a medical and

philosophical

grand

our

of

Italy

and

France.Withthe aid of

lettersof introduc-

tion from

his

mentorsCrato

von

Crafftheimand

Erastus

and,

it

would

appear,

financial

aid

from Andreas

Dudith,

he had visited an

impressive

roster of

fa-

mous

professors

of medicine

and other

intellectuals

throughoutItaly,

from

Aldrovandi

o

Telesio

and

many

more besides. At

Montpellier,

Laurent

oubert,

then

chancellorof the

University,

awardedhim the

doctorate

of

philosophy

and

medicine.Schilling's tripto ItalyandFranceremindedhim, he remarkedn a

grateful

etter

to his mentors

and

patron,

of the

journeys

in search of the wis-

dom of

Egypt

supposedly

undertaken

y

Orpheus,

Pythagoras,

Solon, Thales,

Socrates,

and

Plato. 30

ut

in

the

orationJouberthimself

gave

on this

occasion,

entitled

On

he

qualifications

f a

future xcellent

physician,

Schilling's

ravels

become the

pretext

for

an

encomiumto a

contemporary

nternational

profes-

29

Le

Vieil,

Orationes,

oratio

prima,

13-32.

30

Christoph

Schilling,

letter

o

JohannesCratoof

Crafftheim,

Andreas

Dudith,

andThomas

Erastus, n LaurentJoubert,Operum atinorum omus secundus(Frankfurt, 599), 190-91;and

for a similar

accountsee

Lorenz

Gryll,

Oratio

de

peregrinatione

tudii

medicinalis

ergo suscepta,

printed

with

his De

sapore

dulci et

amaro

(Prague,

1566),

5-6.


11/22

200

Nancy

G.

Siraisi

sional and

intellectual

community

of

learning.

From

Germany,

Switzerland,

Italy,

and

France,

Joubert

isted

the name of some

thirty professors

of medi-

cine,

with

their

academic

affiliations

and

principal

achievements,

a few other

philosophers

or humanist

ntellectuals,

and

one

poet,

each of whom

had

appar-

ently providedSchillingwith a testimonial.3'Afterall this, it is somewhatdis-

appointing

o

note

that,

as far

as I

can

discover,

Schilling

never

composed

any-

thing

other han

a few

medical

epistles

and

epigrams.32)

t the same

time

Joubert

praised

Schilling

himself

because,

like

Hippocrates,

he had

perfected

compara-

tive

knowledge

of

medicine

by

travels to notable

cities.33

Thirty years

later

the

Hippocratic

parallel

doubtless also

underlay

he fo-

cus

on travel n

the

funeral

oration hatEdwardVorst

composed

for

the botanist

Charles

L'Ecluse

(Clusius).34

But

whereas Joubertused the theme

exclusively

to celebrate

the

wisdom

gained

from travel to meet learned

men,

Vorst

ac-

claimed knowledgethatwas the fruitof directacquaintancewith the particu-

lars

of

regions,

peoples,

topography,

and

local

languages.

To

be

sure,

Vorst's

oration for his

professorial

colleague

and

fellow

physician

duly

recounts

Clusius's

studies,

teachers,

patrons,

writings,

ranslations f various

vernacular

botanical

works into

Latin,

and

friendships

with

poets

and intellectuals.

But he

reserved his

greatest

enthusiasm

or Clusius's

profoundknowledge

of

plants,

gained

by

exceptionally

close

observation

during

a

life of travel

throughmany

regions

of

Europe.

Vorst

believed

knowledge

of

medicinal

plants

more essen-

tial

to the task

of

healing

than

any

other

part

of

medicine,

regarded

he

develop-

ment of medicinalbotanyas one of the most importantachievements of his

age,

and

grouped

Clusius with

the

most

important

modern

medicinalbotanists.

But he was

equally,

and

without

any

sense of

incongruity,

appreciative

of

Clusius's

antiquarian

nd

ethnographic

nterests,

his work as

a

cartographer

and

chorographer,

nd

his

knowledge

of

modern

as

well as ancient

anguages.35

Everywhere

Clusius

went,

his

observation mente et oculis

attentissimis -

encompassed

not

only

natural

hings

that

grew

there ... but

whatever

pertained

to the

place,

its

antiquities,

and

the customs of the

people. 36

31

LaurentJoubert,Oratio depraesidiis uturi excellentis medici.Inhis Operum atinorum

tomus secundus

(Frankfurt,

599),

192-96.

32He

is

listed as one

of

the

contributors o

Epistolarum

philosophicarum:

medicinalium,

ac

chymicarum

summis

nostrae

aetatis

philosophis

ac medicis

exaratarum, olumen,

d.

Laurentius

Scholz

(Frankfurt,

598).

33

Joubert,Oratio,

194:

Superest

am

(ut

Hippocrates

superioribus

ubiunxit)

comparata

vobis

medicae artis

perfecta

cognitione,

tandem

insigniores

urbes

adeatis,

illicque

non

inane

medici nomen

iactetis,

sed

dignissimo

opere

medicos vos exhibeatis.

34

Edward

Vorst, Oratio

unebris

in

obitum

V.

N.

et clarissimi Caroli

Clusii,

bound

with

Charles

L'Ecluse,

Curae

posteriores

(Antwerp,

1611).

35

Vorst,

Oratio

unebris,

7-10,

14.

36

Ibid.,

7:

Neque,

quod

multi

peregrinantes

hodie

faciunt,

perfunctorie

aut veluti canis

Nilum

lambit,

exteras

regiones

obibat,

verum

pensiculate

minutissimaetiam

quaequae

animad-

vertebat;

nec solum rerum

naturalium

bi nascentium

ndagatione

contentus,

quicquid

praeterea

ad

situm,

antiquitates

t

popularum

mores

spectaret,

mente

et

oculis

attentissimis

observabat.


12/22

Oratory

and Rhetoric

in

Renaissance Medicine

201

III. The

Intersectionof

Medicine

and Rhetoric

Whatever he

range

of

topics

and

approaches

ntroduced

by

individualau-

thors,

the central

task

of medical

epideictic

rhetoric--not

only

orations,

but

also a vast and almostentirelyunstudiedoutputof dedicatory etters,elegies,

complimentary

oems,

and

so

on-

was

praise

of

medicine

and

physicians.

For-

tunately,

for this

purpose,

ancient

authors,

iterary,philosophical,

and

doxo-

graphical,

secular

and

sacred,

as well as

or

even more

than

medical,

yielded

a

large

stock

of

many

times

repeated

commonplaces

about

medicine's

origins,

nobility,

and

usefulness.

Many

of them

were indeed

conveniently

collected

in

PolydoreVergil's

De

inventoribus

erum

andother

encyclopedic

compilations.37

Renaissance

learned

physicians

had

a real need for

these

and other rhetorical

tools,

but

their skill

in

deploying

them

varied

widely.

Among

theirmore

singu-

larly nfelicitousproductions,orexample, s the mournfulclogue with which

Dietrich

Wasser,

a medical student

rom

Lubeck,

commemorated

he

death of

Leonhart

Fuchs.

In

it

charactersnamed Battus

and Melisaeus

inform one

an-

other that the

local

Fauns,

Dryads,

and

Hamadryads

re

lamenting

Fuchs's

demise.38

A

vivid

glimpse

of the

dilemma that faced

medical

lecturers

who

lacked

rhetorical

skills comes from

mid-sixteenth-century

adua.

There,

by

custom,

studentsof law

as

well as

medicine attended he formal

opening

of

a course

of

medical

lectures.

If the

lecturer,

uncertain of

his

oratorical

ability, plunged

straight ntospecializedcommentaryon a medical textwithoutgiving an intro-

ductory

oration uitable or

a

broad

audience,

he would

be

interrupted

y

whistles

and catcalls. If

on the other handhe

trottedout

well

worn

conventional

praises

of

medicine,

a

discipline

that

no-one

has

ever

failed to

praise,

he

might

ex-

pect

a

glaze

of tedium

to

come over his audience.

The author

who remarked

n

this

situation,

Jande

Vleeschouwer,

held one of

the few

remaining

ectureships

in

the

gift

of the

student

nations,

and was

perhaps

especially

anxious

to

please

his student

patrons.

At

any

rate,

he

neatly

avoided

the dilemma

by

introducing

his

lectureson the section of

Avicenna's

Canon

on

joint

diseases

with a satirical

Lucianicoration n praiseof

gout.39

But

if

the

youthful

and

obscure

Vleeschouwer's

response

to the

problem

of

the

proper

unctionof

the medical

oration

was an

essentially

frivolous

one,

two

37

PolydoreVergil,

On

Discovery,

ed. andtr.

BrianP.

Copenhaver

Cambridge,

Mass.,

2002),

20,

Quis

primus

medicinam

nvenerit,

154-62;

and

see

The

Historiography

f

Discovery

in

the Renaissance:

Polydore Vergil's

De inventoribus

rerum,

I-III,

Journal

of

the

Warburg

nd

Courtauld

nstitutes,

41

(1978),

192-214.

38

Ecloga lugubris inscripta

Daphnis

autore Theodorico

Aquario

Lubecensi

Medicinae

studioso,

in

Georg

Hizler,

Oratio de vita et morte clarissimi

viri,

medici et

philosophie

praestantissimi,

D.

Leonharti

Fuchsii

(Tiibingen,

1566),

55-60.

39

Johannes

Carnarius

[Jan

de

Vleeschouwer],

De

podagra

laudibus

oratio

habita

in

celeberrimo

gymnasio

Patavino

... in

initio lectionum

(Padua,

1552).


13/22


14/22


15/22

204

Nancy

G.

Siraisi

three eminent

sixteenth-century

authors,

only

the last

of whom

was

a

physi-

cian:

Erasmus,

Melanchthon,

and

Girolamo

Cardano.48

For

all

the

specialized

earning

and

professional

self-consciousness

of

aca-

demically

trainedGalenic

physicians

and the real and

highly

specific

achieve-

ments of sixteenth-and early seventeenth-century natomy,physiology, and

botany,

a

substantial

part

of

Renaissance medicine involved

knowledge

and

attitudessharedwith and

highly

dependent

on

the

broader

ociety.

This is true

in

the case of

ideas,

terminology,

and

practicesconcerning

he human

body

as

an

object

of

knowledge

and

therapeutic

ntervention whether

these concern

broadcultural

assumptions

such as

ideas about

gender

or

practical

knowledge

of

remedies

sharednot

only

across a wide

spectrum

of

healers at all levels

of

social

status and

education

but

also in and

outside

the medical

profession.

It is

equally

trueof the entire

shift

from scholasticism o

humanism,

n which learned

physiciansfollowed the lead of the larger ntellectualcommunity. The extent

to

which

medicine was

part

of a

broader

humanistic

and still

largely

rhetorical

culture s

further

reflected in

the

frequency

and

facility

with which

physicians

embarkedon

such

projects

as

writing general

histories and the

apparent

om-

placency

with

which their

doing

so

was

regarded.

GirolamoCardano

eported

that

his medical

colleagues

reproved

him

for

spending

more time on

math-

ematics

(no

doubt

including

astrology)

than

medicine,

but

nothing

but

praise

seems to have

accrued o

Dr.

Hartman

Schedel for

spending

his time

writing,

or

compiling,

the

Nuremberg

Chronicle

or to

Dr.

TommasoMinadoi for

compos-

ing his Historyof the WarBetweenthe Turksand the Persians, to name only

two of

many

possible

examples.49

Consequently

he

place

of

oratory

and

epideictic

rhetoric n Renaissance

academicmedicine

cannot

be

simply

dismissed as

peripheral

o

its real nter-

prise,

whether

hat

enterprise

s conceived as

primarilyprofessional,

scientific,

philosophical,

or

healing.

This is

not

only

because some

surviving

orations

express

a

scientific

conviction or

intellectualcommitment

or

recount

a

biogra-

phy

that

makes them

well

worth

studying.Many

others are

essentially

conven-

tional or

insignificant

in

content.

But the characterof medical orations

and

encomiais one moresign among manythattheself-imageof the learnedmedi-

cal

profession

then

incorporated

attributes haracteristic

f

a Renaissancehu-

manist

discipline

as well

as

those

of

a

technical

or

scientific

profession.

Hunter

College.

48 an

Beverwyck, Epistolicae

quaestiones

cum

doctorum

responsionibus.

Accedit

ejusdem

nec non

Erasmi,

Cardani

Melanchthonis,

Medicinae

encomium

(Rotterdam,1644),

including

the letter from

Descartes;

and

see

Roger

French,

William

Harvey's

Natural

Philosophy

(Cam-

bridge,1994), 169, 193-94.

49

See Adrian

Wilson,

The

Makingof

the

Nuremberg

Chronicle

Amsterdam, 976);

Giovanni

Tommaso

Minadoi,

Historia

della

gverrafra

Tvrchi,

et ... Persiani

(Venice, 1587).


16/22

Oratory

and

Rhetoric in


205

Appendix

1.

Orations

consulted

or this

paper

Argenterio,Giovanni.Oratio oannisArgenteriiNeapolihabita n initiosuarum

lectionum anno

1555,

unnumbered

olio

at the

beginning

of

his

Opera,

pars

prior.

Venice,

1606.

Beverwyck,

Jan.

Epistolicaequaestiones

umdoctorum

esponsionibus.

Accedit

ejusdem

nec

non

Erasmi,

Cardani

Melanchthonis,

Medicinaeencomium.

Rotterdam,

1644.

Bartolotti,

Gian

Giacomo.

On

the

Antiquityof

Medicine.

In Giovanni

Tortelli,

On Medicine and

Physicians.

Gian Giacomo

Bartolotti,

On

the

Antiquity

of

Medicine. Two

Histories

of

Medicine

of

the XVth

Century,

ed. and

tr.

DorothyM. Schullian andLuigi Belloni. Milan, 1954.

Cardano,

Girolamo.

Medicinae encomium.

In his

Quaedam opuscula.

Basel,

1559.

Also

in

his

Opera,

ed.

C.

Spon,

vol.

VI.

Lyon,

1664.

Carnarius,

ohannes

Vleeschouwer,

an

de].

De

podagra

laudibus

oratio habita

in

celeberrimo

gymnasio

Patavino

...

in initio

lectionum.

Padua,

1552.

Cornarius,

Janus.

Hippocrates,

sive doctor

verus,

Oratio

habita

Marpurgi

...

itemDe rectis

medicinae tudiis

amplectendis,

Oratio

..

habita

Gronibergae

Hessorum.

In

Hippocratis

Coi libelli

aliquot,

tr. Janus

Cornarius.

Basel,

1543.

Dryander, ohann. npraelectionemmedicamoratioquaAnatomiaenecessarium

studium

commendatur,

Marpurgi

... habita

... anno

MDXXVI.

With

his

Anatomiae.

Marpurg,

1537.

Du

Chastel,

Honor6. Oratio

Lutetiae

habita,

quae

futuro

medico

necessaria

explicantur.

Paris,

1555.

Eobanus

of Hesse.

Medicinae encomion ex

Desiderio

Erasmo

Roterodamo

..

versu redditum.

In

De

tuenda bona

valetudine,

libellus

Eobani

Hessi,

commentariis

doctissimisa

loanne Placotomo,

professor

medico

quondam

in

Academia

Regiomontana

llustratus.

Frankfurt,

564.

Fols.

138r-145v.

Erasmus,Desiderius. Encomiummedicinae,ed. in his Operaomnia, ordo 1,

vol.

IV,

147-86.

Amsterdam,

1973.

Erastus,Thomas.

De

medicinae audibus

oratio.

In

his

Varia

opuscula

medica.

Frankfurt,

1590.

1-14.

Fabritius,

Gerard. Encomiasta

medicinae

et adversus eiusdem

calumniatores

recriminatoris oratio habita in Dolana

florentissima

Burgundiorum.

Academia.

Venice,

1548.

Gentile da

Foligno.

Sermo 1.

ed.

in

Jole

Agrimi

and Chiara Crisciani.

Edocere

medicos.

Naples,

1988,

258-61.

.

Sermo

ad conventum

magistri

Martini di Senis.

ed. in Carl C. Schlam.

Graduation

Speeches

of Gentile da

Foligno.

Medieval

Studies,

40

(1978),

96-119,

at 113-19.


17/22


18/22

Oratory

and Rhetoric

in


207

Werner,

Abraham. Oratio

de vita

Galeni

... cum

doctores

in medicinae

renunciarentur

viri

doctissimi

D.

Georgius

Agricola

Ambergensis,

et

D. Fabianus

Summer.

Wittenberg,

1570.

2. Orations consulted for this paper classified by

date,

place,

and occasion

Approximate

dates

of

composition

Fourteenth

century,

first half

Gentile

da

Foligno.

Sermo 1.

Early

1340s.

.

Sermoad conventum

magistri

Martini

di

Senis.

Early

1340s.

Fifteenth

century,

first half

Jacopoda Forli. Medicina artiumpreclarissima. 1409.

Matteolo

da

Perugia.

De

laudibus medicinae

in

principio

suae

lectiones

ordinariae. 1439.

1480-1520

Bartolotti,

Gian Giacomo. On the

Antiquityof

Medicine.

1498.

Erasmus,

Desiderius. Encomiummedicinae.

1499,

reissued

1520s.

1530-70

Argenterio,Giovanni. Oratio ... habita in initio suarum ectionumanno 1555.

Melanchthon,

Philipp.

(23)

Laus

artis

medicinae,

(24)

Encomium

medicinae,

(25)

Contra

empiricos

medicos;

(63)

De

vita

Galeni,

(64)

De

Hippocrate;

(69)

De

physica;

(101)

De

dignitate

artis

medicae;

104)

De

vita

Avicennae;

(118)

De

sympathia

et

antipathia,

(119)

De doctrina

physica,

(120)

De

doctrina

anatomiae,

121)

De

partibus

et

motibus

ordis,

135)

De

anatomia;

(146)

De arte

medica;

(158)

De

pulmone

et de

discrimine

arteriae;

(165)

De

aphorismo

VIto

partis

II;

(170)

De consideratione

corporis

humaniseu

de anatomica

doctrina;

176)

Explicatio

Aphorismi

XLII.

Dates

range

from

1529 to 1560, according o CR.

Dryander,

ohann. n

praelectionem

medicam

oratio

qua

Anatomiae

necessarium

studium

commendatur,

Marpurgi

.. habita

... anno

MDXXVI.

Cornarius,

anus.

Hippocrates,

ive doctor

verus,

Oratio

habita

Marpurgi

..item

De

rectis

medicinae

studiis

amplectendis,

Oratio

... habita

Gronibergae

Hessorum.

154?

Fabritius,

Gerard.Encomiasta medicinaeet adversus

eiusdem

calumniatores

recriminatoris oratio habita in Dolana

florentissima

Burgundiorum

Academia. 1547 or 1548.

Carnarius,ohannes Vleeschouwer, ande].Depodagra laudibusoratio habita

in celeberrimo

gymnasio

Patavino ... in initio lectionum.

1552.


19/22

208

Nancy

G.

Siraisi

Du

Chastel,

Honor6.

Oratio

Lutetiae

habita,

que

futuro

medico necessaria

explicantur.

1555.

Cardano,

Girolamo.Medicinae encomium.Before

1559.

Vieil,

Jean e.

Orationes n

medicinaecommendationem

t in

gratiam

octodecim

medicaelaureae candidatorumnstitutae.1560.

Eobanusof

Hesse. Medicinae

encomion ex Desiderio

Erasmo Roterodamo

...

versu

redditum.First

edition

appears

o

be 1564.

Hizler,

Georg.

Oratio de vita et

morte clarissimi

viri,

medici

et

philosophi

praestantissimi,

D.

Leonharti

Fuchsii.

1566.

English

ranslation

n

The

great

herbal

ofLeonhart

Fuchs: De

historia

stirpium

ommentarii

nsignes,

1542

(notable

commentarieson the

history of plants),

ed. FrederickG.

Meyer,

Emily

Emmart

Trueblood,

and

John

L. Heller

(Stanford,

Calif.,

1999),

I,

260-80.

Joubert,Laurent.Declamatio in loannis SapportaeAntoniiF. inauguratione,

seu

promotione

ad

doctoralem

dignitatem.

Declamatio,

quae

illud

paradoxe interpraetatur,

Nutritionemvincere

naturam,

ex Platone.

In

his Paradoxorumdemonstrationum

medicinalium

...

decas

prima.

Lyon,

1561.

...

est

quam

D. Joubertus

ante

aliquod

annos

habuit

Monspelli

dum

...

coronadoctorali

diademate

meritissimo

donaretur.

. Oratio

de

praesidiisfuturi

excellentis medici.

1579

Werner,

Abraham.

Oratio de

vita

Galeni

... cum

doctores in medicinae

renunciarentur

iri

doctissimi D.

Georgius Agricola

Ambergensis,

et D.

FabianusSummer.1570.

Junius,

Hadrianus

1511-75).

Oratio de artium

iberalium

dignitate.

1570-1630

Erastus,

Thomas

(1524-83).

De

medicinae laudibus

oratio.

Mercuriale,

Girolamo

(1530-1606).

Oratio

prima.

Vorst,

Edward.

Oratiofunebris

n obitum

V.

N. et clarissimi Caroli Clusii.

1609.

Naud6,

Gabriel.

De

antiquitate

et

dignitate

scholae

medicae Parisiensis

panegyris.

Cumorationibus

ncomiasticisad

IX

atroganistas

aurea

medica

donandos. 1628.

Beverwyck,

Jan.

Epistolicaequaestiones

cum

doctorum

esponsionibus.

Accedit

ejusdem

nec non

Erasmi,

Cardani

Melanchthonis,

Medicinae encomium.

Beverwyck's

encomium was

originally published

as an

independent

tem,

Dordrecht,

1633.

Place

Italy

Gentile da

Foligno.

Sermo 1.

Perugia.

.

Sermo ad conventum

magistri

Martini di Senis.

Perugia.

Jacopo

da

Forli. Medicina artium

preclarissima.

Padua?


20/22

Oratory

and

Rhetoric in

Renaissance

Medicine

209

Matteolo

da

Perugia.

De

laudibus medicinae in

principio

suae lectiones

ordinariae.Padua.

Bartolotti,

Gian

Giacomo.

On the

Antiquityof

Medicine.

Ferrara.

Argenterio,

Giovanni.

Oratio ...

in initio

suarum ectionum

anno

1555.

Naples.

Cardano,Girolamo.Medicinaeencomium.Pavia?

Carnarius,

ohannes

Vleeschouwer,

an

de].

De

podagra

laudibusoratio

habita

in

celeberrimo

gymnasio

Patavino ... in

initio lectionum.

Padua.

Mercuriale,

Girolamo.

Oratio

prima.

Padua?

Germany

and the Low

Countries

Erasmus,

Desiderius.

Encomium

medicinae

[but

originally

delivered at

Paris].

Melanchthon,

Philipp.

(23)

Laus artis

medicinae,

(24)

Encomium

medicinae,

(25)

Contra

empiricos

medicos;

(63)

De vita

Galeni,

(64)

De

Hippocrate;

(69)Dephysica;(101)De dignitateartismedicae; 104)De vitaAvicennae;

(118)

De

sympathia

et

antipathia,

(119)

De doctrina

physica,

(120)

De

doctrina

anatomiae,

121)

De

partibus

et motibus

ordis,

135)

De

anatomia;

(146)

De arte

medica;

(158)

De

pulmone

et

de discrimine

arteriae;

(165)

De

aphorismo

VIto

partis

II;

(170)

De consideratione

corporis

humaniseu

de

anatomica

doctrina;

(176)

ExplicatioAphorismi

XLII.

Wittenberg.

Dryander,

ohann.

n

praelectionem

medicamoratio

qua

Anatomiae

necessarium

studium

commendatur,

Marpurgi

..

habita ... anno

MDXXVI.

Cornarius,

Janus.

Hippocrates,

sive doctor

verus,

Oratio

habita

Marpurgi

...

itemDe rectismedicinae tudiisamplectendis,Oratio .. habitaGronibergae

Hessorum.

Eobanus

of

Hesse.

Medicinae

encomion ex Desiderio

Erasmo Roterodamo

..

versu

redditum.

Hizler,

Georg.

Oratio de

vita et

morte clarissimi

viri,

medici et

philosophi

praestantissimi,

D.

Leonharti

Fuchsii.

Tiibingen.English

translation

n

The

great

herbal

ofLeonhart

Fuchs: De

historia

stirpium

ommentarii

nsignes,

1542

(notable

commentarieson

the

history of plants),

ed. FrederickG.

Meyer,

Emily

Emmart

Trueblood,

and

John

L. Heller

(Stanford,

Calif.,

1999), I, 260-80.

Werner,

Abraham. Oratio

de vita

Galeni ... cum doctores

in

medicinae

renunciarentur

iri

doctissimi

D.

Georgius Agricola

Ambergensis,

et D.

Fabianus

Summer.

Wittenberg.

Junius,

Hadrianus.

Oratiode

artium iberalium

dignitate.

Harlem?

Erastus,

Thomas

(1524-83).

De medicinae laudibus oratio.

Heidelberg.

Vorst,

Edward.

Oratiofunebris

n

obitumV N. et clarissimiCaroliClusii.Leiden.

Beverwyck,

Jan.

Epistolicae

quaestiones

cumdoctorum

esponsionibus

Accedit

ejusdem

nec non

Erasmi,

Cardani

Melanchthonis,

Medicinae encomium.

Leiden.


21/22

210

Nancy

G. Siraisi

France

Fabritius,

Gerard.

Encomiasta medicinae

et adversus

eiusdem

calumniatores

recriminatoris

oratio habita in Dolana

florentissima

Burgundiorum

Academia.

D1le.

Du Chastel, Honor6.Oratio Lutetiaehabita, quaefuturo medico necessaria

explicantur.

Paris.

Vieil,

Jean

e.

Orationes

n

medicinaecommendationem

t

in

gratiam

octodecim

medicae laureae

candidatorum nstitutae.

Paris.

Joubert,

Laurent.

Declamatio

in

loannis

Sapportae

Antonii

F.

inauguratione,

seu

promotione

ad

doctoralem

dignitatem.Montpellier.

.

Declamatio,

quae

illud

paradoxe interpraetatur,

Nutritionem

vincere

naturam,

ex

Platone.

Montpellier.

. Oratiode

praesidiisfuturi

excellentis

medici.

In

his

Operum

atinorum

tomussecundus.Montpellier.

Naud6,

Gabriel.

De

antiquitate

et

dignitate

scholae

medicae Parisiensis

panegyris.

Cum

orationibus ncomiasticis

d

IX

iatroganistas

aurea

medica

donandos.

Paris.

Occasion

Graduation

Gentile da

Foligno.

Sermo

1.

.

Sermo

ad

conventum

magistri

Martini

di Senis.

Melanchthon,Philipp.Occasion not determined or all; some explicitly desig-

nated

or

graduations.

23)

Lausartis

medicinae,

24)

Encomium

medicinae,

(25)

Contra

empiricos

medicos;

(63)

De vita

Galeni,

(64)

De

Hippocrate;

(69)

De

physica;

(101)

De

dignitate

artis

medicae;

104)

De

vita

Avicennae;

(118)

De

sympathia

et

antipathia,

(119)

De doctrina

physica,

(120)

De

doctrina

anatomiae,

(121)

De

partibus

et motibus

cordis,

Corpus

Reformatorum,

135)

De

anatomia;

146)

De arte

medica;

158)

De

pulmone

et

de discrimine

arteriae;

(165)

De

aphorismo

VIto

partis

II;

(170)

De

consideratione

orporis

humani eu de anatomica

doctrina;

176)

Explicatio

Aphorismi LII.

Du

Chastel,

Honor6.

Oratio

Lutetiae

habita,

que

futuro

medico

necessaria

explicantur.

Vieil,

Jean

e.

Orationes

n medicinae

commendationem

t in

gratiam

octodecim

medicae laureaecandidatorum

nstitutae.

Joubert,

Laurent.

Declamatio,

quae illudparadoxe

interpraetatur,

utritionem

vincere

naturam,

ex Platone. ... est

quam

D. Joubertus

ante

aliquod

annos

habuit

Monspelli

dum... coronadoctoralidiademate

meritissimodonaretur.

.Declamatio in loannis

Sapportae

Antonii

F.

inauguratione,

seu

promotione

ad doctoralem

dignitatem.

.

Oratio

de

praesidiisfuturi

excellentis

medici.


22/22

Documents

Oratory and Rhetoric in Renaissance Medicine