ORAL SESSION - IPB Universitykrp.fkh.ipb.ac.id/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Public...IPB ICC, Bogor-Indonesia, July 20-22 2010 83 ORAL SESSION Topic: Public Health, Zoonosis, and Food

The Proceeding of the 1st Congress of South East Asia Veterinary School Association IPB ICC, Bogor-Indonesia, July 20-22 2010

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ORAL SESSION Topic: Public Health, Zoonosis, and Food Safety


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SEASONAL IMPACT ON HIGHLY PATHOGENIC AVIAN INFLUENZA (HPAI) CASES IN CHICKENS COMING TO POULTRY COLLECTING FACILITIES (PCFS) IN JAKARTA

1A Jatikusumah, , 2C. Basri , 1Sunandar, 3Deswarni, 4D. Hidjah

1Center for Indonesian Veterinary Analytical Studies, Jl. RSAU No. 4. Atang Sandjaja, Semplak, Bogor 16000

2Laboratorium Epidemiologi, Bagian Kesehatan Masyarakat Veteriner . Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan, Institut Pertanian Bogor.

Jl. Agatis, Kampus IPB Dramaga. Bogor 16000 3Balai Pengujian Kesehatan Hewan dan Ikan Provinsi Provinsi DKI Jakarta

Jl. Ragunan, Jakarta Selatan 4Dinas Kelautan dan Pertanian Provinsi DKI Jakarta

Jl. Gunung Sahari Raya XI No.11 Jakarta Pusat

Keywords: Season, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), poultry collecting facilities (PCFs). Introduction

In December 2003, an incursion of a highly pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus strain occurred in Indonesia. Although control measures were implemented to a limited scale yet the virus kept spreading and the country is now considered to be endemically infected. It is assumed that Poultry Collecting Facilities (PCFs), as media for AI transmission between flocks and to humans, is one of the factors causing the virus to spread. Every day, hundreds of batches of broilers and spent layers arrive at PCFs for further trade. Indonesia, a tropical country with two seasonal climates, could possibly have increased development of pathogen or parasitic organisms due to higher or warm temperate in all year round (Harvell et al., 2002). Moreover, high humidity in tropical countries may lead to the survival of pathogens sensitive to moist or dry conditions. However, the pattern of AI cases related with the dry and rainy season in the PCFs is still unclear. Hopefully, this information might help develop better control measures for these facilities. Methods

This cross sectional study was conducted for 11 months starting from April 2009 until March 2010 in 40 PCFs in Jakarta. PCFs were observed and sampled for 10 months only, from 21 April to 21 September 2009 (month 1 to 5) and from 22 October 2009 until 27 March 2010 (month 7 to 10). Sampling was not conducted in month 6 because there was another surveillance activity using a different method. Each PCF was observed and sampled for a week for each observation period (10 weeks), therefore in a year each PCF was observed for 4 weeks in 4 different observation periods. The season (wet and dry) was determined based on the secondary data from meteorology, climatology and geophysics agency of Indonesia in 2009-2010 which refers to standard rainfall for Java (Banten, West java, Jakarta, Yogyakarta and Central Java) and south Sumatera (Lampung) (Badan Metereologi Klimatologi dan Geofisika, 2008, 2009, 2010). Samples were collected from each batch of chickens coming to PCFs, prioritized on sick or dead birds. Healthy birds were sampled when there was not any sick or dead bird. The sample collected was tracheal swabs, taken from 10 birds per batches with a maximum of 10 batches sampled per day. A batch is defined as one poultry delivery from one farm in one day to one PCF. Tracheal swab samples were tested with Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) to detect H5 HPAI virus antigens. Data collected was analyzed descriptively. The study also tested the association between different seasons and HPAI cases detected in PCFs using the t-test. Results and Discussion

The study detected HPAI in all 10 months of observation (Figure 1). In the first month (21 April 2009 to 21 May 2009), 5 of 174 batches sampled (2.87%) were found infected by AI. In the second month (22 May 2009 to 21 June 2009), 5 more batches were found infected, but from a total of 196 batches (2.55%). The total number of HPAI infected batches detected in 10 months observation is shown in Table 1.

Figure 1 shows that in the rainy season of 2009 - 2010 (month 7 to month 11) (Badan Metereologi Klimatologi dan Geofisika, 2010) the total number of HPAI infected batches is higher than in the dry season of 2009 (month 1 to month 5) (Badan Metereologi Klimatologi dan Geofisika, 2009). This finding is consistent with a report from Bandung district LDCC which states that HPAI cases are high in the rainy season and low in the dry season (Local Disease Control Centre Bandung District, 2008).

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Tabel.1. Percentage of HPAI Infected Batches by Month

Time Season Month Positive Batch

Total Batch

Percentage Infected Batch

Mean SD

21 April 2009-21 May 2009 Dry 1 5 174 2.874

0.0244 0.13031 22 May 2009-21 June 2009 Dry 2 5 196 2.551 22 June 2009-21 July 2009 Dry 3 2 160 1.250

22 July 2009-21 August 2009 Dry 4 2 180 1.111 22 August 2009-21 September 2009 Dry 5 7 162 4.321

22 September 2009-21 October 2009 Not sampled 6 - - 0.000 - -

22 October 2009-21 November 2009 Rain 7 1 122 0.820

0.4140 0.27537 22 November 2009-21 December 2009 Rain 8 4 150 2.667 22 December 2009-21 January 2010 Rain 9 12 161 7.453 22 January 2010-21 February 2010 Rain 10 9 141 6.383 22 February 2010-27 March 2010 Rain 11 4 120 3.333

Figure 1. Percentage of HPAI Infected Batches in PCFs by Month A spike in HPAI detection was seen during the change of the seasons. Similar findings were also reported by the Emergency Preparedness System (EMPRESS) from Food Agriculture Organization (FAO). Reports from the Participatory Disease Response and Surveillance (PDSR) in Indonesia indicated that HPAI cases in surveyed areas reach its peak in the rainy season (EMPRES/FAO-GLEWS, 2010). Statistical testing of HPAI batches detected in the study using an Independent t-test did not find any significant difference between the dry and rainy season (p value=0,066). Conclusion

The study concludes that the total number of HPAI in infected batches arriving to the PCFs in Jakarta was higher in the rainy season compared to the dry season, even though it is not statistically different, and HPAI incidence spikes during the change of seasons. References Badan Metereologi Klimatologi dan Geofisika, 2008. Ikhtisar Prakiraan Musim Hujan 2008/2009 di

Indonesia. Badan Metereologi Klimatologi dan Geofisika, Jakarta. Badan Metereologi Klimatologi dan Geofisika, 2009. Informasi Hujan tahun 2009. 2009-2010. Badan

Metereologi Klimatologi dan Geofisika. Badan Metereologi Klimatologi dan Geofisika, 2010. Prakiraan Curah Hujan bulan Januari, Pebruari dan

Maret 2010. Monthly. Badan Metereologi Klimatologi dan Geofisika,. EMPRES/FAO-GLEWS, 2010. H5N1 HPAI Global Overview-March 2010 Issue No 21. FAO, Rome, p. 5. Harvell, C.D., Mitchell, C.E., Ward, J.R., Altizer, S., Dobson, A.P., Ostfeld, R.S., Samuel, M.D., 2002.

Climate warming and disease risks for terrestrial and marine biota. Science 296, 2158. Local Disease Control Centre Bandung District, 2008. The number of reported positive AI Rapid Tests in the LDCC district Bandung in 2007-2008, Bandung.


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BIOSECURITY PRACTICES IN VILLAGE POULTRY IN CIPUNAGARA SUBDISTRICT, SUBANG DISTRICT, WEST JAVA: CASE STUDY

Denny W Lukman 1, MY Ridwan 1, BA Wibowo 1, AZ Ilyas 1, C Basri 1, E Sudarnika 1,

A Sugama 2, P Hermans 3, AJ Nell 3

1Department of Animal Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veteriner Medicine, Bogor Agricultural University

2District Livestock Services, Subang District, West Java 3Wageningen UR,

Keywords: Biosecurity, village poultry, Cipunagara Subdistrict.

Introduction

The government of Indonesia established the policy of compartmentalization and zoning in order to support the control and preventive of avian influenza spread through issuing the Decree of Minister of Agriculture number 28/2008. Compartmentalization and zoning are recommended by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) to be implemented in animal disease control and eradication. The objective of compartmentalization and zoning is to improve poultry health status through implementation of good breeding practices and good farming practices so that will safeguard quality and safety of poultry and its products. This aim of study was to identify the biosecurity practices in village poultry in Cipunagara Subdistrict, Subang District, West Java. Materials and Methods

There were eight commercial breeding farms in Cipunagara Subdistrict at the survey time. By constructing circular zones with a radius of approximately one kilometer around the commercial breeding farms, a total of six zones could be clustered. The villages and sub-villages located in these six zones were the target population of this survey.

Data were collected from households that kept poultry by means of a questionnaire which was designed to collect information regarding the characteristics of the households that kept poultry (household composition, sources of income, reasons for keeping poultry), poultry husbandry, and biosecurity practices. The questionnaire was pre-tested in a village in Bogor and then modified based on the results of this pre-test. The interview was conducted by trained enumerators.

Information on the number of household that kept poultry was provided by the Livestock Service which is used as a sampling frame of survey. A multi-stage random sampling technique was used to determine sample size. Primary sampling units were the households within each of the zones. The number of households to be sampled per zone was based on a prevalence of 50%, an error of 10% and a 95% confidence level. All sample size calculations were carried out in WIN Episcope® version 2.0.

Data recorded in the questionnaire was entered directly into an SPSS database (SPSS version 13.0). Twenty questionnaires were randomly selected to check for the data entry mistake. The data was analyzed descriptively to generate frequency distributions of variables of interest. Results and Discussion

A total of 356 households were interviewed resulting in a response rate of 83%. Most of the household kept the poultry (n=342; 96%) and in the majority of cases, it was owned by all household members (n=284; 80%). Poultry keeping was a source of extra income for 291 households (82%) although only 43 households (12%) indicated that raising poultry was their main or one of their main sources of income. A majority of households (n=253; 71%) ranked keeping poultry second in terms of importance as a source of income.

The majority of households (n=261; 73%) kept their poultry in cages; 14 households (4%) did so all the time, 244 households (69%) only at night and 3 households (1%) at irregular times. Most of households (n=352; 99%) provided additional feed for their poultry. The household (n=328; 92.1%) bought additional poultry feed for their poultry and only small number of household (n=34; 9.6%) gave commercial feed.

Most of households (n=312; 88%) did not report if disease occurred in their flocks and the most frequently cited reason (n=191; 61%) for this was that they did not know to whom they should report. The majority of households who reported the occurrence of disease mentioned that they informed the head of their neighborhood (RT) or citizen association (RW) (n=32; 73%) rather than report it to livestock services (n=4; 9%). Similarly, most households did not report sudden death events (n=315; 88%), primarily because of a lack of knowledge to whom to report (n=232; 74%). The heads of the RT or RW would be the most likely authorities to whom instances of sudden death would be reported (n=28; 68%).

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Besides raising poultry, one third of households kept other animals (n=138; 38.8%) and sheep was more frequent than other animals which was kept by the households (15.7%).

More than half respondents cleaned the cage at least once a week (n=141; 54.2%) and they mostly only swept the cage (n=204; 85.4%) rather than washing (n=1; 5%); 23 (9.6%) households did both sweep and washing. If they washed the cage, most of them used only water (n=17; 48.6%) and water and soap or detergent (n=11; 31.4%) compared to using disinfectants only (n=2; 5.7%), water and disinfectant (n=1, 2.9%), or combination of water, soap, and disinfectant (n=4, 11.4%).

Most of the households always washed their hands before/after handling of poultry (n=289; 81.2%) and mostly of them used water and soap (n=268; 83.0%). Nevertheless, other personal hygiene practices i.e. change of clothes before/after poultry handling and use of special shoes while poultry handling had not yet been applied by most of households (81.5% and 94.9%).

More than half respondents had never introduced new poultry to their existing poultry (n=220; 61.8%). If they had got new poultry, they put directly with old poultry (n=70; 19.7%) or kept them separately (n=66; 18.5%). If the households separated new poultry from old poultry, most of them kept separately for 1-6 day (57.6%) compared to 1-2 weeks (31.8%) and longer than 2 weeks (10.6%).

Most of household had not yet applied rodents control at their house (n=180; 50.6%) and also insect control (n=235, 66.0%).

Dead poultry was mostly buried by households (n=225; 63.2%). Some households threw dead poultry in the river (n=87; 24.4%) and did nothing (n=8; 2.2%). Manures were mostly disposed by households through spreading in the field (n=147; 41.3%), collecting in a pile (n=117; 32.9%), and putting in a trash bag (n=99; 27.8%).

Most of household demonstrated moderate level of biosecurity knowledge (n=215; 60.4%). Only few household showed good level of biosecurity knowledge (n=24; 6.7%) and some other showed bad level of biosecurity knowledge (n=117; 32.9%).

Biosecurity practices are series of human behaviors, procedures, and attitudes that create barriers for disease agents and often divided into categories under three goals: isolation, sanitation, and traffic control (Cardona 2008). It seems that the lack of knowledge on biosecurity influenced the bad practices of biosecurity in village poultry. Conclusion

Biosecurity practiced by households was still low, specifically in caging, disposal of dead chicken and manures, cleaning and disinfection, personal hygiene, and reporting of sick or sudden dead.

Only few household showed good level of biosecurity knowledge and some other showed bad level of biosecurity knowledge. Reference Cardona CJ. 2008. Farm and Regional Biosecurity Practices. In Swayne ED (ed), Avian Influenza.

Blackwell Pub, Ames, Iowa.


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LIVE PERFORMANCE OF CROSSBRED KAMPONG CHICKENS REARED OVER DIFFERENT MARKET AGES

Engku Azahan1, E. A., Azlina Azma2, I. A., Noraziah2, M.

1Department of Pre-clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400

UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. 2Strategic Livestock Research Centre, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute,

Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.

Keywords: Kampong chickens, crossbred, live performance, market age. Introduction

The Malaysian kampong chickens of today are so heterogeneous that no single characteristic could describe the entire population in the country. The original kampong chickens were reportedly poor performers in terms of growth and egg production (Engku Azahan, 1981; Engku Azahan and Seet, 1983). It is therefore not surprising that over the last two decades many kampong chicken breeders began to venture into planned selection and crossbreeding programs in the effort to produce kampong chickens with improved growth performance. A number of crossbred strains are now available to growers and consumers and they contributed to over 95% of the total number of kampong chickens consumed by Malaysians. These crossbreds are relatively fast growers; when fed on commercial broiler feeds they are usually marketed from the age of 10 weeks, in contrast to the original kampong chickens which are usually slaughtered at around the age of four months. The present study evaluated the relative growth performance of a popular strain of crossbred kampong chicken reared to market ages of between 10 and 16 weeks. Materials and Methods

One hundred and fifty day-old commercial crossbred kampong chickens of a popular strain were brooded individually in wire-floor cages measuring 50.8 x 55.9 x 61.0 cm. They were grown till the age of 16 weeks. Feed was provided ad libitum. The birds were weighed on day one and at the ages of 10, 12, 14 and 16 weeks. Feed intake per bird was measured over age periods of 10, 12, 14 and 16 weeks. Mortality was recorded as and when it occurred. From the amount of feed consumed and body weight gained over each of the rearing periods feed conversion ratio (FCR) was determined for each bird. Productivity indices were determined over each of the four rearing periods by considering mortality rate, body weight, FCR and rearing age. Where amenable, data were analysed statistically to determine the existence of significant differences, if any, in live performance parameters between rearing periods. For the purpose of this study, data were analysed on combined sex as well as on individual sex basis. Results and Discussion

The combined sex analysis revealed that body weight, body weight gain and feed intake increased significantly (p<0.01) with the increase in market or rearing age (Table 1). Conversely, the efficiency in utilizing feed, as indicated by significant changes in FCR between each of the market ages, declined with increases in rearing age. This trend of significant changes in growth parameters with increases in market age was emphasized further when analyses on the two main growth parameters, namely body weight gain and FCR, were carried out separately on individual sex basis (Figures 1 and 2).

Table 1. Effect of rearing age on growth performance of mixed-sex kampong chickens (means + std errors)

Rearing age

(weeks) Body weight

(g) Body weight

gain (g) Feed intake

(g) FCR Mortality* (%)

Productivity index*

10 1556 + 24a 1516 + 24a 3467 + 50a 2.30 + 0.02a 7.33 91.17 12 1925 + 31b 1885 + 31b 4731 + 66b 2.53 + 0.02b 7.33 85.44 14 2259 + 38c 2219 + 38c 6181 + 84c 2.82 + 0.03c 9.33 76.02 16 2542 + 43d 2502 + 43d 7672 + 100d 3.10 + 0.03d 12.00 66.63

a, b, c, d – means in the same column followed by different letters differed (p<0.05) * - not subjected to statistical analysis; FCR = feed conversion ratio

Both male and female birds exhibited performance responses similar to that observed with the

combined-sex analysis. Heavier birds could therefore be expected with extended market age though at the expense of reduced efficiency in the utilization of feed. Throughout the duration of the study deaths occurred in most of the weeks except in weeks 11 and 12. Therefore, save for market ages of 10 and 12

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weeks, data recorded indicated that mortality rates increased with increasing age (Table 1). These mortality data however, were not amenable to statistical analysis. The calculated productivity indices obtained over the four market ages indicated declines in productivity as the market age increased (Table 1).

Male

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

10 12 14 16

Market Age (weeks)

BWG

(g/b

ird)

Female

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

10 12 14 16

Market Age (weeks)

BW

G (g

/bird

)

Figure 1. Effect of market age on body weight gain (BWG) of male and female kampong chickens

Male

2

2.5

3

3.5

10 12 14 16

Market Age (weeks)

FCR

Female

2

2.5

3

3.5

10 12 14 16

Market Age (weeks)

FCR

Figure 2. Effect of market age on feed conversion ratio (FCR) of male and female kampong chickens

Conclusion

Results from this study suggest that although farmers could harvest heavier birds at market ages of 16, 14 or even 12 weeks than at 10 weeks, it would be more economical to market them at the early age of 10 weeks, as indicated by the better FCR and productivity index obtainable from birds grown to this age as compared to the corresponding figures observed with older-age birds. However, more light could be shed on the relative merits of rearing these kampong birds over different ages if carcass characteristics were investigated. This should be considered in future studies. References Engku Azahan, E.A. (1983). MARDI Res. Bull., 11(3): 291-8 Engku Azahan, E.A. dan Seet, C.P. (1981). Proc. 5th. MSAP Ann. Conf. pp. 136-44


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COST-EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS OF RABIES CONTROL ON FLORES ISLAND

Ewaldus Wera1 and Marieke Opsteegh2

1Animal Health Study program, Kupang State Agricultural Polytechnic, West Timor, Indonesia

2Laboratory for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands

Keywords: Rabies, control strategies, cost effectiveness.

Introduction

On Flores island rabies is still a significant public health problem because at least 16 deaths from rabies are reported annually. Therefore, it is necessary to control the disease. In 1998, rabies had been eradicated by the almost complete (100%) culling strategies of dogs (Hutabarat, et al., 2003). To date, some of the local governments decided to control rabies by the combination of mass vaccination (80%) and culling (20%) of dogs but the others still doing total elimination strategy. With declining the number rabies cases and PET-treatments in humans, the question is raised which strategy is more beneficial: 100% culling or the combination of culling and vaccination. The objective of this study was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness, defined as the costs per human life year saved, of different control strategies endemic dog rabies in Flores Island – Indonesia. Materials and Methods

Epidemiological model The rabies control strategies need to be effective in saving lives. For both strategies the number of

lives saved in the first 5 years after implementation of the program is estimated. In addition, the reduction in dog bites and post exposure treatments administered are estimated. The output of the epidemiological model is used as input for the economical analysis. There are 140.000 dogs present on the island. Depending on the strategy either 80% of the dogs are vaccinated, and 20% are culled, or all dogs are culled. A dog turn-over rate of 30% was assumed, which means that each year 30% of vaccinated dogs die and are replaced by new unvaccinated dogs. These unvaccinated dogs will be vaccinated at the start of the next year. It is assumed that there will be replacement of culled dogs by unvaccinated dogs, by default the replacement-rate is set at 50%. These dogs will be culled at the start of the next year.

Economical model A cost-effectiveness analysis is performed. Costs and monetary benefits during a five year period

are calculated for both control programs separately. Benefits are subtracted from costs and divided by the number of lives saved. The strategy with the lowest costs/life saved is preferred. Results

Under 100% culling, but with 50% replacement at the end of the year, there will be no dogs present at the beginning of each year but 70.000 unvaccinated dogs at the end of the year, meaning that on average there will be 35.000 unvaccinated dogs present. These dogs will cause 350 dog bites/PET and 4 fatal cases of rabies yearly. Under 80% vaccination, and 20% culling, the average number of vaccinated dogs will be 95.200. The population of unvaccinated dogs consists of replacement of culled dogs and newborn unvaccinated dogs. At the beginning of the year these will both be 0, at the end there will be 14.000 replaced culled dogs, and 33.600 newborn unvaccinated dogs. This results in an average the population of 23.800 unvaccinated dogs. With a total population of 119.000 there will be 1190 dog bites; 238 of these caused by unvaccinated dogs. The lives lost and number of PET administered in first five years under the different control strategies (Table 1) will be used as input for the economical analysis.

Table 1.Lives lost and PET administered under different control strategies, 5-year totals

Strategy lives lost PET-treatments No control 80.0 7000

80%Vaccination 20%Culling 3.2 2478 100%Culling 20.0 5250

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The overall results including the sensitivity analysis are shown in table 2.

Table 2. Net costs, lives saved and costs/life saved for different control strategies under different assumptions. Strategy indicated by * is preferred.

Strategy Net costs Lives saved Costs/life saved 80%V/20%C, default € 2,867,323 76.8 € 37,340 *

100%C, default € 10,783,453 60.0 € 179,724

80%V/20%C, 15% uncontrolled € 2,437,338 70.3 € 34,674 *

100%C, 15% uncontrolled € 9,167,900 51.0 € 179,763

80%V/20%C, replacement 10% € 1,587,355 78.0 € 20,344 *

100%C, replacement 10% € 4,383,612 76.0 € 57,679

80%V/20%C, replacement 90% € 4,147,292 75.3 € 55,091 *

100%C, replacement 90% € 17,183,294 44.0 € 390,529

80%V/20%C, no prevalence reduction € 2,867,323 66.4 € 43,183 *

100%C, no prevalence reduction € 10,783,453 60.0 € 179,724

80%V/20%C, dog value 10 € 1,290,953 76.8 € 16,811 *

100%C, dog value 10 € 2,901,599 60.0 € 48,360 Discussion and conclusion

Under default assumptions the combination of vaccination and culling is clearly preferred over culling alone (Table 2). This conclusion holds under various assumptions, even is the value of dogs is decreased from €30 to €10 or without a reduction of rabies prevalence in unvaccinated dogs. If a longer period of control is considered, the vaccination strategy is even more beneficial as rabies will eventually be eradicated. Mass vaccination of dogs has been the mainstay of successful canine rabies control programmes in a range of settings throughout the world (Cleaveland et al., 2006). In addition, this option will be much better accepted by society. In conclusion, the analysis presented here, clearly shows that combination of vaccination (80%) and culling (20%) program is the best option for eradication of rabies from Flores island. References Cleaveland, S., Kaare, M., Knobel, D., Laurenson, M. K. 2006. Canine vaccination providing broader

benefits for disease control. Vet. Microbiol. 117, 43-50 Hutabarat, T., Geong, M., Newsome, A., Cutter, S. 2003. Rabies and dog ecology in Flores. Urban

Animal Management Conference Proceedings. ACIAR. Australia.


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PROTECTION AND PROMOTION OF PUBLIC HEALTH THROUGH ANIMAL HEALTH

Saleha A. A.

Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

Introduction

In the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) most recent conference (‘Evolving veterinary education for a safer world’, 12-14 October, 2009 in Paris) and publication (‘Veterinary education for global animal and public health’, Scientific and Technical Review, Vol. 28 (2), 2009) saw its dedication to improve veterinary student education in global animal and public health.

Veterinary medicine as a matter of fact has a long and distinguished history of contributing to the promotion and maintenance of human health. This is because man’s activity has always revolved around animals especially in developing countries that human health is inextricably linked to animal health and the environment. Animals not only provide food but also transportation, work or drought power, fuel, clothing, cash income, precious natural fertiliser or manure, sports and recreational activities and many more. However, zoonotic diseases can cause a serious risk to public health and both animal and zoonotic diseases can lead to severe economic consequences. Thus, it is true when it is said that veterinary medicine is a human – health activity; as mentioned by Pappaioanou (2004), it does not matter what veterinarians do in their professions, there is always the opportunity and responsibility to protect and promote public health with every decision and action taken.

This paper focused on the teaching of veterinary public health in veterinary education curriculum which combines the disciplines of veterinary medicine and public health to ensure that both humans and animals can live healthy lives (The College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, 2010). Several veterinary schools incorporate the subject in related veterinary courses that have public health implications while in others it is a course by itself, either as a core or elective in the curriculum

In Malaysia, the first veterinary curriculum had a 3-credit course on Veterinary Epidemiology and Food Hygiene. Later, when the curriculum was reviewed, it was transformed into two separate courses, namely Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine (3 credit) and Veterinary Public Health and Food Hygiene (3 credit). These courses are taught in the fourth year (semester 8) of a five year DVM programme. The latest 2007 review saw a substantial improvement to the curriculum which include an increase in the number of total credits, introduction of a number of new courses as well an increase in the number of credits for some courses. The Veterinary Public Health course is among the courses that has its credit increase (from three to four credit – three hours of lectures and one period of 3 - hour practical or visit per week).

Veterinary public health

It is defined by World Health Organisation (WHO) as “the sum of all contributions to the physical, mental and social well-being of humans through an understanding and application of veterinary science”. It aims to provide an understanding of ways in which veterinary skills, knowledge and resources contribute to the protection and improvement of human health.

Among the diverse components of veterinary public health that are of great concern are mainly animal-related, such as ensuring food safety and protecting food security, addressing threats of antibiotic residues and resistance, controlling and preventing zoonotic diseases, well-being and welfare of animals, protecting environments and ecosystems, participating in bio- and agro-terrorism preparedness and response, using skills to confront non-zoonotic diseases, strengthening public health infrastructure and advancing medical science through research (Pappaioanou, 2004; WHO).

The question is what needs to be covered in a veterinary public health course at a veterinary undergraduate level? This varies according to different veterinary curricula. However, the aspects that almost all veterinary schools have included are ensuring food safety - the prevention and control of foodborne zoonoses and microbial contamination and chemical residues in the food chain; meat hygiene and inspection and prevention and control of zoonoses and non-infectious illnesses derived from animals. A number of the curricula include environmental health. A special reference was made to the latest O.I.E publication on veterinary education coordinated by Walsh (2009).

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Food safety With increase in world’s human population, the demand for animal food products is expected to

increase by 50% by 2020. To meet this worldwide demand calls for intensification in livestock production. This creates not only threats to food safety, emerging and reemerging agents, but also increased sanitary and environmental risks as well as compromising animal welfare. There is now greater awareness from the public on safety of food of animal origin (meat, milk, eggs and their products). The new food safety threats which have emerged around the world include prion-caused disease in food animals and harbouring of foodborne pathogens in non-symptomatic food animals causing their presence or contamination on foods in every aspect of production, processing and preparation of foods. Moreover, feed and food additives may result in the presence of non-microbial contaminants such as chemicals in food. Thus, food safety needs to cover good hygiene and practices from farm-to-table and quality assurance system which include HACCP system. Zoonoses

In many countries, zoonoses that are endemic are usually monitored and under control. Surveillance activities study the trends and are on alert for any outbreaks with emergency preparedness and response. The training of veterinary students on zoonotic diseases is essential as veterinarians are in the frontlines to combat these diseases and are aware of important exotic and wildlife diseases of public health significance and those of agro- / bioterrorism potential.

Emerging and reemerging diseases have received considerable attention over the last three decades and an estimated 75% of these diseases are zoonotic. The increase in the traffic of food animals, animal products, food products of animal origin and the readily accessible international travel by humans together with companion animals place a greater risk for zoonotic diseases emergence. The importation of animals for zoos, petting animal parks, exhibitions, research, sports, recreational activities and as pets pose serious risks to human health. According to Chomel and Marano (2009), the wet markets and the demand for exotic meat and bushmeat in many parts of the world are a major source of emerging zoonoses. Thus, veterinarians need to actively identify risk factors in prevention and control of zoonoses. Meat inspection and hygiene, include processing hygiene of food of animal origin

The role of veterinarians in meat inspection and meat hygiene is still relevant today. It is important that only clinically healthy animals are slaughtered, suspected ones require further examination while the diseased are removed. Post mortem inspection further ensure that carcasses and parts are safe, wholesome and fit for human consumption. Good manufacturing practices and hygiene requirements are fundamental in processing and preparation of food and that quality assurance or food safety management system with adequate process controls are essential. Knowledge on microbiological criteria for foods and the legal frameworks that govern meat inspection, food safety as well as animal health at local, national and international levels need to be imparted (Wall, 2009).

Animal welfare issues are to be addressed; not only at the farms, but also during transportation to and handling and slaughtering at abattoir.

In some veterinary curricula, an “internship” or rotation over a week or two duration in an abattoir and/or kitchen in food service establishment or food processing plant is incorporated to give a first-hand experience on food safety. Veterinary drug residues and drug resistant organisms

The impact due to inappropriate use of veterinary drugs in particular antibiotics could lead to the presence of residues and development of antibiotic resistant organisms in food products. It is necessary to acquire a basic knowledge on occurrence of residues, resistance mechanisms involved and the spread of resistant zoonotic pathogens from animals to humans through the food chain and the implications on health. Thus, the need for prudent use of antibiotics and veterinary drugs in animals should be emphasised at clinical level when prescribing them for treatment and also when use in feed which require proper monitoring.

Environmental hygiene

As mentioned earlier, in some veterinary public health courses, environmental health is included such as the risks to the environment and water from farms run-off, processing plant and abattoir effluents and animal wastes. Insects, such as flies can carry pathogens they picked up from the environment and may contaminate foods.


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In summary The fundamental role of the veterinary profession is the protection and promotion of health and

well-being of human through safe, wholesome food and control of animal diseases and zoonoses. The emerging and reemerging of zoonoses from wild and domestic animals, microbial and chemical threats to food safety and the environment and the developing markets for exotic companion animals and bushmeat consumption worldwide pose greater risks and new challenges to the training of veterinary students. The implementation and delivery of any course in a veterinary curriculum are important to achieve the learning outcomes set and it is a challenge for educators to inspire and enthuse students’ learning (Wall, 2009). References Chomel, B.B. and Marano, N. (2009). Essential veterinary education in emerging infections, modes of

introduction of exotic animals, zoonotic diseases, bioterrorism, implications for human and animal health and disease manifestation. O.I.E. Scientific and Technical Review, Vol. 28 (2): 559-565.

Pappaioanou, M. (2004). Veterinary medicine protecting and promoting the public’s health and well-being. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 62: 153-163

Wall, P.G. (2009).Essential veterinary education in food safety, food hygiene and biosecurity: a global perspective. O.I.E. Scientific and Technical Review, 28 (2): 493-501

Walsh, D.A. (2009). Veterinary education for global animal and public health. O.I.E. Scientific and Technical Review, 28 (2).


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AVIAN INFLUENZA DETECTION IN INCOMING CHICKENS AND THE ENVIRONMENT OF POULTRY COLLECTING FACILITIES (PCFS) IN DKI JAKARTA

1Sunandar, 1A.T Muljono, 1,2C Basri, 1A Jatikusumah, 3R. Yuswari, 4D. Hidjah

1Center for Indonesian Veterinary Analytical Studies, Jl. RSAU No. 4. Atang Sanjaya,Semplak, Bogor 2Epidemiology Laboratorium, Veterinary Public Health Section, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bogor

Agricultural University. Jl. Agatis Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor - West Java 3Fish and Animal Health Test Center of DKI Jakarta Province Jl. Ragunan No. 28, South Jakarta

4Marine and Agriculture Service Office of DKI Jakarta Province. Jl. Gunung Sahari Raya XI No.11. Central Jakarta

Keywords : Virus detection, Avian Influenza (AI), poultry collecting facility (PCF)

Introduction

Avian Influenza (AI) is still a serious threat for poultry and humans. In Indonesia there have been 163 human cases with 135 fatalities (Case Fatality Rate 82.82%) until April 2010 (WHO 2010). In efforts to prevent and mitigate AI, particularly in DKI Jakarta, an important place for AI disease transmission is poultry collecting facilities (PCFs). A previous study in 2008 found 84.2% of PCFs in DKI Jakarta positive for H5 AI viruses (Basri et al., 2008). This study continues on the previous study and aims to detect AI viruses in the PCF environment and poultry coming to PCFs, measure the frequency of AI infected poultry coming to PCFs, determine the serology status of spent layer and parent stock coming to PCFs, and determine the source farm/region of AI infected poultry coming to PCFs. Materials and Methods

The study was conducted for 11 months, from April 2009 until March 2010, in 40 PCFs in DKI Jakarta province. Each PCF was observed for a week in each observation period (10 weeks), therefore in total every PCF was observed for 4 weeks in 4 different observation periods during the study. Sentinel chicken observation was conducted for 1 month in October. Samples were collected from chickens coming to PCFs, the PCF environment, and sentinel chickens. A total of 10 tracheal swab samples and serum samples (only for spent layer and parent stock) were collected from every incoming batch. Sampling was prioritized firstly on dead birds, sick birds, and finally healthy birds. Sampling was limited to a maximum of 10 batches per day. A batch is defined as a poultry delivery from one farm in one day to one PCF. Environmental samples were collected from holding pens in PCFs once a week. In sentinels, tracheal swab samples were collected from dead sentinels that died during the observation period and tracheal swab and serum samples were collected from all remaining live sentinels at the end of the observation period. Besides sample collection, data from each batch that came to PCFs was collected using questionnaires. Tracheal swab and environmental samples were tested with reverse transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (rt-PCR) to detect H5 AI virus antigens, while serum samples were tested for H5 AI antibodies with the Heamagglutination Inhibition (HI) test. Data collected through questionnaire and laboratory testing was analyzed descriptively. Result and Discussion

Testing of tracheal swab samples found (H5) AI in 3.26% of batches that came to 37.5% of PCFs. The low number of infected batch is consistent with the overall low report of AI incidence in poultry in 2009-2010 (EMPRES/FAO-GLEWS, 2010). Even though the percentage of AI infected batch is relatively low but the batches were consistently found in certain PCFs that receive most of their supply from Banyumas district, totaling at 13 batches.

Testing of environmental samples found AI in 30% of PCFs, which is lower that the percentage of PCFs receiving infected batches. This finding could be the result of AI viruses not detected in some PCFs because the number of infected batches was so small or because environmental samples were collected from the floor of chicken pens where there are many organic materials that could inhibit the testing process. Serologic testing of spent layers and parent stock found most chickens (69.4%, 170 of 245 birds) had GMTs > 2 log 4. A GMT more than 2 log 4 is classified as protective against AI (DGLS 2006), meaning that it could prevent chickens from falling ill or dying. However, the study found AI positive tracheal swab samples which indicate the chickens were still shedding AI viruses. Virus in the environment could circulate and cause infections in susceptible animals; this was shown by the high percentage of PCFs with AI infected sentinels (80%). Throughout the study, the highest supply of AI infected birds came from Lampung province (15%, 3 of 20 batches), Central Java province (11.8%, 15 of 127 batches), and DI Yogyakarta province (11.4%, 4 of 35 batches).

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Table 1. Result of Sample Testing

Sample Type Test Total

Sample Total PCF

Test Result

Test Result

(%) Infected

PCFs Infected PCFs

(%)

Batch PCR 1566 40 Positive = 51 3.26 22 37.50 Environment PCR 159 40 Positive = 13 8.18 12 30.00

Sentinel PCR 276 40 Positive = 177 64.13 32 80.00

Serum HI 245 - GMT>2log4 = 170 69.4 - -

Conclusion

AI virus circulation was found in 80% of PCFs monitored. The virus was found in incoming chickens, the PCF environment, and sentinel chickens. AI antibody titers > 2log 4 was found in 69.4% of spent chickens coming to PCFs. AI infected chickens in general came from Lampung, Central Java and DI Yogyakarta provinces. Acknowledgement

Thank you to Wageningen International; Director of Animal Health, Directorate of Animal Health, Directorate General of Livestock Services, Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture; Coordinator of AI-CMU, Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture, and Head of the Marine and Agriculture Service Office of DKI Jakarta province. Reference Basri, C., Noor, G.M.S., Jatikusumah, A., Sunandar., 2008. Deteksi Sirkulasi Virus Avian Influenza H5N1

pada Tempat Penampungan Ayam di Provinsi DKI Jakarta. In: Priosoeryanto, B.P., Setijanto, H., Agungpriyono, S., Purwantara, B., Pamungkas, J., Djuwita, I., Noviana, D., Ernita, R., Prasetyaningtyas, W.E., Muhammad, K., Ulum, M.F., Zulfanedi, Y., Rahmawati, Prasetia, B.E. (Eds.), Joint meeting of the 3rd International Meeting on Asian Zoo/Wildlife Medicine and Conservation (AZWMC) & 10th National Veterinary Scientific Conference of Indonesian Veterinary Medical Association (KIVNAS X PDHI), BOGOR, pp. 295-297.

[DGLS] Direktorate General for Livestock Services. 2006. Avian Influenza, Disease Control in Indonesia. In: RI, M.o.A. (Ed.), JAKARTA.

EMPRES/FAO-GLEWS, 2010. H5N1 HPAI Global Overview - March 2010 Issue No. 21. FAO, Rome. [WHO] World Health Organization. 2010. Avian Influenza Situation in Indonesia

http://www.who.int/csr/don/2010_05_06/en/index.html [Mei 2010]


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VACCINATION OF BROILERS AGAINST HIGHLY PATHOGENIC AVIAN INFLUENZA H5N1 DOES NOT REDUCE VIRUS TRANSMISSION

O.N. Poetri1,2, A. Bouma2, I. Claassen3, G. Koch3, R.D. Soejoedono1, J.A. Stegeman2, Michiel van

Boven4

1Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Java, Indonesia

2 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Farm Animal Health, Utrecht, the Netherlands 3Central Veterinary Institute (Wageningen University and Research Centre), Lelystad, the Netherlands

4Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands

Key words: Broilers, poultry, vaccination, HPAI, H5N1

Introduction

A highly pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) virus strain H5N1 is currently circulating in various countries in South East Asia. In endemically infected countries vaccination is one of the tools to support control of HPAI. Vaccination is mainly applied to layer and parent stock, but not to broilers because it is generally assumed that vaccination is not effective due to their short life span in combination with the presence of maternal antibodies at time of vaccination. This has, however, not been investigated. The aim of our study was therefore to quantify the efficacy of vaccination in groups of broilers. Material & Methods

One experiment and one replicate were carried out with 4 groups of 22 birds each. Group 1 consisted of unvaccinated broilers; groups 2 and 3 consisted of broilers vaccinated intramuscularly with an inactivated H5N1 strain A/chicken/Legok/2003 at day 1 or day 10 of age, respectively. Group 4 consisted of day-old chicks (DOC) at time of challenge. Birds were housed in pairs. At challenge, one bird per pair was challenged intranasally with H5N1 virus A/chicken/Legok/2003. The other bird in each pair (C) was contact-exposed to the inoculated pen mate (I). Trachea and cloaca samples were taken during 10 days after challenge (pc) and tested in the virus isolation test; serum samples were collected at challenge and at the end of the experiment, 4 weeks pc, and tested for the presence of antibodies in a haemagglutinin inhibition test. Result

All inoculated birds shed virus, and nearly all contact birds became infected in unvaccinated as well as in the vaccinated groups. Only in the DOC group transmission was reduced, although not significantly. Conclussion

This finding implies that vaccination of commercial birds at the age of hatch or 10 was not effective in reducing transmission of H5N1. Moreover, broilers were able to transmit the virus to contact exposed birds. References Bouma, A., Claassen, I., Ketut Natih, Don Klinkenberg, Donnelly, C.A., Koch, G., van Boven, M. 2009.

Estimation of Transmission Parameters of H5N1 Avian Influenza Virus in Chickens. PLOS Pathogen, 5, e1000281.

Capua, I. 2007. Vaccination for Notifiable Avian Influenza in Poultry. Revue scientifique et technique office International des Epizooties, 26, 217-227.

De Vriese, J., Steensels, M., Palya, V., Gardin, Y., Moore Dorsey, K., Lambrecht, B., Van Borm, S., Van den Berg, T. 2009. Passive protection afforded by maternally derived antibodies in chickens and the antibodies interference with the protection elicited by avian influenza-inactived vaccines in progeny. Avian Diseases, 54, 246-252.

Stegeman, A.J., Bouma, A., Jong M, de. 2010. Use of epidemiologic models in the control of highly pathogenic avian influenza. Avian diseases, 54, 707-712.

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ORAL SESSION - IPB Universitykrp.fkh.ipb.ac.id/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Public...IPB ICC, Bogor-Indonesia, July 20-22 2010 83 ORAL SESSION Topic: Public Health, Zoonosis, and Food