Oral Comm Ibu

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IMPORTANCE OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE COMMUNICATION

By learning English, we can develop four important skills like:

y Listening y Speaking

y R eadingy W riting

Knowledge of English is important as we an get how to frame sentences, how to use words in dialogues

while speaking to others. As every word has a particular context where it fits right, using words in such a

manner in English is a art that can only be mastered by practice. And with such command, we can easily

communicate with others on any level. Mostly, listening and speaking improves our command on English

language. Daily listening to English speakers and trying speaking in English, helps you to know how to use

the language, where to use each word and when to use it in a correct manner.

Concentration on learning English communication skills in this new millennium, is a tremendous move

towards speaking and writing fluently in English. Also our way of pronunciation of different words will be

improved if we learn good communication. W e can make conversation, practice dialogues, give

presentations if we learn English communication language skills. Communicating with people in English ona daily basis also improves our pitch & voice/tone of our speech; how to speak in a correct form & for

correct usage.

Advantages of learning English language communication is an endless list, creating possibilities each day to

connect with people worldwide. W ith command over English language you can get jobs easily and can

participate in interviews and discuss with people in a group about any particular important topic or aspect.

English communication gains us wisdom and we can also gain lots & lots of knowledge by reading

newspapers, story books, essays, online sites and journals and any of the greatest and famous writing

written in English by poets, authors or leaders.

Apart from being most important, widely used and useful, English is considered to be one of the easiest

languages to learn and speak. W ith daily practice, you can communicate-well with others and improve your

skills, show-off or expose your skills before others to impress and motivate them to come up with theirEnglish language communications skills. Hence, English even-though being a foreign language to many is

now most commonly used language worldwide especially in British dominion later became Independent

republican countries like India and Pakistan. Proud to be an Indian, speaking foreign language, so people

around you can't understand.



SMALL GROUP COMMUNICATON

Communication in small groups is interpersonal communication within groups of between 3 and 20

individuals.[1]

This generally takes place in a context that mixes interpersonal interactions with social c lustering.

[edit]Group communication

The first important research study of small group communication was performed by social psychologist Robert

Bales and published in a series of books and articles in the early and mid 1950s .[2][3][4]

This research entailed

the content analysis of discussions within groups making decisions about "human relations" problems (i.e.,

vignettes about relationship difficulties within families or organizations). Bales made a series of important

discoveries. First, group discussion tends to shift back and forth relatively quickly between the discussion of the

group task and discussion relevant to the relationship among the members. He believed that this shifting was the

product of an implicit attempt to balance the demands of task completion and group cohesion, under the

presumption that conflict generated during task discussion causes stress among members, which must be

released through positive relational talk. Second, task group discussion shifts from an emphasis on opinion

exchange, through an attentiveness to values underlying the decision, to making the decision. This implication

that group discussion goes through the same series of stages in the same order for any decision-making group is

known as the linear phase model . Third, the most talkative member of a group tends to make between 40 and 50

percent of the comments and the second most talkative member between 25 and 30, no matter the size of the

group. As a consequence, large groups tend to be dominated by one or two members to the detriment of the

others.

it is important to identify the advantages and disadvantages of working in a small group. Four

advantages are associated with working in a small group. The first centers on the

group¶s access to resources, which is considered to be the key advantage to working in groups (Baker &

Campbell, 2004). In this sense, resources refer to time; money; member expertise, talent, or ability; or

information. Successful groups

take advantage of their access to resources. The second advantage is that group

work provides members with a better understanding and retention of the concepts being examined by the group

(Young & Henquinet, 2000). The third advantage is diversity in terms of group member opinion. The fourth

advantage is

creativity, which refers to the process by which group members engage in idea

generation (Sunwolf, 2002).

Four disadvantages are associated with working in a group. The first is group

member task coordination. As the number of group members increases, so does the



ability for group members to coordinate,monitor, and regulate how the group task

is accomplished. When group size increases, so too does the tendency for group

communication to become less efficient as group members encounter more difficulty managing their relationships

with each other (Bertcher & Maple, 1996) and

less communication centers on the group task (Wheelan & McKeage, 1993). The

second disadvantage is social loafing, which refers to the process by which individual member efforts decrease

as the number of group members increases (Latane,

Williams, & Harkins, 1979). The larger the group, the greater the likelihood that

individual group members will become more lax in contributing to the group task.

The third disadvantage centers on conflict. Although conflict is inherent in

group work (Fisher, 1970), excessive or destructive fighting and arguing among

group members can occur. Conflict will be explored further in Chapter 11. The fourth disadvantage is coping with

member misbehaviors. Examples of misbehaviors include missing group meetings, failing to meet deadlines,

spending more time on interpersonal issues than task issues, and failing to respond to member requests.

Although these misbehaviors may be minor, they can become problematic because they affect how the group

eventually completes its task. Additionally, not all members will participate in group interaction. Some

may feel their contributions are not welcomed by other members, some may not.

We define small group communication as three or more people working

interdependently for the purpose of accomplishing a task. To further understand

small group communication, we need to examine the three primary features of

small group communication: group size, interdependence, and task

Whether your group focus is money-making business, spiritual growth or a fantasy sporting team...

...some basic small-group communication principles apply.



Differences in Communication Styles

In small group communication, every person has aunique communication style shaped by his or her

natural skill, life experience, native language, native culture, family upbringing and physical characteristics.

We can let these differences define and divide us as individuals... OR we can choose to view them as a

valuable feature and rich learning opportunity.

The goal in any effective small group is to... learn those differences, learn to appreciate those differences

and learn to accommodate those differences.

PUBLIC COMMUNICATION.

What is Public Communications?

Public communications is often thought of as public relations or mass communications.Public communication graduates communicate with a broad scope of people, through publicspeaking, TV, radio, newspaper, and every other form of mass media. Publiccommunication is the idea of expressing an idea to many people at the same time. Publiccommunications can center a small audience or a large crowd, a TV camera or a radio. Allorganizations, public and private, must maintain effective relationships with a wide v ariety of groups and individuals. These relationships require thoughtful use of print and spoken word.Consequently, public communications students study how information is communicated tomany segments of society, including consumers, government officials , communityorganizations, employees, investors and the media. They learn how to assist their organizations in structuring public opinion and in addressing the organization¶s socialresponsibilities. They learn how to frame messages and communication strat egies in ways

that mutually benefit their organizations and the public.

Students who are not afraid of public speaking would be good in this field. Many students

have a fear of public speaking, so not everyone is comfortable in this major. This is a field

where students will be in constant interaction with people. Public relations people may have

to perform "damage control." A student must consider the implications of dealing with people

constantly.

Definition

y Public communication is the sending and receiving of messages on a large scale that impacts groups of people. For the communication to be considered effective, the messages must be clearly and accuratelysent and received with full comprehension.

Purposey The purpose of effective public communication differs based on the intention of the message. For example,

a public relations representative might use mass media to repair a company¶s public image after an allegedscandal breaks out. In this situation, effective public communication is intended toinform the public. On theother hand, a billboard's intention is to entice an audience to buy a product or service. Effective publiccommunication is used to inform, educate, persuade and inspire the audience.

T ypes

y Effective public communication can manifest itself in different ways. Public speaking in any form isconsidered public communication. This can be a school assembly, a business meeting or a presidential



speech. Mass media, the use of TV, radio, newspaper or any other mass-produced medium, is another type of effective public communication.

R esults

y The result of effective public communication is the successful delivery of a message to a large group of people where each individual is impacted and moved to take action. Effective public communicationis ableto relate to the individual needs of the listeners while speaking to the masses. Effective public

communication causes listeners to respond to the public communications message.

Considerations

y Effective public communication must refrain from biased words, philosophies and ideologies. For example,when the president is making a speech, his words and thoughts need to be portrayed in a universal way sothat one group does not feel isolated or left out. Effective public communication keeps statements genericand neutral to gender, race and religious beliefs.

INTER-PERSONAL COMMUNICATION

Interpersonal communication

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Interpersonal communication is usually defined by communication scholars in numerous ways, usually describing

participants who are dependent upon one another and have a shared history. It can involve one on

one conversations or individuals interacting with many people within a society. It helps us understand how and why people

behave and communicate in different ways to construct and negotiate a social reality. While interpersonal communication can

be defined as its own area of study, it also occurs within other contexts like groups and organizations.

Interpersonal communication includes message sending and message reception between two or more individuals. This can

include all aspects of communication such as listening, persuading, asserting, nonverbal communication, and more. A primary

concept of interpersonal communication looks at communicative acts when there are few individuals involved unlike areas of

communication such as group interaction, where there may be a large number of individuals involved in a communicative act.

Individuals also communicate on different interpersonal levels depending on who they are engaging in communication with. For

example, if an individual is communicating with a family member, that communication will more than likely differ from the type of

communication used when engaged in a communicative act with a friend or significant other.

Overall, interpersonal communication can be conducted using both direct and indirect mediums of communication such

as face-to-face interaction, as well as computer-mediated-communication. Successful interpersonal communication assumes

that both the message senders and the message receivers will interpret and understand the messages being sent on a level of

understood meanings and implications.



Interpersonal communication

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Interpersonal communication is usually defined by communication scholars in numerous ways, usually describing

participants who are dependent upon one another and have a shared history. It can involve one on

one conversations or individuals interacting with many people within a society. It helps us understand how and why people

behave and communicate in different ways to construct and negotiate a social reality. While interpersonal communication can

be defined as its own area of study, it also occurs within other contexts like groups and organizations.

Interpersonal communication includes message sending and message reception between two or more individuals. This can

include all aspects of communication such as listening, persuading, asserting, nonverbal communication, and more. A primary

concept of interpersonal communication looks at communicative acts when there are few individuals involved unlike areas of

communication such as group interaction, where there may be a large number of individuals involved in a communicative act.

Individuals also communicate on different interpersonal levels depending on who they are engaging in communication with. For

example, if an individual is communicating with a family member, that communication will more than likely differ from the type of

communication used when engaged in a communicative act with a friend or significant other.

Overall, interpersonal communication can be conducted using both direct and indirect mediums of communication such

as face-to-face interaction, as well as computer-mediated-communication. Successful interpersonal communication assumes

that both the message senders and the message receivers will interpret and understand the messages being sent on a level of

understood meanings and implications.

[edit]Communication channels

Communication channels, the conceptualization of media that carry messages from sender to receiver, take two distinct forms:

direct and indirect.It can be one of them.

[edit]Direct channels

Direct channels are obvious and easily recognized by the receiver. Both verbal and non-verbal information is completely

controlled by the sender. V erbal channels rely on words, as in written or spoken communication. Non-verbal channels

encompass facial expressions, controlled body movements (police present hand gestures to control traffic), color (red signals

'stop', green signals 'go'), and sound (warning sirens).

[edit]Indirect channels

Indirect channels are usually recognized subconsciously by the receiver, and are not always under direct control of the

sender. Body language, comprising most of the indirect channel, may inadvertently reveal one's true emotions, and thereby

either unintentionally taint or bolster the believability of any intended verbal message. Subconscious reception and

interpretation of these signals is often described with arbitrary terms like gut-feeling, hunch, or premonition.





prose discourse, therefore communication. Lanham wrote, ³If words matter too, if the whole range of human

motive is seen as animating prose discourse, then rhetoric analysis leads us to the essential questions about

prose style´ (Lanham 10). This is saying that rhetoric and style are fundamentally important; they are not errors to

what we actually intend to transmit. The process which we construct and deconstruct meaning deserves analysis.

Erving Goffman sees the performance of self as the most important frame to understand communication.

Goffman wrote, ³What does seem to be required of the individual is that he learn enough pieces of expression to

be able to µfill in¶ and manage, more or less, any part that he is likely to be given´ (Goffman 73) Goffman is

highlighting the significance of expression. The truth in both cases is the articulation of the message and the

package as one. The construction of the message from social and historical context is the seed as is the pre-

existing message is for the transmission model. Therefore any look into communication theory should include the

possibilities drafted by such great scholars as Richard A. Lanham andErving Goffman that style and performance

is the whole process.

Communication stands so deeply rooted in human behaviors and the structures of society that scholars have

difficulty thinking of it while excluding social or behavioral events. Because communication theory remains a

relatively young field of inquiry and integrates itself with other disciplines such as philosophy, psychology, and

sociology, one probably cannot yet expect a consensus conceptualization of communication across disciplines.

Communication Model Terms as provided by Rothwell (11-15):

Noise; interference with effective transmission and reception of a message.

For example;

physical noise or external noise which are environmental distractions such as poorly heated rooms,

startling sounds, appearances of things, music playing some where else, and someone talking

really loudly near you.

physiological noise are biological influences that distract you from communicating competently such

as sweaty palms, pounding heart, butterfly in the stomach, induced by speech anxiety, or feeling

sick, exhausted at work, the ringing noise in your ear, being really hungry, and if you have a runny

noise or a cough.

psychological noise are the preconception bias and assumptions such as thinking someone who

speaks like a valley girl is dumb, or someone from a foreign country can¶t speak English well so you

speak loudly and slowly to them.

semantic noise are word choices that are confusing and distracting such as using the word tri-syllabic instead of three syllables.

S ender ; the initiator and encoder of a message

Receiver ; the one that receives the message (the listener) and the decoder of a message

Decode; translates the senders spoken idea/message into something the receiver understands by using their

knowledge of language from personal experience.

E ncode; puts the idea into spoken language while putting their own meaning into the word/message.







movements, sounds, reactions, physical changes, gestures, languages, and breath. Communication is a means

of survival. Examples - the cry of a child (communicating that it is hungry, hurt, or cold); the browning of a leaf

(communicating that it is dehydrated, thirsty per se, or dying); the cry of an animal (communicating that it is

injured, hungry, or angry). Everything living communicates in its quest for survival."

[edit]Communication Theory Framework

It is helpful to examine communication and communication theory through one of the following viewpoints:

Mechanistic: This view considers communication as a perfect transaction of a message from the sender to

the receiver. (as seen in the diagram above)

Psychological: This view considers communication as the act of sending a message to a receiver, and the

feelings and thoughts of the receiver upon interpreting the message.

Social Constructionist (Symbolic Interactionist): This view considers communication to be the product of the

interactants sharing and creating meaning. The Constructionist View can also be defined as, how you say

something determines what the message is. The Constructionist View assumes that ³truth´ and ³ideas´ are

constructed or invented through the social process of communication. Robert T. Craig saw the

Constructionist View or the constitutive view as it¶s called in his article, as ³«an ongoing process that

symbolically forms and re-forms our personal identities.´ (Craig, 125). The other view of communication, the

Transmission Model, sees communication as robotic and computer-like. The Transmission Model sees

communication as a way of sending or receiving messages and the perfection of that. But, the

Constructionist View sees communications as, ³«in human life, info does not behave as simply as bits in an

electronic stream. In human life, information flow is far more like an electric current running from one

landmine to another´ (Lanham, 7). The Constructionist View is a more realistic view of communication

because it involves the interacting of human beings and the free sharing of thoughts and ideas. Daniel

Chandler looks to prove that the Transmission Model is a lesser way of communicating by saying ³The

transmission model is not merely a gross over-simplification but a dangerously misleading representation of

the nature of human communication´ (Chandler, 2). Humans do not communicate simply as computers or

robots so that¶s why it¶s essential to truly understand the Constructionist View of Communication well. We do

not simply send facts and data to one another, but we take facts and data and they acquire meaning through

the process of communication, or through interaction with others.

Systemic: This view considers communication to be the new messages created via ³through-put´, or what

happens as the message is being interpreted and re-interpreted as it travels through people.

Critical: This view considers communication as a source of power and oppression of individuals and social

groups.[1]

Inspection of a particular theory on this level will provide a framework on the nature of communication as seen

within the confines of that theory.

Theories can also be studied and organized according to the ontological, epistemological, and axiological

framework imposed by the theorist.





STRATEGIES O E ECTIVE SPEAKING (CONCLUSION)

Orally dispensing information has been a standard human practice for thousands of years. The ancienttribes that roamed throughout Eastern Europe and Greece passed their traditions from one generation toanother by telling stories about mythical gods and beasts. A famous Greek example is Homer's Iliad andOdyssey, which are stories about the gods and heroes that were passed on from generation to generationby bards that memorized them in their entirety, and then to them to the people of their tribes word for word.

Homer was a bard, and is supposedly the first to write it down.

1. Do Not Fear Your Audience

o Public speaking does not hold the same value that it once did, though it is still a valuable skill to possessand is a necessary tool in the workplace. People who typically hate speaking in front of an audience of anysize are those who generally are unfamiliar with the effective process of public speaking. And ironically, thefirst strategy for effective public speaking to not fear your audience and to prove your lack of fear by lookingthe audience in the eye as you move through your speech. When you fear your audience, you look down atyour notes or at the podium or the floor or at anything else that will take your eyes off of your audience.This is a mistake and can defeat the purpose of and diminish the effectiveness of your speech.

One strategy to use to overcome this issue is to pick a few people out of the audience and give the speechdirectly to them. Alternate between looking at each person for just a few seconds. A similar technique is topick people out of the audience at random and pretend that you are giving each person a small part of your

speech and never look at the same person more than twice. This is difficult to do if the audience is small,but you always need to tailor the speech to the audience.

2. Tailor Your Speech to the Audience

o Any topic can be presented to any audience anywhere in the world, so long as you can make it work for that audience. Q nderstand the demographic of the audience before preparing yourspeech so it will beappropriate for the situation. Keep the number of key topics to the minimum required to get your pointacross. And take into consideration the amount of time you have to speak. Touching briefly on 10 differenttopics in 10 minutes may make their (the audience) heads spin. If you have 15 minutes to give a goodspeech, talk about the most important three points related to the topic, then close.

Close Your Speech Effectively

o Have you ever watched a movie that ended in a random fashion with no clear resolution or purpose?Imagine how your audience would feel if you did the same thing with your speech. Any good speechdepends on the effectiveness of the closing of the speech. There are as many effective closings as thereare types of speeches. One of the oldest rules of public speaking is to tell the audience what you are goingto tell them, then tell them and then tell them what you told them. Persuasive speeches require a call toaction of some kind, and effective placement of a call to action is in your closing statements. Informativespeeches can end in many ways. You can end by telling your audience that more information isforthcoming and schedule another meeting to dispense of that new information. You can also conclude aninformative speech by explaining how the information you just presented fits into a larger whole. No matter how you frame your closing, do not leave your audience wondering why you closed when you did.



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