Option E Notes-1

8/3/2019 Option E Notes-1

1/27

Option E: Neurobiology

and

behaviour

SL students study the core of these options and HL students study the whole option(the core and the extension material).

Core material: E1E4 are core material for SL and HL .

Extension material: E5E6 are extension material for HL only.

Obj

PART ONE STIMULI DETECTION AND PERCEPTION

E.1.1 Define the term stimulus, response and reflex in the context of animal behaviour 1

E.2.1 Outline the diversity of stimuli that can be detected by human sensory receptors, includingmechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, thermoreceptors and photoreceptors.

2

E.2.2 Label a diagram of the structure of the human eye. 1

E.2.3 Annotate a diagram of the retina to show the cel l types and the direction in which light moves. 2

E.2.4 Compare rod and cone cells. 3

E.2.5 Explain the processing of visual stimuli, including edge enhancement and contralateral processing. 3

E.2.6 Label a diagram of the ear. 1

E.2.7 Explain how sound is perceived by the ear, including the roles of the eardrum, bones of the middleear, oval and round windows, and the hair cells of the cochlea.

3

PART TWO A BASIC KIND OF RESPONSE

E.1.2 Explain the role of receptors, sensory neurons, relay neurons, motor neurons, synapses andeffectors in the response of animals to stimuli.

3

E.1.3 Draw and label a diagram of a reflex arc for a pain withdrawal reflex, including the spinal cord andits spinal nerves, the receptor cell, sensory neuron, relay neuron, motor neuron and effector.

1

PART THREE INNATE AND LEARNED BEHAVIOUR

E.3.1 Distinguish between innate and learnedbehaviour. 2

E.3.2 Design experiments to investigate innate behaviour in invertebrates, including either a taxis or akinesis.

3

E.3.3 Analyse data from invertebrate behaviour experiments in terms of the effect on chances of survivaland reproduction.

3

E.3.5 Outline Pavlovs experiments into conditioning of dogs. 2

E.3.6 Outline the role of inheritance and learning in the development of birdsong in young birds. 2

E.3.4 Discuss how the process of learning can improve the chance of survival. 3

E.1.4 Explain how animal responses can be affected by natural selection, using two examples. 3

PART FOUR ALTERING BEHAVIOUR PATTERNS

E.4.1 State that some presynaptic neurons excite postsynaptic transmission and others inhibitpostsynaptic transmission.

1

E.4.2 Explain how decision-making in the CNS can result from the interaction between the activities of

excitatory and inhibitory presynaptic neurons at synapses.

3

E.4.4 List three examples of excitatory and three examples of inhibitory psychoactive drugs. 1

E.4.3 Explain how psychoactive drugs affect the brain and personality by either increasing or decreasingpostsynaptic transmission.

3

E.4.5 Explain the effects of THC and cocaine in terms of their action at synapses in the brain. 3

E.4.6 Discuss the causes of addiction, including genetic predisposition, social factors and dopaminesecretion.

3


2/27

SOME BASIC KEY POINTS TO NOTE IN THE STUDY OF

BEHAVIOUR

THE BEHAVIOUR OF ANIMALS IS RELATED TO ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT

eg

Migration - ______________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________INNATE BEHAVIOUR DEVELOPES INDEPENDENTLY OF THE ENVIRONMENTALCONTEXT

EgSucking reflex _______________________________________________________

Bird song ___________________________________________________________LEARNED BEHAVIOUR REFLECTS CONDITIONS EXPERIENCED BY INDIVIDUALDURING DEVELOPMENT

eglearning in dogs ___________________________________________________


3/27

learning in birds ________________________________________________

PART ONE - STIMULI DETECTION AND PERCEPTION

E.1.1 Define the term stimulus, response and reflex in the context of animal behaviour 1

What is a stimulus?

Eg ___________________________________________________________

What is a receptor?

Eg ____________________________________________________________

What is a reflex?

Eg ______________________________________________________________

E.2.1 Outline the diversity of stimuli that can be detected by human sensory receptors,including mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, thermoreceptors and photoreceptors.

2

Receptortype MECHANO CHEMO THERMO PHOTO

Stimulusdetects

Specificexample ofreceptor

E.2.2 Label a diagram of the structure of the human eye. 1


4/27

Label a diagram of the eye to include the following structures sclera,cornea, conjunctiva, eyelid, choroid, aqueous humour, pupil, lens, iris,vitreous humour, retina, fovea, optic nerve and blind spot. (match toletters and add any extra structures and missing labels)

State the function of each labeled part

E.2.3 Annotate a diagram of the retina to show the cell types and the direction in which lightmoves.

2

PHOTO GRAPH OF RETINA Diagram of retina


5/27

State the role of the:-

Rod

Cone

Bipolar neurone

Ganglion cell

What can be said about the image of an object on the retina?

E.2.4 Compare rod and cone cells. 3

RODS AND CONE CELLS - PHOTORECEPTORS


6/27

Summarize the key structural and functional differences between rodsand cones

E.2.5 Explain the processing of visual stimuli, including edge enhancement and contralateralprocessing.

3

What role does the brain play in vision?


7/27

Explain why you see grey blobs inwhite areas on this optical illusion

What does this illusiondemonstrate?

Hermann grid illusion Edge enhancement

Sketch a diagram showing the crossover nervous links between theeyes and the brain (use the picture to help)

What is contralateral processing?

E.2.6 Label a diagram of the ear. 1

E.2.7 Explain how sound is perceived by the ear, including the roles of the eardrum, bones ofthe middle ear, oval and round windows, and the hair cells of the cochlea.

3


8/27

Identify (by number )the structures listed in the syllabus box above onthe diagram

Highlight on the diagram those structures involved in the perception ofsound

How are the eardrum and ear ossicles involved in:-

i. detecting sound

ii amplifying sound

How do the hair cells in the cochlea act in energy transduction?

HAIRCELLS


9/27

How are different sounds perceived?

Why do we need the round and oval window?


10/27

PART TWO A BASIC KIND OF RESPONSE

E.1.2 Explain the role of receptors, sensory neurons, relay neurons, motor neurons,synapses and effectors in the response of animals to stimuli.

3

Using the idea of touching a hot pot with your finger tip (pain stimulus)

explain the basic role of the:

Receptor


11/27

Sensory neurone

Relay neurone

Motor neurone

Effector

SynapsesWhat simple type of response has been described?

Give a definition for this type of action

E.1.3 Draw and label a diagram of a reflex arc for a pain withdrawal reflex, including thespinal cord and its spinal nerves, the receptor cell, sensory neuron, relay neuron, motorneuron and effector.

1

Draw and label a simplified diagram to show the pathway of a reflex

arc


12/27

PART THREE INNATE AND LEARNED BEHAVIOUR

E.3.1 Distinguish between innate and learnedbehaviour. 2

Define the term innate behaviour giving a simple example

What is key purpose of innate behaviour?

Define learned behaviour giving a named example

What is the key purpose of learned behaviour?

E.3.2 Design experiments to investigate innate behaviour in invertebrates, includingeither a taxis or a kinesis.

3

E.3.3 Analyse data from invertebrate behaviour experiments in terms of the effect onchances of survival and reproduction. see practical work

3

Behaviour TAXIS KINESISDefinition

Specificexampleswithstimuli


13/27

State the value of these types of behaviour patterns, giving a specificexample

E.3.5 Outline Pavlovs experiments into conditioning of dogs. 2

What is conditioned learning?

Explanation of how the cartoondepicts what Pavlovs experiments with dogs involved


14/27

E.3.6 Outline the role of inheritance and learning in the development of birdsong inyoung birds.

2

Outline how a bird is able to sing

Why is bird song so important

How do we prove the basis of bird song is genetic?

What are the phases of bird song

Which part of a bird song is an example of innatebehaviour and which is an example of learnedbehaviour

How is bird song an example of a beneficial learned behaviour?

E.3.4 Discuss how the process of learning can improve the chance of survival. 3

What is imprinting and how does it help increase survival chances?


15/27

How did Konrad Lorenz study imprinting?

What do we mean by food hoarding and how is itbeneficial?

List some other examples of beneficial learned behaviour

What appears to control the modification of behaviour ?

E.1.4 Explain how animal responses can be affected by natural selection, using twoexamples.

3

Read the case studies on the European black caps and the sockeyedsalmon and makes some notes to show the links between behaviour inthese organisms and natural selection.


16/27

PART FOUR ALTERING BEHAVIOURPATTERNS

E.4.1 State that some presynaptic neurons excite postsynaptic transmission and othersinhibit postsynaptic transmission.

1


17/27

Brief recall of the events that occur at a synapse

What are excitatory synapses

What are inhibitory synapses

E.4.2 Explain how decision-making in the CNS can result from the interaction between theactivities of excitatory and inhibitory presynaptic neurons at synapses.

3

What does the picture show in relation tosyllabus points above


18/27

E.4.4 List three examples of excitatory and three examples of inhibitory psychoactive drugs. 1

E.4.3 Explain how psychoactive drugs affect the brain and personality by either increasing ordecreasing postsynaptic transmission.

3

What do we mean by psychoactive drugs and how do they affect

the brain and personality?

Type of drug Excitatorypsychoactive

Inhibitory Psychoactive

Effect of drug

3 specificexamples

E.4.5 Explain the effects of THC and cocaine in terms of their action at synapses in the brain. 3

Drug THC(tetrahydrocannabinol

Cocaine

Type of drug

Specific effecton synapse

Specific effecton bodyfeelings


19/27

Problemsresulting fromabuse

E.4.6 Discuss the causes of addiction, including genetic predisposition, social factors anddopamine secretion.

3

List some of the causes of addiction


20/27

HL ONLY PART FIVE THE HUMAN BRAIN

E.5.1 Label, on a diagram of the brain, the medulla oblongata, cerebellum, hypothalamus,pituitary gland and cerebral hemispheres.

1

E.5.2 Outline the functions of each of the parts of the brain listed in E.5.1. 2

E.5.3 Explain how animal experiments, lesions and FMRI (functional magnetic resonanceimaging) scanning can be used in the identification of the brain part involved in specificfunctions.

3


1



3

E.5.5 Explain the pupil reflex. 3

E.5.6 Discuss the concept of brain death and the use of the pupil reflex in testing for this. 3

E.5.4 Explain sympathetic and parasympathetic control of the heart rate, movements of theiris and flow of blood to the gut.

3

E.5.7 Outline how pain is perceived and how endorphins can act as painkillers. 2

HL ONLY PART SIX SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR PATTERNS


21/27

E.6.1 Describe the social organization of honey bee colonies and one other non-humanexample.

2

E.6.2 Outline how natural selection may act at the level of the colony in the case of socialorganisms.

2

E.6.3 Discuss the evolution of altruistic behaviour using two non-human examples. 3

E.6.4 Outline two examples of how foraging behaviour optimizes food intake, includingbluegill fish foraging forDaphnia.

2

E.6.5 Explain how mate selection can lead to exaggerated traits. 3

E.6.6 State that animals show rhythmical variations in activity. 1

E.6.7 Outline two examples il lustrating the adaptive value of rhythmical behaviour patterns. 2


1


Label only the parts listed above on the diagram below


22/27

State the function of the

Medulla oblongata regulates reflex actions e.g. heart beat

Cerebellum balance and posture

Cerebral Hemisphere conscious thought, memory intelligence

Hypothalamus thirst, hunger, controls osmo-regulation, bodytemperature, drives

Pituitary


3

What is FMRI?

Cerebral Hemispheres

Hypothalamus

Cerebellum

Medulla Oblongata

Pituitary Gland

Spinal Cord


23/27

What is the purpose of FMRI?

E.5.5 Explain the pupil reflex. 3

E.5.6 Discuss the concept of brain death and the use of the pupil reflex in testing for this. 3

What is the pupil reflex?

Discuss the concept of brain death and the use of the pupil reflex intesting for this.


24/27

E.5.4 Explain sympathetic and parasympathetic control of the heart rate, movements of theiris and flow of blood to the gut.

3

List the key parts of the nervous system

Distinguish between the function of the sympathetic andparasympathetic system


25/27

Explain how the sympathetic and parasympathetic system are involvedin the control of:-

1. Heart rate

2. Movement of iris

3. Flow of blood around gut


26/27

E.5.7 Outline how pain is perceived and how endorphins can act as painkillers. 2

Where are the pain receptors?

Why do we need to feel pain?

How does our own pituitary deal withpain?

What is an endorphin?

When are endorphins secreted?

HL ONLY PART SIX COMPLEX BEHAVIOUR PATTERNS

Make somenotes on the following from what you haveread:-

a. Social organization in honey bees and natural selectionb. Social behaviour in chimpanzeesc. Altruism- with reference to Beldings squirrel and naked

mole ratsd. Foraging in bluegill fishe. Foraging in Daphnia


27/27

f. Mate selection and the exaggerated trait conceptg. Rhythmical behaviour patterns and their benefits

Documents

Option E Notes-1