Optimizing Mowing Mowing History Performance€¦ · Reel Mower Concept Cutting Action Construction Spider Reel Blade Reel Cylinder Bedknife Bedbar Shaft. Side Plate Reel Frame Construction

Optimizing Mowing Optimizing Mowing PerformancePerformance

Quality of Cut for Athletic FieldsQuality of Cut for Athletic FieldsQuality of Cut for Athletic FieldsQuality of Cut for Athletic Fields

Rotary and Reel Type MowersRotary and Reel Type Mowers

Jim Nedin Jim Nedin Consulting ServicesConsulting Services

1941 “Good-All”... first rotary lawn mower; 7/8 hp Maytag vertical shaft engine; Leonard B. Goodall, Missouri; Inventor

1947 “Ride-Away, Sr.” ... first 4 wheel rotary idi l C il El d P d

Mowing HistoryMowing History

riding lawn mower; Cecil Elwood Pond, Indiana; Entrepreneur and founder of Wheel Horse Products Company

1963 “The Hustler”... first zero turn riding rotary lawn mower; John Regier, Kanas; Machinist/Tinkerer

and seventy-five years laterand seventy five years later...

Grass plants do not benefit from cutting (defoliation)Mowing reduces photosynthesis by removing leaf tissue which leads to:

Mowing is a significant stress to turfMowing is a significant stress to turf

− Mowing reduces photosynthesis by removing leaf tissue which leads to:1. reduced carbohydrate synthesis & storage2. increased shoot growth (plant response to increase photosynthetic area)

− Reduces root mass & depth of rooting

− Carbohydrates produced are allocated to shoot growth (recovery)

− Root growth regulators may be produced in leaves

− Wounds tissue leading to dehydration, possible infection site for fungi.

+ Increases plant density to increase photosynthetic surface area

+ Reduces leaf width creating finer textured turf

Too much tissue removed at one time (infrequent mowing)

Removal of more than 40% leaf tissue at one time can stop root growth from 6 days to 2 weeks depending on the amount of tissue removed.

Why???

Turf plant stress increases with:Turf plant stress increases with:

Increased leaf damage (dull blade, suboptimum setup)

Increased environmental stress in combination with mowing

Ideal is to raise height of cut during summer stress

Mowing FrequencyOptimal Cutting Requirements

HOC: Re-mow at:0.750 (3/4”) 1/3 growth (+0.250) = 1.000 (1”)1.000 (1”) 1/3 growth (+0.333) = 1.333 (1-1/3”)1 125 (1 1/8”) 1/3 h ( 0 375) 1 500 (1 1/2”)

1/3 Rule: Grass blade removal not to exceed 1/3 HOCDr. James Beard, Texas A&M, 1953

1.125 (1-1/8”) 1/3 growth (+0.375) = 1.500 (1-1/2”)1.250 (1-1/4”) 1/3 growth (+0.416) = 1.666 (1-2/3”)1.500 (1-1/2”) 1/3 growth (+0.500) = 2.000 (2”)1.750 (1-3/4”) 1/3 growth (+0.583) = 2.333 (2-1/3”)2.000 (2”) 1/3 growth (+0.666) = 2.666 (2-2/3”)2.250 (2-1/4”) 1/3 growth (+0.750) = 3.000 (3”)2.500 (2-1/2”) 1/3 growth (+0.833) = 3.333 (3-1/3”)

Quality of Cut P fPerformance

Rotary MowerFundamentals

So What’s Under Here Anyway?

Rotary MowerC tConcept

Cutting Actiong

Recycler

Side Discharge

Rear Discharge Deck Design

RotaryM CliMower Clip

Factors Affecting Rotary Mower Clip

1. Blade-tip speed1. Blade tip speed

2. Ground speed

Blade Length

"inches"

BladeSpindle

RPM Traction Unit

MPH

Enter 27 2500 4

294.3309 Blade Tip Speed (feet per second)

3,531.971 Blade Tip Speed (inches per second)

Rotary Blade Speed Calculator

211,918.3 Inches per minute

17,659.86 Feet per minute

3.3446697 Miles per minute

200.68018 Miles per hour (blade speed)

4,224.00 Ground speed (inches per minute)

0.32 Clip Rate (inches)

Rotary Mowervs

R l MReel Mower

Horsepower Requirement

Average Horsepower Consumption

Rotary Type Mowers GenerallyRotary Type Mowers Generally Require 30% More Horsepower Than A Reel Type Mower When

Subjected To The Same Conditions.

Check Engine RPM Cutting Unit AttitudeBad Attitude Requires More Horsepower

⅛” - ¼”

Cutting Unit AttitudeMaintain Even Height Across Cutting Unit

Clean Underside Of Deck For Higher Cutting Efficiency

Rotary Mower Blade Designs

Low SailLow Sail Medium SailMedium Sail Recycler SailRecycler Sail High SailHigh Sail Atomic SailAtomic Sail

Rotary BladeMaintenance andMaintenance and

Sharpening

Dull Blades Require More Horsepower Sharp vs Dull

Rotary Blade Sharpening

WARNING !

Always wear a face shield f t l hor safety glasses when

grinding or sharpening.

FLAT PARTOF BLADE

SAIL

SAIL

WEAR

SAIL

SLOTFORMED

INCORRECT – This will cause poor qualityof cut and high horsepower requirement.

CORRECT

INCORRECT – This will cause poor qualityof cut and high horsepower requirement.

CORRECT

Never!!!

Straighten a Bent or Twisted BladeStraighten a Bent or Twisted Blade

DO NOT grind bottom of cutting edge.This will cause poor quality of cut and highhorsepower requirement.

Grind top side of cutting edge only.

Safety First…Safety First… Properly Balance Rotary Blades

“Impact Gun” Blade Removal Only! Start Bolt By Hand and Properly Torque

Safety First…Safety First… Properly Torque Rotary Blades

QuestionsQuestions

Reel TechnologyReel Technology

Guide to Optimal Reel Mower PerformanceGuide to Optimal Reel Mower Performance

Mowing HistoryMowing History1830 First mechanical reel mower;

Edwin Budding, Stroud England; Engineer

1890’s “Leyland Steam Mower” first steam powered 1 ½ ton steam-powered tricycle mower; James Sumner, United Kingdom; Blacksmith

1914 “Worthington” first gang-mower; Charles Campbell Worthington, Delaware; American Industrialist

1919 “Moto-Mower” first gas powered mower (175 lbs.); Colonel Edwin George, Detroit; Entrepreneur

and one hundred eighty-five years laterand one hundred eighty five years later...

Reel MowerConceptConcept

Cutting Action

Construction

Spider Reel Blade

Reel Cylinder

Bedknife Bedbar

Shaft

Side Plate Reel Frame

Construction

Bedbar Pivot BoltBedbar Assembly

Cutting Action

Sharp vs Dull

1. Maintain Proper ADJUSTMENT

2. BACKLAP the Reel and Bedknife

Quality of Cut Maintenance

C t e ee a d ed e

3. SHARPEN the Reel and Bedknife


Quality of Cut Maintenance Maintain Consistent Minimal (light) Contact

Never over tighten the reel-to-bedknife adjustment in an attempt to produce

an acceptable quality of cut

Minimal Contact Only!Always follow mower manufacturer’s recommendations

RiflingMetal Distortion created at

Reel / Bedknife Cutting Surfaces

RiflingMultiple streaks appear on the turf

across the cutting unit path

Reel rotational direction

Rifling Rifling

Blade resistance moving across bedknife

ggPhenomenonPhenomenon

Rifling Phenomenon

Reel blade distortion is restricted at spiders

Reel blades distort between spiders, caused by heavy contact

at cutting edge

REEL

BEDKNIFE

After-cut Visible Streaks





BACKLAP OFTENbut

BACKLAP OFTENbut

VERY LITTLEVERY LITTLE

Approximately Two Minutes per Cutting Unit

@ 10-12 Hour Mowing Intervals

Backlapping ProcessReel rotation

is reversed ~250 rpm

Backlapping Compoundfor best results...

* Fairway mowers: 120 grit* Greens mowers: 180-220 grit

Backlapping compound is forced to pass between the reel & bedknife

Bedknife Deburring Tools

“Bedknife Buddy”




C t e ee a d ed e

3. SHARPEN the Reel and Bedknife

Reel Grinders RELIEFANGLE

Reel Angles

Reel and Bedknife Angle Relationship

TOPANGLE

FRONTANGLE

RAKEANGLE

BedknifeAngles

Always follow manufacturer’s recommended grinding angles

Grinding / Sharpening

Reel Blade

Dull EdgesBedknife

Typical Grinding Interval... Approximately every 120 - 150 hours use

Reel Wear (Cone Shape)

Affects Blade Path Performance

Shaft

Helix-shapedreel blade

X

Ensure Reel Cylinder is Cylindrically Ground

Distance X = Y

X Y

Bedknife Grinders BedknivesOptimize Cutting Performance

Always follow manufacturer’s recommended grinding angles

Optimum Mowing PerformanceOptimum Mowing Performance

• Quality of CutMeasurable

• Quality of CutMeasurable

• After-cut AppearancePerception

• After-cut AppearancePerception

Don’t wait untilDon’t wait untilquality of cutdeteriorates

quality of cutdeteriorates

- Measures effective HOC.

- Aids in selecting the correct bedknife.

- Provides a birds eye view

TOOLS OF THE TRADE

Turf EvaluatorMeasure relative

HOC View turfconditions

of the quality of cut.- Tip Dieback- Onset of Disease- Mismatch- Stragglers

Issues Related to

Reel Mower PerformanceReel Mower Performance

Inconsistent Height of Cut / Turf Performance

Aggressive Cutting Unit Attitude Mowing Frequency / Reel Speed

Quality of Cut Performance Mowing Speed / Direction

Mowing PerformanceKey Factors

Frequency Of Clip

Mowing Frequencyg q y

Blade Path

Bedknife Attitude

Effective HOC and ACA

Frequency Of Clip(FOC)

BLADES

REEL

BEDKNIFEA

Frequency Of Clip Illustration

Movement of the blade from point A to point B equals one inch of forward travel of the bedknife or one inch Clip.

TURF SURFACE (GROUND)

BEDKNIFEBEDBAR

ROLLER

1” 1” 1” 1”

AB

FOC Animation

Accentuated Clip MarksAccentuated Clip Marks Frequency Of ClipFactors that affect FOC are:

•Ground Speed (mph)•Reel Speed (rpm)•Number of Reel Blades

HOC = FOC

FOC

HOC

Speed

vsvs

Performance

This condition t t di t t

When the cutting unit travels too fast:(or the reel turns too slow)

Frequency Of Clip

accentuates or distorts the variance between the grass cut at the HOC. The grass left longer, creates a visible Clip Mark.

Cures:

Clip Marks

• Increase Reel Speed

• Decrease Mow Speed

This can also distort the triangle or blow the grass out of the way due to turbulence at the shear point.

Frequency Of ClipWhen the reel spins too fast:

(or the cutting unit travels too slow)

p

Visual Result: strands of grass escape the gathering motion of the reel leaving stragglers.

Physiologically: excessive trauma occurs in the plant due to it being struck by the reel blades many more times than necessary.

Stragglers

Reel Blade Configurations

• 5 blade

• 7 blade

• 8 blade

• Cutting efficiency

• Clip spacing

• Height of cut range

Maximum Reel Speed: ~ 2,200 RPM

• 8 blade

• 11 blade

• Height of cut range

• Speed (traction / reel)

• Mowing productivity

• Mowing frequency

Frequency Of ClipFOC Formula

Ground speed mph converted to in inches per minute (mph X 1,056 = inches per minute)

Inches per minute ÷ Reel rpm ÷ number of Blades

Frequency OF Clip Converting mph to inches per minute:- example: 6 mph X 1,056 = 6,336 inches per minute

FOC Formula example:6,336 inches per minute ÷ 1,265 Reel rpm ÷ 8 Blades = 0.626 FOC

0.626 FOC = Optimal HOC (~5/8”)

Mowing Frequency

The lower you go… y g

The more often you’ll need to mow.

Too much tissue removed at one time (infrequent mowing)

Removal of more than 40% leaf tissue at one time can stop root growth from 6 days to 2 weeks depending on the amount of tissue removed.

Why???

Turf plant stress increases with:Turf plant stress increases with:

Increased leaf damage (dull blade, suboptimum setup)

Increased environmental stress in combination with mowing

Ideal is to raise height of cut during summer stress

Mowing FrequencyOptimal Cutting Requirements

HOC: Re-mow at:0.375 (3/8”) 1/3 growth (+0.125) = 0.500 (1/2”)0.500 (1/2”) 1/3 growth (+0.166) = 0.666 (2/3”)

1/3 Rule: Grass blade removal not to exceed 1/3 HOCDr. James Beard, Texas A&M, 1953

0.625 (5/8”) 1/3 growth (+0.208) = 0.833 (5/6”)0.750 (3/4”) 1/3 growth (+0.250) = 1.000 (1”)0.875 (7/8”) 1/3 growth (+0.291) = 1.166 (1-1/6”)1.000 (1”) 1/3 growth (+0.333) = 1.333 (1-3/8”)1.125 (1-1/8”) 1/3 growth (+0.375) = 1.500 (1-1/2”)1.250 (1-1/4”) 1/3 growth (+0.416) = 1.666 (1-2/3”)1.500 (1-1/2”) 1/3 growth (+0.500) = 2.000 (2”)

Mowing Frequency Cutting Unit OverlapCutting Unit OverlapAftercutAftercut Appearance StripesAppearance Stripes

Cutting Unit OverlapStraight Pass

2-1/2” Cutting Unit Overlap

2-1/2” 2-1/2” 2-1/2” 2-1/2”

3 / 2 Cut3 / 2 Cut

Front cutting units are subject to 23% additional uncut grass than rear cutting units.

Front 3 cutting units-light green appearance Rear 2 cutting units-dark green appearance

g

Under heavy cutting conditions, front cutting units are subject to greater stress.

Grass volume, cutting unit sharpness, reel-to-bedknife adjustment, bedknife type and bedknife attitude are key factors.

Reel / BedknifeSeparation

Bedknife flexes, separation Bedknife flexes, separation occurs, poor quality of cut resultsoccurs, poor quality of cut results

High volume High volume grass ingestiongrass ingestion

3 / 2 Cut Phenomenon

116

Front Cutting Unit Rear Cutting Unit

Blade Pathade at

Blade Path

Reel Diameter Performance

(% of wear)

Blade Path Cutting Action

5” Diameter Reel - Wear Limit

NEW

5” Diameter Reel - NEW4-1/2” Minimum Reel Diameter - WORN

5”

Manufacturer’s reel diameter specification - NEW Manufacturer’s reel shaft diameter specification

1/2” Differential1”

Shaft

2”

1-3/4”

WORN

Blade Tip

4-1/2”

x 2

x 2

+ =

7” Diameter Reel - Wear Limit

NEW

7” Diameter Reel - NEW6-3/8” Minimum Reel Diameter - WORN

7”

Manufacturer’s reel diameter specification - NEW Manufacturer’s reel shaft diameter specification

5/8” Differential1”

Shaft

3”

WORN

Blade Tip

2-11/16”

6-3/8”

x 2

x 2

+ =

Reel Mower Blade Path Illustration

Bedknife Attitude

Aggressiveness of cut

Aggressiveness of cut is determined by the bedknife position in relation to center line of the reel. The farther behind the centerline the more aggressive the cut.

As aggressiveness increases the Quality of Cut increases, but the cutting unit becomes less forgiving.(Aftercut Appearance may suffer)

Bedknife Attitude

Behind Center Distance (BCD) has a positive correlation to Bedknife Angle Centerline

Reel

Shear Point

BCD @ 00

00

FrontRoller

RearRoller

BedknifeHOC

Shear Point

RecommendationCool Season Grasses: 0-8 ° attitudeWarm Season Grasses: 0-4 ° attitude

Bedknife Attitude

CenterlineReel

Behind Center Distance (BCD) has a positive correlation to Bedknife Angle

Shear Point

20

BCD @ 20

FrontRoller

RearRoller

Bedknife HOC

Shear Point


Bedknife Attitude

CenterlineReel


Shear Point

60

BCD @ 60

FrontRoller

RearRoller

HOC

Shear Point


Bedknife Attitude

Centerline


Reel

Shear Point

80

BCD @ 80

FrontRoller

RearRoller

HOC

Shear Point


Centerline

Bedknife Attitude


Reel

Shear Point

150

BCD @ 150

FrontRoller

RearRoller

HOC

Shear Point


Incorrect Attitude Adjustment

Correct Attitude Adjustment

Using a Magnetic Protractorto Verify Bedknifeto Verify Bedknife

Attitude

810

750

-750

810

7560

Effective Height Of Cut

and

After-cut Appearance

Bench Set HOC

Bench Set HOC

Effective HOC

Effective HOC

Effective HOC

HOC Bedknife clearance

Measure effective HOC using a Turf Evaluator or Prism and select the correct bedknife accordingly.

Mowing Height of CutBench set vs. Effective HOC

g y

Note: (Effective HOC)

Comparing Bench set HOC at 5/8”, to Effective HOC; Effective HOC is typically 0.075” - 0.100” lower than the measured bench set HOC.


Integrated Maintenance and Turf Performance

•• AerationAeration

•• VertiVerti--cuttingcutting

•• Topdressing Topdressing

Thatch Thatch



•• GroomingGrooming

B hiB hi

Grain Grain

•• BrushingBrushing



Bobbing / Bobbing / MarcellingMarcelling•• Rocking movement of the cutting unit thatRocking movement of the cutting unit that•• Rocking movement of the cutting unit thatRocking movement of the cutting unit that•• Rocking movement of the cutting unit that Rocking movement of the cutting unit that

leaves an unacceptable wave like appearance. leaves an unacceptable wave like appearance. •• Rocking movement of the cutting unit that Rocking movement of the cutting unit that

leaves an unacceptable wave like appearance. leaves an unacceptable wave like appearance. •• Change mowing direction 90Change mowing direction 9000. If the pattern . If the pattern

follows the mow direction it is bobbing, if it follows the mow direction it is bobbing, if it does not, the pattern is most likely due to does not, the pattern is most likely due to turf variations. turf variations.

•• Change mowing direction 90Change mowing direction 9000. If the pattern . If the pattern follows the mow direction it is bobbing, if it follows the mow direction it is bobbing, if it does not, the pattern is most likely due to does not, the pattern is most likely due to turf variations. turf variations.

Bobbing / Marcelling

ForwardM ti

Turf Compensation Kit

RhythmicBounce

Motion

Resistance

Bobbing / MarcellingRemediation

• Change mowing pattern

• Slow traction unit down

• Slow reel speed downSlow reel speed down

• Reduce bedknife attitude (0˚ +2˚)

• Extend cutting unit front roller

• Extreme cases may require de-thatching, aeration and rolling

Maintain Consistent Height Of Cut

Use a height of cut gauge to set cuttingunit heights and to maintain height consistency between cuttingcutting units.

Conventional Height Of Cut Gauge

0.245 = ~1/4” 0.560 = ~9/16”

QuestionsQuestions

Optimizing Spreader & Optimizing Spreader & Sprayer PerformanceSprayer Performance

Spreader & Sprayer Systems OverviewSpreader & Sprayer Systems Overview

Spreader & Sprayer CalibrationSpreader & Sprayer CalibrationSpreader & Sprayer CalibrationSpreader & Sprayer Calibration

Sprayer Nozzle SelectionSprayer Nozzle Selection

Tank Mixing Tank Mixing

SafetySafety

Jim Nedin Jim Nedin Consulting ServicesConsulting Services

Application Spreaders

Repeatable Repeatable AccuracyAccuracy

Product Applied=

Product Applied==

Target Area=

Target Area

Spreader CalibrationCalibration

b

h

Area Measurement(Acres = Total Area ÷ 43,560)

d

w

l

Area = Length x (l) x Width (w)

= Base (b) x Height (h)

2Area

b(3.14) x Diameter 2 (d)π

4Area =

Calculating pounds of fertilizer to apply:Based on soil test results, the lab has made the following recommendation…Apply 18-5-9 fertilizer at a rate of 4 pounds of nitrogen per 1,000 square feet, per growing season, to be applied four times within the growing season.

4 lb / 18% 22 lb f f ili4 lbs / 18% = 22 lbs of fertilizer per 1,000 square feet (per season)

22 lbs / 4 applications = 5.6 lbs of fertilizer per 1,000 square feet per application

5.6 lbs x 43.56 = 244 lbs per acre / 40 lbs (bag weight) = 6 bags per acre x 1.5 acres = 9 bags per application

Rotary Spreader Calibration

Rotary Spreader Distribution

Sp

read

er O

utp

ut

Purdue UniversityZac Reicher and Clark Throssell

Pass 1Pass 1 Pass 2Pass 2

overlap

Edge of Pattern Center of Spreader Edge of Pattern

Texas A&M UniversityDesigned by: Jason L Gray

Rotary Spreader Effective Pattern


Ou

tpu

tS

pre

ader

O

Edge of Pattern Center of Spreader Edge of Pattern

10 feet

Rotary Spreader Distribution Test

Place catch pans equal distances from the center point to catch fertilizer to the edge of the throw pattern


This fertilizer pattern is good“Bell Shaped Curve”

This fertilizer pattern is skewed to one side

Effective Pattern Width

50% weight / volume

50% weight / volume


10’5’

gg

Effective Pattern Width


5’ 5’5’5’

10’ 10’

Spreader Width Overlap

Overall Width of Spread = 48’

48’ X 0.75 = 36’

Working Width = 36’

Working Width = 75% of Overall Width of Spread

Working WidthWorking Width 36’

24’ 24’

Overall Width of Spread

Working Width = 36

Two Pass MethodApply recommended rate in two passes; the second pass at right angles to the first pass

Rotary Spreader Single Pass CalibrationTest Course

(20 ft. minimum)


Spreader Calibration: Known Area MethodSingle Pass Calibration

Measure area of test course…Test Course Length (ft.) x Effective Pattern Width (ft.) = Total sq. ft.

Example: 25 ft. length x 5 ft. width = 125 square feet

1. Set the rotary spreader’s rate gate opening to the recommendation published on the fertilizer bag (per spreader brand, model, etc.).

2. Partially fill the spreader with a pre-weighed amount of fertilizer to be used in y p p gthe application.

3. Walk at your normal application pace. Achieve your application pace several feet before crossing the test course “Starting-line” and maintain your application pace several feet after crossing the test course “Finish-line”. * Turn the spreader on when the wheels are directly over the “Starting-line”…

… (example: 0 feet). * Turn the spreader off when the wheels are directly over the “Finish-line”…

…(example: 25 feet).

4. Weigh the amount of fertilizer left in the spreader and subtract that amount from the pre-weighed amount.

Use an accurate scale to weigh the fertilizer

Texas A&M UniversityTexas A&M UniversityDesigned by: Jason L GrayDesigned by: Jason L Gray

Texas A&M UniversityTexas A&M UniversityDesigned by: Jason L GrayDesigned by: Jason L Gray

Use the following method to determine if the spreader needs to be fine turned to accurately apply one pound of nitrogen

per thousand square feet, using… for example 18-5-9 fertilizer...(100 / 18 = 5.6 lbs. per 1,000 sq. ft.)

5.6 pounds of 18-5-9 X pounds of 18-5-91,000 square feet 125 square feet

125 x 5.6 = 700 / 1,000 = 0.7 pounds of 18-5-9of fertilizer should have been dispensed during the test

0.7 lbs. x 16 = 11.2 ozs. per 125 sq. ft. Target = 11.2 ozs.

= 0.7 pounds of 18-5-9

Today

25

5

125

10

9.3

0.7

Cyclone B-14.5

18-5-95 ft

n/an/a

Joe’s Walking Pace

n/a

0.7

0.7125

5.6

244

Drop Spreader Calibration






Use an accurate scale to weigh the fertilizer




per thousand square feet, using (for example 18-5-9 fertilizer).

5.6 pounds of 18-5-9 X pounds of 18-5-91,000 square feet 30 square foot


0.168 lbs. x 16 = 2.688 ozs. per 30 sq. ft. Target = 2.688 (2.7) ozs.

=0.168 pounds of 18-5-9

In the event that you do not want to sweep the fertilizer up to weigh it… simply weigh the fertilizer prior to performing the distribution test, then re-weigh the portion of fertilizer left in the hopper after performing the test.

Fertilizer Pre vs Post Weight Calibration Method

The same calculation methodology applies:


per thousand square feet, using (for example 18-5-9 fertilizer).

5.6 pounds of 18-5-9 X pounds of 18-5-91,000 square feet 30 square foot


0.168 lbs. x 16 = 2.688 ozs. per 30 sq. ft. Target = 2.688 (2.7) ozs.

=0.168 pounds of 18-5-9

Drop Spreader w/catch pan attachment




Weigh collected fertilizer and perform calibration function


Application Sprayers

Sprayer Systems andand

Components

MANUAL VALVE SPRAY SYSTEMFixed Speed w/ Centrifugal Pump

Plumbing Schematic

STANDARD ELECTRIC SPRAY SYSTEMFixed Speed w/ Centrifugal Pump

Plumbing Schematic

COMPUTER CONTROL SPRAY SYSTEMVariable Speed within a Fixed Gear w/ Centrifugal Pump

Plumbing Schematic

COMPUTER CONTROL SPRAY SYSTEMHydrostatic Drive w/ Centrifugal Pump

Plumbing Schematic

Analog Rate Control Valve

PUMP

COMPUTER CONTROL SPRAY SYSTEMHydrostatic Drive w/ Diaphragm Pump

Plumbing Schematic

DIAPHRAGM PUMP

PWM

Digital Rate Control Valve

DIAPHRAGM PUMP

DIAPHRAGM PUMP SPRAY SYSTEMPlumbing Schematic

High Pressure Relief Valve(relief valve opens @ 220psi)

Pesticide obstruction located in pressure relief hose

DIAPHRAGM PUMP SPRAY SYSTEMPlumbing Schematic

High Pressure Relief Valve(relief valve opens @ 220psi)

Flowmeter

Mysterious Pressure Increase

Winterization Triple rinse tank and entire spray system.

• Use recommended cleaner (detergent, ammonia or commercial tank cleaner) and re-circulate for 15 minutes.

• Operate spray booms long enough to ensure all nozzles and boom hoses are filled with cleaning solution. Let solution stand in system for several hours.

• Drain tank and refill with clean water. Re-circulate and spray out through nozzles until empty and repeat.

Service pump and other components requiring maintenance and repair.

• Remove filters, screens and nozzles. Clean and reinstall.

Winterize. Use 5-6 gallons of automotive antifreeze (50% water solution), or straight RV antifreeze (follow sprayer manufacturer’s recommendation).• Note: Automotive antifreeze (ethylene glycol) must be captured from tank and

spray nozzles, and properly disposed of. RV antifreeze (propylene glycol) is environmentally safe and can be sprayed directly onto the ground.

• Operate spray system; recirculate antifreeze within, and spray out nozzles. • Check nozzle output with antifreeze hydrometer / refractometer to ensure

antifreeze protection is throughout the entire spray system.

• Clean sprayers exterior with mild detergent solution. Repaint all chipped, cracked, and worn painted surfaces.

Sprayer CalibrationCalibration

Repeatable Repeatable AccuracyAccuracy

b

h

Area Measurement(Acres = Total Area ÷ 43,560)

d

w

l

Area = Length x (l) x Width (w)

= Base (b) x Height (h)

2Area

b(3.14) x Diameter 2 (d)π

4Area =

Product Applied=

Product Applied==

Target Area=

Target Area

Sprayer Control and Monitoring Systems Factors That Control Calibration

• Flow• Flow

• Speed

• Width

Flow

GPM =

GPA x MPH x Width (Nozzle Spacing)

5940 Constant: Acres

136.36 Constant: Thousand Square Feet

GPK

FlowGPM =

45 gpa x MPH x Width

5940

Speed

MPH =

0.682 x Length of Run in Feet

Time in Seconds

Speed

MPH = 4

0.682 x 200 feet = 136.4

34.1 seconds

Width

Nozzle Spacing =

Distance Between Nozzles in Inches

WidthSpray Boom Application

Nozzle Spacing

Distance Between Nozzles in Inches

20”20”

Width - Hand Gun Spray Application Distance Between Nozzle In Inches

36” 36” 36” 36” 36”36” 36” 36” 36” 36”36” 36” 36” 36” 36”

FlowGPM = 0.606 (per nozzle)

(82 64)(1 033 gpk)45 gpa x 4 mph x 20”

(82.64)3,600

(136.36)

5940

(45 gpa / 43.56 = 1.033 gpk)

=(1.033 gpk)

Constant: Thousand Square Feet

Constant: Acre

Interpreting

Nozzle Charts

ISO Color

ISO

ISO

ISO

ISO

ISO

Gallons Per Acre

GPA = 45

5940 x 0.606 GPM

4.0 MPH x 20” Nozzle Spacing

ISO

ISO

ISO

ISO Color

ISO

ISO

Calibration Formulas

Nozzle Uniformity

andand

Calibration Worksheet

Nozzle Uniformity Catch TestTo ensure a quantifiable sample size, utilize the “15/15 Rule”

15 ounces per nozzle (minimum sample size) / 15 seconds per nozzle (minimum catch time)

40 37.5 38

Turf Jet #6 40 psi(0.6 gpm @ 40 psi)

Today

(Volume Conversion) NOZZLE DECIMAL OUTPUT X 128 = ___________ OUNCES

NOZZLE CATCH TIME IN SECONDS = ___________

76.8

30

40

38.5

38

40

37.5

40

37

38

38

40

39.5

38.77

36.83 40.71

Total: 426.5 / 11 = 38.77

38.77 2,326.23,840

0.60630

20034.1 34.1

136.4 4.0

20

82.63 1.03380

44.99

Target GPA = 45Target GPA = 45-- 5% (45 x 0.95) = 42.755% (45 x 0.95) = 42.75+ 5% (45 x 1.05) = 47.25+ 5% (45 x 1.05) = 47.25

40

38.5

38

40

37.5

40

37

38

38

40

39.5

Today

Turf Jet #6 (.6gpm@40psi) 40 psi

38 77

30

76.8

38.77

36.83 40.71

38.77 2,326.23,840

0.60630

20034.1 34.1

136.4 4.00

20

82.6380

1.033

44.99

Product Applied=

Product Applied==

Target Area=

Target Area

High School Football

Target Area: 1.322 Acres (57,6002 ft)

Application Rate: 45 GPA (1.033 GPK)

Target Volume: 59.5 Gallons

Easy Method Sprayer Calibration128th Acre Test

1. Fill spray tank with clean water.2. Verify that spacing between nozzles is equal. (Record Inches)

3. Perform nozzle uniformity test.4. Measure test course. (Use formula to determine course length)

(4080 / Nozzle Spacing in Inches = Test Course in Feet)5. Drive the test course at your normal spraying speed and y p y g p

record travel time in seconds.6. Park sprayer while maintaining the same engine RPM used

to drive the test course.7. Set pressure to be used while spraying.8. Collect the output from one nozzle for the same amount

of time it took to travel the course.9. Each ounce collected equals a gallon per application rate.(Example: 52 ounces collected equals 52 GPA application rate)

Easy Method Sprayer CalibrationNozzle Spacing - Test Course Chart

Nozzle Spacing(Inches)

2018

Test CourseLength (Feet)

20422718

16141210

227255291340408

4080 / Nozzle Spacing in Inches = Test Course Length in Feet

Lawn Guns, Backpacks

and

Boomless Sprayers p y

Calibration Worksheet

(Known Area Method)

Width - Hand Gun Spray Application Distance Between Nozzle In Inches

36” 36” 36” 36” 36”36” 36” 36” 36” 36”36” 36” 36” 36” 36”

50’ ÷ 3’ =16.7 passes

16.7 passes x 40’ =

40’

50’

668 feet

182 secondsspray travel

time =2.5 mph

Target Rate1.033 GPK(45 GPA)

Today

50

40

2,000

182

????

Calibration Formulas

Gallons Per Minute1 033 GPK 2 5 MPH 36” Width

MPH0.682 x 668 Feet

182 Second

2.5 MPH

0.682 Gallons Per Minute Note: Spray Width: 36”

Gallons Per 10002 ft136.36 x 0.682 GPM2.5 MPH x 36” Width

Target: 1.033 GPK x 2.5 MPH x 36” Width136.36 (constant for GPK)

1.033 x 2 (20002 ft) x 128 = 264.4 ozs (182 seconds catch time)

1.033 Gallons Per 10002 ft

Today

50

40

2,000

182

264.4

264.4 2.065

2.065 1.0332,000

45

????

50

40

2,000

182

Today

264.4

264.4 2.065

2.065 1.0332,000

45

29lbs,36”width,2.5mph0.8 gpm Whirl-jet

50 gallon skid

Front Lawn

Proper

N l S l tiNozzle SelectionSize and Type

4 X Pressure to Double Flow Rate

4 x Pressure to Double Flow

Nozzle Chart128ozs = 1 00

Nozzle Chart40psigo go

go Flow Doubled256ozs = 2.00 X =

X

12.648

:

3.5562 = 12.6452Pressure @ nozzle 160psi

128ozs = 1.00 40psigo go

Formula represents the relationship between pressure and flow

6.324

X

12.648

1.000 gal @ 40 psi = 3.00 oz AI % increase

1.083 gal @ 50 psi = 3.25 oz AI 8.3%1.167 gal @ 60 psi = 3.50 oz AI 16.7%1.250 gal @ 70 psi = 3.75 oz AI 25.0%1.333 gal @ 80 psi = 4.00 oz AI 33.3%1.417 gal @ 90 psi = 4.25 oz AI 41.7%1 500 l @ 100 i 4 50 AI 50 0%

4 x Pressure to Double Flow (Active Ingredient)

1.500 gal @ 100 psi = 4.50 oz AI 50.0%1.583 gal @ 110 psi = 4.75 oz AI 58.3%1.667 gal @ 120 psi = 5.00 oz AI 66.7%1.750 gal @ 130 psi = 5.25 oz AI 75.0%1.833 gal @ 140 psi = 5.50 oz AI 83.3%1.917 gal @ 150 psi = 5.75 oz AI 91.7%2.000 gal @ 160 psi = 6.00 oz AI 100.0%

4 x Pressure to Double Flow (Active Ingredient)

1.000 gal @ 40 psi = 3.00 oz AI % increase

1.042 gal @ 45 psi = 3.13 oz AI 4.15%1.083 gal @ 50 psi = 3.25 oz AI 8.3%1.167 gal @ 60 psi = 3.50 oz AI 16.7%1.250 gal @ 70 psi = 3.75 oz AI 25.0%1.333 gal @ 80 psi = 4.00 oz AI 33.3%1 417 l @ 90 i 4 25 AI 41 7%1.417 gal @ 90 psi = 4.25 oz AI 41.7%1.500 gal @ 100 psi = 4.50 oz AI 50.0%1.583 gal @ 110 psi = 4.75 oz AI 58.3%1.667 gal @ 120 psi = 5.00 oz AI 66.7%1.750 gal @ 130 psi = 5.25 oz AI 75.0%1.833 gal @ 140 psi = 5.50 oz AI 83.3%1.917 gal @ 150 psi = 5.75 oz AI 91.7%2.000 gal @ 160 psi = 6.00 oz AI 100.0%

Triple Turret Assembly

Nozzle Selection

• X = 28’’

• W = 20’’

• Z = (28-20)/20*100

• Z = 40%

~ Width = ~ Height

Nozzle Overlap

80° Spray Angle = ? Percentage Overlap

w

z

x

H

Nozzle Overlap

• X = 40’’

• W = 20’’

• Z = (40-20)/20*100

• Z = 100%

110° Spray Angle = ? Percentage Overlap

~ Width = ~ Height

w

z

x

H

Air Induction Spray Nozzles

• Originally developed for Toro, specifically for turf applications

• Available in stainless steel or in polymer (through Tee Jet)

TurfJet (TTJ) - Wide Angle Flat Spray Nozzles

Pressure Range: 25psi - 75psi

• Direct replacement for Delavan Raindrop nozzles

• ¼’ NPT threaded inlet for easy and versatile installation

• Can mount at 45 or 90 degree giving greater nozzle body flexibility

Optional - from Tee Jet

Turbo TurfJet Nozzle Pattern@ 20” Boom Height

280% Overlap280% Overlap

Mode of Action

• Contact

• Systemic

• Penetrant

Nozzle Orifice Size

Cutting Droplet Size in HalfResults in Eight Times the Number of Droplets

500500

250Microns

250Microns

250Microns

250Microns ==500

Microns500

Microns250Microns

250Microns

250Microns

250Microns

250Microns

250Microns

250Microns

250Microns

250Microns

250Microns

250Microns

250Microns

==

++Fills in the gaps

Driftable Fine

Tank MixingTank Mixing

• Emulsifiable Concentrates (EC or E)• Soluble Powers (SP)• Wettable Powders (WP)• Flowables (F)• Water Dispersible Granules (WDG or WG)

Tank MixingFormulations and Mixing OrderFormulations and Mixing Order

• Water Dispersible Granules (WDG or WG)• Dusts (D), Baits (B), Granules (G), Pellets (P)• Adjuvants (read pesticide label)

When mixing multiple chemicals together, always…* Ensure chemicals are compatible (Product Label / Jar Test)

* Add multiple chemicals to tank mix in the specific sequence…1-Wettable Powders, 2-Flowables, 3-Water Solubles,

4-Adjuvants, 5-Emulsifiable Concentrates

• Read Product Label– Review formulation compatibility statements

• Jar Test– Use a 1-quart clear glass jar and add 1-pint of clear water

• add 1-1/2 teaspoons for each pound per acre recommended of the wettable powder

Pesticide Compatibility

of the wettable powder

• followed by 1 teaspoon for each quart per acre recommended of the liquid pesticide

• shake the jar and let it stand for 2-3 minutes

• if pesticides are non-compatible;– products may separate and form layers or a greasy film will

form in the mixing container

Note: In some cases a compatibility agent can be added to solve the problem

High School Football

Target Area: 1.322 Acres (57,6002 ft)

Application Rate: 45 GPA (1.033 GPK)

Target Volume: 59.5 Gallons

Today

Daconil

4 - fluid

1.033

3 8723.872

57.6 / 43.56 = 1.32 Acres 230.4 / 128 = 1.8 Gallons of Product

57.6

59.5 gal.

230.4 ozs.

50 Gallon Tank Sprayer

50 gal. x 3.872 ozs. = 193.6 ozs. of product

OR

193.6 / 128 = 1.50 gal. of product

9.5 gal. x 3.872 ozs. = 36.8 ozs. of product

OR

36.8 / 128 = 0.29 gal. of product

Today

Daconil

4 - fluid

1.033

3.872

57.6

59.5 gal.

230.4 ozs.

50gal. x 3.872 ozs. = 193.6 ozs. of product

OR

193.6 / 128 = 1.5 gal. of product

9.5 gal. x 3.872 ozs. = 36.8 ozs. of product

OR

36.8 / 128 = 0.29 gal. of product

SafetySafetySafetySafety

! WARNING !

CChemicals previously hemicals previously used in your sprayer used in your sprayer could be debilitating could be debilitating or even fatalor even fatalor even fatalor even fatal

Don’t take chances!Know what was last used and dress accordingly!

Pesticide Pesticide ExposureExposure

PERSONAL HEALTH AND SAFETYROUTES OF PESTICIDE EXPOSURE

• Convulsions

H d h

• Pinpoint Pupils

Bl d Vi i

Symptoms of Pesticide Poisoning

Acute ToxicityAcute Toxicity

• Headache

• Dizziness

• Sweating

• Rashes

• Blisters

• Blurred Vision

• Salivation

• Rapid Heartbeat

• Vomiting

• Muscle Weakness

Symptoms of Pesticide Poisoning

Chronic ToxicityChronic Toxicity

• Small doses over a long period of time:– Lack of Personal Safety TrainingLack of Personal Safety Training– Inadequate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

• Long-term Effects:– Birth Defects– Tumors– Blood Disorders– Nerve Disorders

Specimen LabelsLabels

(Pesticide Labels)

Personal Protective Equipment Handling Concentrates

Properly Filling Spray Tanks

A water supply hose should never be placed directly into the spray tank when

i i d l di h i l W tmixing and loading chemicals. Water supply contamination may result in the event that back siphoning should occur.

Anti-Siphon Tank Fill

Anti-Siphon Tank Fill

MSDS(Material Safety Data Sheet)

The Three “C’s”

• Control The Spill

C t i Th S ill• Contain The Spill

• Cleanup The Spill

Today

Insecticide (EC)

Toxic to fish & wildlife. Apply ½” of waterwhen application is complete. Do NOT allow puddling or runoff. Do Not store near heat or open flame.

May be fatal if swallowed, inhaled or absorbed through skin. Do NOT breath vapors and avoid contact with eyes. If swallowed do NOT induce vomiting. If inhaled, get fresh air. Flush eyes with water. Wash skin with soap & water.

“WARNING” Statement

50 - 500

200 - 2,000

May be fatal if swallowed, inhaled or absorbed through skin.

Moderately Toxic (Rat = 0.8875 mg/l air - 4 hour)

May be fatal if swallowed, inhaled or absorbed through skin.

Wash with plenty of soap and water. Get medical attention.

Flush immediately with plenty of water. Get medical attention if irritation persists.

Remove victim to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. Get medical attention.

Call physician or Poison Control Center immediately. Do NOT induce vomiting unless instructed.

Approved goggles or face shield for cleaning, mixing and loading.

Long sleeved shirt and long pants. Shoes, plus socks. Gloves and apron whencleaning, mixing and loading.

Dust / mist filtering respirator (MSHA/NIOSH approval # prefix TC-21C)

Triple rinse container, puncture and dispose of in a sanitary land fill, incinerate or burn. If a spill occurs, use absorbent material and properly discard. Do NOT store in or around the home. Do NOT store below 0° F.Follow PPE manufacturer’s washing instructions. Keep and wash PPE separately from other laundry.

CleanupCleanupC ea upC ea up

Triple Rinse

• Containers

• Spray Tanks

Why Triple Rinse?

Dilution RatioDilution Ratio• First Rinse = 1:50

• Second Rinse = 1:250

• Third Rinse = 1:125,000

Always fill container or spray tank to one third capacity per rinse.

TRIPLETRIPLE--RINSERINSENEUTRALIZEDNEUTRALIZEDAccording to the recommendations

of the chemical manufacturer(s)

and…

Always!!!Always!!!

Clean the OUTSIDE of the Sprayer to prevent erosion

caused by chemical residue!

Questions

Questions

Questions

Questions

Thank You!Thank You!

Jim Nedin Consulting Services

Documents

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