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2334 Broadway, Suite B, Boulder, Co. 80304 www.homerenergy.com 1-720-565-4046
Powering rural energy services
Nathan Johnson
ETHOS January 25-27, 2013
Optimizing clean power everywhere
Village energy supply and use
Johnson NG, Bryden KM. 2012. Energy supply and use in a rural West African village. Energy. 43(1):283–92. [email protected]
Basic rural energy services
Wood (94%) • Cooked meals • Hot water • Warmth
Electricity (<1%) • Clean water • Lighting • Power for small
electronics
• Three-quarters of village energy on cookstoves
• 65% meals, 27% hot water, ...
• 65% of daily time spent on the energy-culinary chain
• $100/fam/yr on lighting/power
• 65% disposable batteries, 21,000/yr
• Primary stated need
Cookstove ownership Number'of'cookstoves''
(%'of'total'cooks)'Ownership'group'ID'
Number'of'cooks'
Cookstove'ownershipa'
TSF' GK' LTC' HCM' MM'
1'cookstove'(52.0%)'1A' 63' X' ' ' ' '
1B' 1' ' X' ' ' '
2'cookstoves'(35.8%)'
2A' 29' X' ' X' ' '
2B' 6' X' ' ' X' '2C' 5' X' X' ' ' '
2D' 3' X' ' ' ' X'2E' 1' ' X' X' ' '
3'cookstoves'(8.1%)'
3A' 5' X' X' X' ' '3B' 3' X' X' ' ' X'
3C' 1' X' ' X' X' '3D' 1' X' ' X' ' X'
4'cookstoves'(2.4%)' 4A' 3' X' X' X' X' '5'cookstoves'(1.6%)' 5A' 2' X' X' X' X' X'
Total'cooks'(%'of'total'cooks)' ' 123'
(100%)'121'
(98.4%)'20'
(16.3%)'42'
(34.1%)'12'
(9.8%)'9'
(7.3%)'aThreeUstone'fire'(TSF),'gakourouwana'(GK),'low'thermal'capacity'(LTC),'handUcrafted'metal'(HCM),'manufactured'metal'(MM).'
Johnson NG, Bryden KM. 2012. Factors affecLng fuelwood consumpLon in household cookstoves in an isolated rural West African village. Energy. 46(1):310–21.
Cookstove use (for cooking meals)
Meal%Fraction%of%all%meals%prepared%
Fraction%of%meals%prepared%on%cookstovea%
TSF% GK% LTC% HCM% MM%
Breakfast%porridge%(thin)% 0.1786% 0.0778% 0.9222% 0.0000% 0.0000% 0.0000%Breakfast%porridge%(thick)% 0.1548% 0.0897% 0.9103% 0.0000% 0.0000% 0.0000%Lunch%or%dinner%porridge%(thin)%with%sauce% 0.3711% 0.0734% 0.9266% 0.0000% 0.0000% 0.0000%Lunch%or%dinner%porridge%(thick)%with%sauce% 0.2154% 0.0904% 0.9096% 0.0000% 0.0000% 0.0000%Rice% 0.0159% 0.5000% 0.5000% 0.0000% 0.0000% 0.0000%Couscous% 0.0529% 0.0000% 1.0000% 0.0000% 0.0000% 0.0000%
Porridgeb%0.0113%
0.0000% 1.0000% 0.0000% 0.0000% 0.0000%Sauceb% 0.0000% 0.0000% 1.0000% 0.0000% 0.0000%
aThreePstone%fire%(TSF),%gakourouwana%(GK),%low%thermal%capacity%(LTC),%handPcrafted%metal%(HCM),%manufactured%metal%(MM).%aIndicates%porridge%and%sauce%meals%that%are%prepared%on%two%different%types%of%cookstoves.%%
Johnson NG, Bryden KM. 2012. Factors affecLng fuelwood consumpLon in household cookstoves in an isolated rural West African village. Energy. 46(1):310–21.
Group 3A, previous slide
all 13 groups, all cooking tasks
Rural energy in 10 years
Computational modeling for conceptual design
Energy sources Power system components
Op2mal system for each power system configura2on
Loads (energy uses)
Energy balance Simula2on Op2miza2on Sensi2vity analysis
Categorizing power systems
10 W – 1 kW 1 kW – 100 kW 100 kW – 100 MW
Solar PV
Battery (multiple)
Solar PV
Battery (multiple)
Wind (DC)
Generator (diesel)
Grid?
Solar PV
Battery (flow)
Wind (AC)
Generator (NG)
Grid
CHP
CSP
DC AC/DC AC thermal
Hydro Geothermal …
Rural domestic lighting
10 W – 1 kW 1 kW – 100 kW 100 kW – 100 MW
Domestic lighting load
Hour%of%Day!Families%utilizing%light!
Total%load%(W)!
7:00pm&–&8:00pm& 50& 500&
8:00pm&–&9:00pm& 100& 1000&
9:00pm&–&10:00pm& 100& 1000&
10:00pm&–&11:00pm& 75& 750&
11:00pm&–&12:00am& 50& 500&&
average load 100 families, 10W per family
randomization
Off-grid lighting architectures
• Centralized village micro-grid
• Battery charging station
• Solar home system
Lighting…
System Architecture
PV Cap. (kW)
Battery Cap. (kWh)
Initial cost (US$)
Operating Cost
(US$/yr)
Net Present Cost (US$)
LCOE ($/kWh)
Excess Energy (kWh/yr)
PV-‐battery 1.3 22 $10,820 $470 $16,832 $0.962 539
PV-‐generator-‐battery 1.2 16 $10,240 $507 $16,719 $0.956 403
Generator 0.0 0 $1,000 $2,111 $27,984 $1.599 89
System Architecture
PV Cap. (kW)
Battery Cap. (kWh)
Initial cost (US$)
Operating Cost
(US$/yr)
Net Present Cost (US$)
LCOE ($/kWh)
Excess Energy (kWh/yr)
PV-‐battery 1.1 8 $7,660 $245 $10,795 $0.618 436
… from a centralized village micro-grid
… from a battery charging station
Power use of common domestic appliances
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
LED (1W)
Cell phone charger
Flourescent lamp (10W)
Table fan
Stereo
Laptop computer
Incandescent lamp (60W)
Box fan
Television (tube)
Clothes washer
Refrigerator (small)
Rice cooker
Hand iron
Air conditioner (room)
Hot plate
Well pump
Hot water heater
Kettle
Power use (W) SHL BC CMG
Powering Health
10 W – 1 kW 1 kW – 100 kW 100 kW – 100 MW
tools.poweringhealth.org
Powering a community, city
10 W – 1 kW 1 kW – 100 kW 100 kW – 100 MW
Hour of day
Load (kW)
Natural gas ($/m3)
Wind speed (m/s)
