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Optimization of application of nitrogen fertilizersto increase the yield and improve the quality ofChinese cabbage headsGediminas Staugaitis a , Pranas Viškelis b & Petras Rimantas Venskutonis ca Soil Science and Agrochemistry Department , Lithuanian University of Agriculture ,Kaunas, Lithuaniab Laboratory of Biochemistry and Technology , Lithuanian Institute of Horticulture ,Babtai, Lithuaniac Department of Food Technology , Kaunas University of Technology , Kaunas, LithuaniaPublished online: 13 Dec 2007.

To cite this article: Gediminas Staugaitis , Pranas Viškelis & Petras Rimantas Venskutonis (2008) Optimization ofapplication of nitrogen fertilizers to increase the yield and improve the quality of Chinese cabbage heads, ActaAgriculturae Scandinavica, Section B — Soil & Plant Science, 58:2, 176-181, DOI: 10.1080/09064710701467118

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Optimization of application of nitrogen fertilizers to increase theyield and improve the quality of Chinese cabbage heads

GEDIMINAS STAUGAITIS1, PRANAS VISKELIS2 &

PETRAS RIMANTAS VENSKUTONIS3

1Soil Science and Agrochemistry Department, Lithuanian University of Agriculture, Kaunas, 2Laboratory of Biochemistry

and Technology, Lithuanian Institute of Horticulture, Babtai, and 3Department of Food Technology, Kaunas University of

Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania

AbstractThe study investigates the effects of nitrogen fertilizers on the characteristics of the autumn crop of Chinese cabbage. Therates applied varied from 0 to 225 kg ha�1 (N0, N45, N90, N135, N180, N225); the supply of phosphorus and potassiumfertilizers was similar in the all trials, 90 and 150 kg ha�1, respectively. It was found that the optimum nitrogen fertilizationrate for the autumn crop of Chinese cabbage was N135. In the case of lower nitrogen rates the yield decreased and thecabbage heads were smaller. Further increase in fertilizer rate (�N135) resulted in a higher percentage of non-standardcabbage heads, while the yield remained almost unchanged compared with N135. The total plant mass of cabbage cropfertilized with N135 was 76 t ha�1; plant residues constituted 33 t ha�1 (43% of the total mass). The yield of market qualitycabbage heads was 30 t ha�1 (70% of all the heads produced); the rest of heads were loose, not formed or rot-infected. Theoptimal amount of total mineral nitrogen (the sum of nitrogen present in the 0�60 cm soil layer and the nitrogen suppliedwith fertilizers) before planting was 260 kg ha�1. When nitrogen rates were higher than N180 the quality of cabbage heads interms of the content of vitamin C, nitrates, soluble solids, total solids and sugars decreased.

Keywords: Ascorbic acid, Brassica pekinensis Rupr., chemical composition, nitrates, solids, sugars.

Introduction

Chinese cabbage is a fast-growing vegetable crop with

a comparatively short vegetation period that, depend-

ing on the variety and growing conditions, lasts

approximately 50�80 days (Fritz, 1989). Within this

time-span the uptake of nutrients from soil is very

fast; consequently, the nutrients should be available

in forms that can be easily assimilated by the plants

(Gysi, 1988; Fritz, 1989; Staugaitis & Starkute,

1999). Chinese cabbage crop is particularly demand-

ing for nitrogen fertilizers (Obreza & Vavrina, 1992;

Obreza & Vavrina, 1993); however, the fertilizer rates

should be carefully selected, otherwise either the

shortage or the excess of nitrogen can result in inferior

product quality (Bergman, 1986; Guttormsen,

1996). Insufficient supply of nitrogen results in lower

yields and smaller vegetable heads, while excess of

this mineral nutrient leads to a high concentration of

nitrates in the heads, lower amount of total solids and

consequently shorter shelf-life (Venter, 1983; Krax-

ner, 1988; Hioki et al., 1996; Magnusson, 2002;

Wang & Li, 2004).

Previously published reports indicate varying re-

commendations for the levels of nitrogen fertilizers

for Chinese cabbage, ranging from 100 to 240 kg

ha�1 (Fritz, 1989; Jeurissen, 1991; Vavrina &

Oberza, 1992; Obreza & Vavrina, 1993; Gysi, 1995;

Guttormsen, 1996). Some authors concluded that

there is a linear relationship between nitrogen supply

and crop yield (Chen et al. 2004). Fritz (1989)

indicated that 25 kg of nitrogen are required to

produce 10 t yield; Baumgarten et al. (2001), and

Gysi (1995) recommend to apply 180 kg ha-1 of

nitrogen to obtain 60 t ha�1 of Chinese cabbage. In

fertilization practice it is important to assess the

amount of nutrients left in the field in the form of

Correspondence: P. Rimantas Venskutonis, Department of Food Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu pl. 19, LT-50015 Kaunas,

Lithuania. Tel: �370 37 300188. Fax: �37 37 456647. E-mail: rimas.venskutonis@ktu.lt

Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Section B � Soil and Plant Science, 2008; 58: 176�181

(Received 26 July 2005; accepted 15 May 2006)

ISSN 0906-4710 print/ISSN 1651-1913 online # 2008 Taylor & Francis

DOI: 10.1080/09064710701467118

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plant residues as well as the nutrients accumulated by

the crop. The former data are rather scarce; however,

some authors indicate that the amount of N left in the

field in the form of plant residues constitutes 40 kg

ha�1 (Gysi, 1995) or even 90�100 kg ha�1 for 40�50

t ha�1 plant residues which decompose in the

field under favourable conditions during six weeks

(Lorenz et al., 1989; Feller et al., 2001).

Selection of nitrogen fertilizer levels should take

into account season, variety, its earliness and pro-

ductivity, the amount of nitrogen in the soil, and

local climatic conditions (Runham, 1990; Kleinhenz

et al., 1998; Staugaitis & Starkute, 1999). It was

reported that the total sum of nitrogen including

mineral nitrogen present in the 0�60 cm soil layer

and the nitrogen applied with fertilizers should

amount to 210�220 kg ha�1 (Gysi, 1988; Baumgar-

ten et al., 2001), or 250 kg ha�1 (Lorenz et al.,

1989).

Cultivation practices of Chinese cabbage in most

European regions and some other countries have

been developed only over 10�20 years, and various

aspects of mineral nutrition of this crop until now

have not been properly addressed. Knowledge in

South-east Asia varies from country to country due

to different climatic conditions (Kleinhenz et al.,

1996; Chen et al., 2004). Therefore, further studies

of mineral nutrition of Chinese cabbage focusing on

the optimization of crop yield and product quality

are of scientific interest and commercial importance.

Our study aimed at determining the optimal dose

of nitrogen fertilizers to increase yield and to

improve quality of the autumn crop of Chinese

cabbage. The following characteristics were deter-

mined: average weight, amount of solids, concentra-

tion of vitamin C, sugars, and nitrates. In addition,

the amount of plant residues left in the soil by the

crop was calculated.

Materials and methods

Vegetable growing

The experiments were carried out in a field of the

Lithuanian Institute of Horticulture, Lithuania.

Planting density of Chinese cabbage (Brassica peki-

nensis Rupr.) hybrid Manoko F1 was 40�40 cm. The

crop was treated with phosphorus and potassium

fertilizers at a rate of 90 and 150 kg ha�1,

respectively (P90K150); the amount of nitrogen

fertilizers in the forms of ammonium nitrate, super-

phosphate and potassium sulphate varied from 0 to

225 kg ha�1 (N0, N45, N90, N135, N180, N225).

Pesticides were not used during the experiment.

The total and accounting area of the experimental

sector was 5.76 m2 (2.4�2.4 m). The protection

bands, 0.5 m width, were left to prevent the

influence of fertilizers from the neighbouring sectors.

Four replicate experimental sectors were prepared

for every treatment. The experimental field was

arranged using a randomized scheme of layout.

The planting dates were 26 July in 2000, 24 July in

2001, and 15 July in 2002; the harvest dates were

18 October in 2000, 20 September in 2001, and

11 October in 2002. In 2002, due to the drought,

some of the plants did not develop heads and their

yield was not measured; however, plant samples

were collected for biometric measurements and

analyses.

Soil characterization

The soil in the experimental field was Epicalcari-

Endohypogleyic Cambisol, and the texture was

loamy sand on light loam. The characteristics of

the plough horizon were as follows: pHKCl 6.9�7.2,

mobile phosphorus 441�473 mg kg�1, mobile

potassium 157�203 mg kg�1, organic carbon 1.14�1.37%. The amount of mineral nitrogen in the 0�60

cm layer of soil before planting was 98 kg ha�1 in

2000, 157 kg ha�1 in 2001 and 115 kg ha�1 in

2002.

Climatic conditions

Climatic conditions were rather different during the

three years of field trials. The average day-and-night

temperature in August and September in 2000 was,

respectively, 16.1 and 10.68C; in 2001, 17.9 and

12.28C; in 2002, 20.4 and 12.88C. The monthly

precipitation in August and September in 2000 was,

respectively, 53.5 and 15.0 mm; in 2001, 55.0 and

75.3 mm; in 2002, 13.8 and 42.3 mm. It should be

noted that in 2000 the air temperature and the

precipitation were favourable for the growth of

Chinese cabbage both after planting and during the

formation of vegetable heads. In 2001 the air

temperature was higher in August and the first part

of September, therefore the crop was growing faster

and the yield was harvested 30 days earlier than

usual. In 2002 the air temperature in August was

very high for the Lithuanian climatic zone; however,

there was a severe shortage of rain that resulted in

discontinuation of the crop growth; consequently, at

the end of September, when the air temperature

decreased, some of the plants were unable to make

heads in time.

Crop characteristics

The yield of standard and non-standard heads (UN/

ECE standard FFV-44 concerning the marketing and

Nitrogen fertilization of Chinese cabbage 177

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commercial quality control of Chinese cabbage) and

the total mass of plants were measured by weighing;

the average weight of a cabbage head was calculated

as a mean of the weights of eight heads. The statistical

significance of the head yield data was calculated

using the method of dispersion analysis. The arith-

metic means and the root-mean-square deviation

were calculated for the evaluation of the data of plant

measurements. Total solids were determined by

drying at 1058C to a constant weight (Air Oven

Method) (FAO, 1986). Soluble solids were deter-

mined on the digital refractometer PR-32 (Atago

Co., Japan) (AOAC, 1990). Ascorbic acid (vitamin

C) was determined by a titrimetric method using 2,6-

dichlorophenol-indophenol, which was purchased

from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany) (AOAC,

1990). Sucrose was determined by measuring redu-

cing sugars before and after inversion; reducing

sugars were determined by the inversion method

(AOAC, 1990). Nitrates were determined on a

potentiometer pH-150 with an ion selective electrode

EM-020604 (NPO Izmeritelnaja Technika, Russia).

All analyses were replicated four times. Data were

statistically handled by one-way analysis of variance

(ANOVA, vers. 2.2, 1999). Fisher’s test was applied

for the calculation of the least significant difference

(LSD.05) among the fertilization treatments.

Results

The results obtained during two years of the experi-

ments (Table I) showed that the Chinese cabbage

crop produced a substantial plant mass � from

50 t ha�1 in the squares that were not fertilized

with nitrogen to 76 t ha�1 in the squares fertilized

with N135 and N225 rates. The heads constituted 40�50% of the total plant mass. The largest share of

heads meeting commercial requirements (market

quality heads) was produced in squares fertilized

with the N135 rate (Table II, Figure 1). The higher

rates of nitrogen fertilizers did not increase the share

of market quality heads; the highest level was 70% of

the total harvested heads (Table III). The share of

market quality heads produced on the squares

fertilized with lower rates of nitrogen was smaller;

some heads were not fully formed, soft and unsui-

table for sale. Inferior quality of cabbage heads

results both from the case of shortage of nitrogen

(usually soft heads develop) and of its excess (a great

number of heads are damaged by rot). For instance,

the highest share of rotten heads was produced in the

squares fertilized with N180 and N225 rates.

The highest nitrogen fertilization rates resulted in

the formation of the heaviest cabbage heads; at N225

the average head was 739963 g, while the average

weight of control heads (no nitrogen fertilizers) was

4879188 g.

Nitrogen fertilization had a larger influence on the

yield of heads than on the amount of plant residues,

i.e., the outer leaves, which remain in the field after

harvest. This can be explained by the peculiarities of

the vegetation process; the plants were producing

lush foliage at the beginning of the growing season,

while later all the activity was directed toward head

Table II. The influence of nitrogen fertilizers on the total and market quality head yield of the Chinese cabbage crop.

Total yield of heads, t ha�1 Market quality heads, t ha�1

Nitrogen rates 2000 2001 2000�2001 (average) 2000 2001 2000�2001 (average)

N0 21.5 28.2 24.9 12.3 10.8 11.5

N45 35.0 35.0 35.0 26.3 14.3 20.3

N90 41.3 38.5 39.9 33.2 14.5 23.8

N135 46.8 41.2 44.0 39.8 22.3 31.1

N180 43.4 41.5 42.4 37.6 20.7 29.2

N225 45.0 43.5 44.2 39.4 26.5 32.9

LSD.05 8.50 8.04 7.68 5.79 6.31 4.94

Table I. The influence of nitrogen fertilizers on the plant mass of Chinese cabbage crop and the amount of plant residues left in the soil.

Total plant mass, t ha�1 Plant residues, t ha�1

Nitrogen rates 2000 2001 2000�2001 (average) 2000 2001 2000�2001 (average)

N0 47.7 51.7 49.7 26.2 23.5 24.8

N45 62.8 64.4 63.7 27.8 29.4 28.6

N90 71.5 70.3 70.9 30.2 31.7 30.9

N135 78.8 74.4 76.6 31.9 33.3 32.6

N180 73.2 74.1 73.6 29.8 32.6 31.2

N225 75.2 77.3 76.3 30.3 33.8 32.0

LSD.05 9.47 12.7 8.09 4.74 6.42 3.53

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formation. Consequently, the lack of nitrogen was

most important only during head formation, while

during the leaf-growing period the amount of this

nutrient was sufficient at all applied fertilizer levels.

At the optimal nitrogen fertilization dose N135, the

cabbage crop produced 32.6 t ha�1 of plant residues

that can be considered as a good source of ‘green

fertilizers’ destined to be ploughed into the soil.

The effect of nitrogen fertilizer levels on the yield

of the Chinese cabbage crop was similar in 2000

and 2001; the optimum rate was N135. The total

optimal nitrogen amount (the sum of mineral

nitrogen in the 0�60 cm soil layer before planting

and nitrogen supplied with fertilizers) for both years

was 260 kg ha�1. Based on these results, it is

possible to adjust the nitrogen fertilization rate for

Chinese cabbage taking into account the amount of

mineral nitrogen present in the soil.

Nitrogen fertilizers influenced the composition of

Chinese cabbage heads (Table IV). The amount of

total solids and soluble solids gradually decreased

with increasing nitrogen fertilizer levels; the lowest

amount of solids was determined when the highest

nitrogen dose N225 was applied. Data obtained

during two years of trials show that the heads of

cabbage crop fertilized with N225 contained 1.1%

less solids than the heads with N0. The lowest

amount of vitamin C was also found in the heads

of the variant fertilized with the highest rate of

nitrogen. Nitrogen fertilizers increased the amounts

of nitrates in the heads. On average for two years of

trials, there was 187 mg kg�1 of vitamin C in the

heads of the variant not fertilized with nitrogen, and

134 mg kg�1 in the heads of the variant fertilized

with N225. At the same time, the level of nitrates was

978 mg kg�1 and 1247 mg kg�1, respectively.

Inverted sugars were dominant in the heads, repre-

senting 60�70% of the total amount of sugars. Plants

not fertilized with nitrogen and fertilized with the

highest rate N225 had less inverted sugars and

sucrose than the plants fertilized with the N135 and

N180 levels. The chemical composition of heads was

inferior when the nitrogen fertilization rates were

higher then N180.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

0 45 90 135 180 225

Nitrogen rates, kg ha–1

Plant mass

Total head yield

Standart head yield

2000 2001

LSD05=9.47 (2000), 12.7 (2001)

LSD05=8.50 (2000), 8.04 (2001)

LSD05=5.79 (2000), 6.31 (2001)

Yield, t ha–1

Figure 1. Dependence of the Chinese cabbage crop plant mass and the yield of heads on the rate of nitrogen fertilization.

Table III. The influence of nitrogen fertilizers on the average head mass and the share of heads in the total plant mass of the Chinese

cabbage crop.

Nitrogen

rates

Average mass of

the head, g

Share of heads in the

total plant mass, %

Share of the market quality

heads in the total plant

mass, %

Share of the market quality

heads in the total mass of

heads, %

Share of plant

residues in the total

plant mass, %

N0 4879188 50.1 23.2 46.2 49.9

N45 619985 55.0 31.9 58.0 45.0

N90 638997 56.3 33.6 59.7 43.7

N135 694991 57.4 40.6 70.6 42.6

N180 699996 57.6 39.6 68.7 42.4

N225 739963 58.0 43.2 74.5 42.0

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Discussion

Chinese cabbage is a popular crop in the countries of

South-east Asia; it has become popular also in

Western European countries for the last two dec-

ades. It is a tricky crop for northern European

climatic conditions, since many varieties are prone

to bolting. The agronomic practices used under

different climatic conditions are not always applic-

able to the specific conditions characteristic of

Lithuania and probably to other neighbouring coun-

tries; this is also true in terms of fertilization rates.

Experimental results of the present study con-

firmed that Chinese cabbage is very demanding for

nitrogen. For instance, when nitrogen fertilization

rates that are sufficient for leafy lettuces were applied

for Chinese cabbage, the latter crop produced small

heads and the yield was remarkably lower. On the

other hand, an excess of nitrogen fertilizers results in

lower quality heads; they accumulate lower amounts

of vitamin C, solids and sugars, while the concentra-

tion of nitrates considerably increases. Part of the

unconsumed nitrogen is leached out in the autumn,

since there is no possibility to sow another crop after

the Chinese cabbage. The crop is a vigorous grower,

producing plant mass up to 80 t ha�1, 30 t ha�1 of

which is left in the field as plant residues. According

to the results of the trials, N135 should be accepted in

Lithuania as the optimum rate for Chinese cabbage;

however, it should be taken into account that in our

trials the soil horizon of the 0�60 cm layer contained

substantial amounts of mineral nitrogen, i.e., 98�157

kg ha�1. Therefore, it is very likely that the final

fertilization rates should be adjusted according to the

results of soil agrochemical analyses. In our trials the

sum of mineral nitrogen in the 0�60 cm soil layer and

the nitrogen from fertilizers (Nmin�Nfertilizers) was

260 kg ha�1. Consequently, in cases where the

amount of mineral nitrogen in the soil is low, the

nitrogen fertilization rate could be increased up to

200�220 kg ha�1. In general, lower amounts of

mineral nitrogen in soil are characteristic in spring

compared to summer. Therefore, further experi-

mental work should be focused at establishing the

possible effects of nitrogen fertilization rates applied

in the spring and summer periods.

Trials showed that the optimum nitrogen ferti-

lization rate for autumn crop of Chinese cabbage is

N135: the plant mass at this rate was 76 t ha�1,

including 33 t ha�1 of plant residues amounting to

43% of the total plant mass. The market quality

cabbage yield was 30 t ha�1, amounting to 70% of

all the heads produced. It was determined that the

sum of the mineral nitrogen present in the 0�60 cm

layer of the soil and the nitrogen from fertilizer

(Nmin�Nfertilizers) before planting should constitute

260 kg ha�1.

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Nitrogen rates Total solids, % Soluble solids, %

Vitamin C,

mg kg�1

Nitrates,

mg kg�1

Inverted

sugars, % Sucrose, %

Total amount of

sugars, %

N0 6.7c 4.0c 187c 978a 1.18ab 0.37ab 1.55ab

N45 6.2abc 3.9bc 179bc 1032abc 1.20ab 0.37ab 1.56ab

N90 5.9abc 3.9bc 173abc 1117abc 1.16ab 0.52ab 1.68ab

N135 5.8a 3.8abc 157abc 1103abc 1.59b 0.47ab 2.06ab

N180 5.7a 3.9bc 160abc 1126abc 1.47ab 0.70b 2.17b

N225 5.6a 3.6a 134a 1247c 1.27ab 0.58ab 1.84ab

The numbers in the columns with different superscript characters are statistically different (pB0.05).

180 G. Staugaitis et al.

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27 1

6 N

ovem

ber

2014