Optimal feeding of sows before and after farrowingvet-team.dk/CustomerData/Files/Folders/9-kurser/1462...Sow nutrition th Peter Kappel Theil Senior Scientist, AU, DK Nov 15 , 2016

Sow nutrition Peter Kappel Theil

Senior Scientist, AU, DK

Nov 15th, 2016

AARHUS

UNIVERSITY

Optimal feeding of sows before and after farrowing

Peter Kappel Theil Senior scientist

Department of Animal Science Aarhus University

Nov, 15th, 2016



Nov 15th, 2016

AARHUS

UNIVERSITY

Introduction

Genetic selection has

increased the litter size

Colostrum and milk yield …but piglet intake

Demand for nutrients

Importance of feeding

- otherwise reproduction

- and sow longevity



Nov 15th, 2016

AARHUS

UNIVERSITY

Agenda:

How should we feed sows to

1) Decrease the number of stillborn piglets?

2) Increase colostrum production (to increase survival and

growth)?

3) Improve the milk yield of the sow?



Nov 15th, 2016

AARHUS

UNIVERSITY

Number of stillborn piglets – does nutrition play a role?

Farrowing time < ------> number of stillborn piglets

Theil (2015)

Number of stillborn piglets

Fa

rro

win

g t

ime

, h



Nov 15th, 2016

AARHUS

UNIVERSITY

Energy uptake from the GI-tract

Starch (~50%)

Uptake from

stomach and

small intestine

0-5 hours after

feeding



Nov 15th, 2016

AARHUS

UNIVERSITY

Overskrift én linje

Bold eller Regular

Fibre (8%)

Uptake from

caecum and

colon

4-24 hours

after feeding

Energy uptake from the GI-tract



Nov 15th, 2016

AARHUS

UNIVERSITY


Bold eller Regular

Fibre (8%)

Uptake from

caecum and

colon

4-24 hours

after feeding

Energy uptake from the GI tract



Nov 15th, 2016

AARHUS

UNIVERSITY

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1 8 15 22 29 36

Day relative to parturition

Fiber intake, g/day

-7 0 7 14 21 28

Farrowing

In Denmark it is recommended to reduce feeding level prepartum



Nov 15th, 2016

AARHUS

UNIVERSITY

Feed supplement – approx. 50% fibre rich ingredients (sugar beet

pulp/soy hulls/sunflower meal) – replaces partly standard sow

feed

Supply of the supplement day 102-108 (350 g/day)

Supply of the supplement day 109 -> parturition (700 g/day)

Two-component feeding using a spotmix feeding system (automatic dosage and delivery in individual pens)

Idea: ensure a ”rather constant” ( 500 g) supply of fibre

to the colon

New sow experiment :

Fibre fed to late gestating sows



Nov 15th, 2016

AARHUS

UNIVERSITY


Bold eller Regular

Control Experimental P-val

Groups (weeks) 32 32

Number of sows 298 322

Total born per litter 18.4 18.1 0.38

Dead born per litter, % 8.7 6.6 <0.001

Mortality, birth - weaning, % 14.6 13.7 0.21

Total mortality, % 22.3 19.9 0.004

Medication, % of sows 6.4 5.3 0.66

(Bruun et al., 2015)



Nov 15th, 2016

AARHUS

UNIVERSITY

Agenda:




growth)?




Nov 15th, 2016

AARHUS

UNIVERSITY

Impact of colostrum on piglet survival

Quesnel et al., (2012)



Nov 15th, 2016

AARHUS

UNIVERSITY

Colostrum and survival

What is most important during the first few critical days?

1. High colostrum intake (each piglet)

2. High colostrum yield (increases probability of sufficient

intake for all littermates)

3. Colostrum quality (Composition, contents of immunoglobulins and growth factors)



Nov 15th, 2016

AARHUS

UNIVERSITY


Bold eller Regular

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60

Sow number

Colostrum (g/piglet) (Data: 60 farrowings from 3 exp)



Nov 15th, 2016

AARHUS

UNIVERSITY


Bold eller Regular

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60

Sow number

Colostrum (g/piglet)

19 % of piglets ingest less than 250 g

(Data: 60 farrowings from 3 exp)



Nov 15th, 2016

AARHUS

UNIVERSITY


Bold eller Regular

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60

Sow number


Low feed intake

pre partum Large litter size

(>26)

Low mean birth weight

(average < 900 g)




Nov 15th, 2016

AARHUS

UNIVERSITY


Bold eller Regular

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60

Sow number


Scenario:

Sow yield increases 20 %

using better feed Below 250 gram:19 12 %




Nov 15th, 2016

AARHUS

UNIVERSITY

New model estimates colostrum yield ~50% higher than

previously believed!

Theil et al, 2014

Devillers et al, 2004

Colostrum intake (D2O dilution)

Co

lstr

um

in

tak

e (

g/

pig

let)



Nov 15th, 2016

AARHUS

UNIVERSITY

Colostrum yield is not comparable among experiments, but

Piglet weight gain is comparable among experiments.

I have calculated a normal range based on the 10 nutritional

experiments (Quesnel-lab, Janssen-lab, Theil-lab)

Normal range for piglet weight gain during colostrum period in

10 trials: 95 ± 5 g/piglet (Normal range 80 – 110)

Below 80 g/piglet Above110 g/piglet



Nov 15th, 2016

AARHUS

UNIVERSITY

Can we improve

colostrum production

by nutritional means?



Nov 15th, 2016

AARHUS

UNIVERSITY

Should fiber in the diets be higher – and when? (Theil et al., 2014)

weight gain (g/piglet)

33% suger beet pulp Mating- > d 108 135

21% pectin residue Mating-> d 108 131

46% potato pulp Mating-> d 108 71

Standard gest diet (17%) Mating-> d 108 96

(Krogh et al., 2015)

12% suger beet pulp d 105 -> parturition 101

17% alfalfa d 105 -> parturition 90

Standard lact diet (15%) d 105 -> parturition 85

(Loisel et al., 2013)

SBP, Sunflow, soy (23%DF) d 106 -> parturition 76

Low fiber (13% DF) d 106 -> parturition 85



Nov 15th, 2016

AARHUS

UNIVERSITY

Fiber in feed – benefit for the smallest piglets?

Piglets with low birth weight (< 900 g)

SBP, Sunflower, Soybean meal (23%DF) : 38 g/piglet

Low fiber control (13% DF) -14 g/piglet

(Weight gain calculated from colostrum intake)

Colostrum intake was NOT affected

by dietary fiber content/source in

our study





Nov 15th, 2016

AARHUS

UNIVERSITY

Should fiber in the diets be higher – and when? (Theil et al., 2014)


33% suger beet pulp Mating- > d 108 135

21% pectin residue Mating-> d 108 131

46% potato pulp Mating-> d 108 71

Standard gest diet (17%) Mating-> d 108 96


12% suger beet pulp d 105 -> parturition 101

17% alfalfa d 105 -> parturition 90

Standard lact diet (15%) d 105 -> parturition 85


SBP, Sunflow, soy (23%DF) d 106 -> parturition 76

Low fiber (13% DF) d 106 -> parturition 85



Nov 15th, 2016

AARHUS

UNIVERSITY

Can dietary fat improve colostrum yield? (Theil et al., 2014)


8% Sunflower oil d 108 -> parturition 138

8% Coconut oil d 108 -> parturition 121

4+4% Octanoat/fish oil d 108 -> parturition 117

8% Fish oil d 108 -> parturition 81

Standard lact diet (- add) d 108 -> parturition 83

(Krogh et al., 2015) 3% PFAD d 105 -> parturition 86

3% Soya oil d 105 -> parturition 86

3% Tri-octanoate d 105 -> parturition 103

(Krogh et al., 2012) 1.3% CLA d 108 -> parturition 58

Standard lact diet d 108 -> parturition 97



Nov 15th, 2016

AARHUS

UNIVERSITY

Can dietary fat improve colostrum yield? (Theil et al., 2014)


8% Sunflower oil d 108 -> parturition 138

8% Coconut oil d 108 -> parturition 121

4+4% Octanoat/fish oil d 108 -> parturition 117

8% Fish oil d 108 -> parturition 81

Standard lact diet (- add) d 108 -> parturition 83

(Krogh et al., 2015) 3% PFAD d 105 -> parturition 86

3% Soya oil d 105 -> parturition 86

3% Tri-octanoate d 105 -> parturition 103

(Krogh et al., 2012) 1.3% CLA d 108 -> parturition 58

Standard lact diet d 108 -> parturition 97



Nov 15th, 2016

AARHUS

UNIVERSITY

Feeding level – Krogh et al. (unpubl)


Low Energy (2.5 FUso/d) d 101 -> parturition 90

Norm Energi (3.0 FUso/d) d 101 -> parturition 98

Feeding level – Decaluwé et al. (2014)

Low Energy (1.6 FUsow/d) d 108 -> parturition 90

Low Energy (4.2 FUsow/d) d 108 -> parturition 110 ( )

Impact of fat retention/fat mobilisation?

Fat retention d 85 -> 109 Decaluwé et al. (2014)

Fat mobilisation d 109-> parturition (Regression analysis)



Nov 15th, 2016

AARHUS

UNIVERSITY

Feeding level – Krogh et al. (unpubl)



Norm Energi (3.0 FUso/d) d 101 -> parturition 98

Feeding level – Decaluwé et al. (2014)


Low Energy (4.2 FUso/d) d 108 -> parturition 110 ( )

Impact of fat retention/fat mobilisation?

Fat retention d 85 -> 109 Decaluwé et al. (2014)

Fat mobilisation d 109-> parturition (Regression analysis)



Nov 15th, 2016

AARHUS

UNIVERSITY

Does sow body condition affect colostrum production?

Decaluwé et al. (2014)

Weight gain (g/piglet)

Thin (< 17 mm backfat at d 108) 100

Normal/good condition (17-23 mm backfat at d 108) 130

Fat sows (> 23 mm backfat at d 108) 60



Nov 15th, 2016

AARHUS

UNIVERSITY

29

Increased fat content of colostrum – a way to improve the sow

performance ?

• Soy oil (3%) – increases fat content


• Potato pulp (46%) – increases fat content, but reduces the yield • (

(Theil et al., 2014)

• CLA-fat (1.3%) - increases fat content, but reduces the yield




Nov 15th, 2016

AARHUS

UNIVERSITY

Increased fat content of colostrum - a way to improve the sow

perofrmance ?

• Soy oil (3%) – increases fat content


• Potato pulp (46%) – increases fat content, but reduces the yield • (

(Theil et al., 2014)

• CLA-fat (1.3%) - increases fat content, but reduces the yield


30



Nov 15th, 2016

AARHUS

UNIVERSITY

Agenda:




growth)?




Nov 15th, 2016

AARHUS

UNIVERSITY

Mobilisation and milk yield is positively related

Necessary to reach the potential for milk yield?

Consequence of improper feeding?

Mobilisation

Milk yield Feed

+ -



Nov 15th, 2016

AARHUS

UNIVERSITY

First step: we need to be able to quantify the sow MY

Based on simple inputs (and underlying advanced statistics)

Hansen et al. (2012)



Nov 15th, 2016

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Second step: Factorial calculation of

Energy requirement during transition (MJ ME/d)

Theil (2015)



Nov 15th, 2016

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UNIVERSITY

Lysine requirement during transition (g/d)

Theil (2015)



Nov 15th, 2016

AARHUS

UNIVERSITY


Bold eller Regular

Danish recommendations for lysin was recently changes to 7,7 g SID/FUsow (and crude protein to 125 g SID/FEso (Bruun et al., 2015)

Calculated lysine requirement for sows at peak lactation

Parity / LW Milk yield (peak) E-req (FUsow) Lys-req SID lys/FUsow

Gilt 200 kg 10 6,0 42 7,8

Gilt 200 kg 13,5 7,5 56 8,3

Sow, 350 kg 10 6,8 43 6,9

Sow, 350 kg 15 9,0 63 7,7

But what about individual sows? Late gestating sows? Early lactation?

Average of 7,7 g SID lysine pr FUsow is fine



Nov 15th, 2016

AARHUS

UNIVERSITY

0

2

4

6

8

10

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28

ME

(M

J/

d)

Day

Sow energy intake does NOT match their requirement

Feed intake ~2 kg/d

below

Feed intake~2 kg/d

in excess

Fe

ed

(k

g/

d)



Nov 15th, 2016

AARHUS

UNIVERSITY

Two-component feeding – the way to increase MY?

maintenance milk production

Energy Lysine + energy



Nov 15th, 2016

AARHUS

UNIVERSITY

TWO-COMPONENT FEEDING : CONCEPT FOR THE FUTURE?

0

2

4

6

8

10

2 5 8 11 14 17 20 23 26

Fe

ed

inta

ke

, k

g/

d

Day of lactation

0

2

4

6

8

10

2 5 8 11 14 17 20 23 26

Fe

ed

inta

ke

, k

g/

d

Day of lactation

CONTROL

2-KOMP.

MILK YIELD: 12,5 KG/D

WEANING WEIGHT: 7,3 KG

FAT MOBILIZATION: 16 KG

MILK YIELD: 13,3 KG/D

WEANING WEIGHT: 8,0 KG

FAT MOBILIZATION: 10 KG

(PEDERSEN ET AL., 2016)



Nov 15th, 2016

AARHUS

UNIVERSITY

Mobilisation and milk yield is positively related

Necessary to reach the potential for milk yield???

Consequence of improper feeding!!!

Mobilisation

Milk yield Feed

+ -



Nov 15th, 2016

AARHUS

UNIVERSITY

Conclusion – stillborn piglets

Fibres in late gestation can reduce number of stillborn piglets

Two-component feeding beneficial to ensure high fiber intake

around parturition (and avoid excessive intake at peak lactation)



Nov 15th, 2016

AARHUS

UNIVERSITY

42

Conclusion – colostrum yield/intake

• Colostrum is essential for survival. Huge variation among piglet

intake. Huge variation among sow production.

• Fiber source important! Yield can be improved by sugar beet pulp

or pectin residue in gestation diet, but avoid potato pulp.

• Fat source important! Colostrum yield high when feed contains

sunflower oil or coconut oil, but avoid CLA.

• High energy (feeding level) slightly favourable.

• Moderate body condition (16-19 mm of backfat at d 108) seems

to be optimal – also for colostrum production.



Nov 15th, 2016

AARHUS

UNIVERSITY

Conclusion – milk production

Increased energy supply WITHOUT increasing protein supply

seems to be favourable for sow milk yield

Two component feeding is a promising approach to

- Increase milk production

- Minimize body mobilization



Nov 15th, 2016

AARHUS

UNIVERSITY

Questions?

Documents

Optimal feeding of sows before and after farrowingvet-team.dk/CustomerData/Files/Folders/9-kurser/1462...Sow nutrition th Peter Kappel Theil Senior Scientist, AU, DK Nov 15 , 2016