OPTIMA Optimisation for Sustainable

Water Resources Management

October 28, 29th 2004

Malta kick-off meeting

National Centre for Remote Sensing - TUNISIA

Tunisian case study

22

Water resources state

• Water resources are unevenly distributed in geographic and seasonal terms

(Over 77% of the volume of dam water is stored in the North)

• Population growth and socio-economic development: growth in water need

• Increasing pressure on the country capacity to provide this scarce resource

• Renewable groundwater is estimated to be about 1319 million m3/ year

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33

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Connections (overall)Drinkable water (provision)…………………………….96,4%Drinkable water (household connection)………….79,1%

Sanitation (urban)Connection rate………………………………………….81%

Water consumption :Water consumption in urban environment…….109 L/day/Inh

Annual water Demand per sector and per inhabitant:

Irrigation: 425 m3/yearDomestic: 55 m3/yearIndustry : 35 m3/year

• North: satisfying• South: lack of resources

44

[0 – 20]

[21 – 40]

[41 – 70]

[71 – 150]

[> 150]

Price rangem3/term

0,215/DT/m3

0,028 0,170

0 40 70

3,860DT

20

0,430/DT/m3

0,269

0,430

0 70 150

7,600DT

0,650

20

0,170 0,269 0,445

0,650

0,269 0,445

0 70 150

7,820DT0,497

0,790

20

0,170

[150, …]

0,017/DT/m3

0,135/DT/m3

0 20

1,310

FixedFees/term Water cost

Sanitation fees

Water & waste water pricing:

0,215/DT/m3

0 40

0,028 0,170

20

1,310DT

Exemple:0.135 x 10m3 + 0.017 m3 x 10 + 1.310 = 2.830 DT

1 DT = 0.65 €

55

Water resources Issues

Over exploitation of surface and groundwater

Urban extension generates a conflict

between :• Water consumption,• Water Waste

Exploitation

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Intensive irrigation using different kinds of

water: • Drinkable water,• Treated water• Drilled water (superficial and deep wells)

66

High salinity:

• Salinity ratio < 1.5g/l : reserved for drinking water :

83%

• 1.5g/l < salinity ration <5g/l : can be used for irrigation of resistant crop type 14

%

• >5g/l : desalinization : 3

%

Quality2/2

Capacity

36 billion m3/year

4,570 Billion m3 /year2,7 Billion m3/year: surface water

1,870 Billion m3/year: Ground water

Evaporation: 80 %!!!!!

77

Tunisian Water Policy

• Skill development to satisfy water demand without rationning water

• Diversification of hydraulic infrastructure to retain and manage Water Resources

• Progressive law adaptation

• Water is institutionalised and managed by 3 ministries

88

 Key Stakeholders

Ministry of A.E.H.R Ministry of E.T.P Ministry of Public Health

SONEDE DGRE DEGTH CRDA APAL DGAT ANPEONAS

Regional Agencies

Laboratories and units

Regional Agencies

99

 Key End-users

• The major consumer of Land and Water

Agriculture

• Constitues a major source of pollution by nitrogen, phosphates and pesticides.

• Irrigated lands represent about a third of the hole agricultural areas

• Agriculture now uses about 83% of the country’s water resources

1010

Tourism

Householders

Industry

• The industrial sector water consumption: 69.2

Mm3/year

Wastewater is estimated to be about 275 Mm3 / year

(110 Mm3 / year)

(380 Mm3 / year)

(30 Mm3 / year)• The touristic sector water consumption: 4.5

Mm3/year

•The drinking water supply consumption: 175.1

Mm3/year

1111

Case study

1212

Geographic location

1313

Case study State

Area: 1140 km2

Coastline length: 100 km

Extent: from Ras Sidi Ali Mekki to Ras Fartas

Coastline Type: wide and numerous sandy beaches

Marine bottom Type: Sandy and muddy

Area: 630 km2

Coastline length: 53 km

1414

Case study state

• The increase in the economic and human activities terribly affects the coastline

• Two major rivers flow across the Gulf of Tunis

1. in the north MEDJERDA river (1000Mm3/year) 2. in the south MELIANE river (230 Mm3/year)

• The Gulf of Tunis undergoes:

1. an urban development 2. concentration of socio-economic activities

• Domestic wastewater • Industrial wastewater• runoff water

1515

Data collection

1. Geographic data

• satellite images in different resolution (10 m, 2.5 m, and 1 meter)

• Arial photographs

• DEM in high resolution 25 meters

• Coverages

• View and simulation in 3 Dimensions

• Land use maps

• Maps in 1/25.000 Scale

1616

2. Meteorological data

• Temperature time-series

• Rainfall time-series

• Wind speed and direction

3. socio-economic & bibliographic data

• Statistics

• National and regional reports ( state of environment – Land use Master

Plans)

• Studies

1717

Conclusion

• We carried out many profitable studies about the Tunisian Water Resource Management

• The reports and results of much research study are difficult to be obtained from other institutions ( Lack of communication )

• Reinforce the relationship between local all partners

Information-holders