1

Optical routers for energy-efficient network

-VICTORIES project for optical path routing-

Optical routers for energy-efficient network

-VICTORIES project for optical path routing-

Hiroshi IshikawaNetwork Photonics Research Center

National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)

Hiroshi IshikawaNetwork Photonics Research Center

National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)

2

OutlineOutline

BackgroundNetwork traffic and router power

consumption in video concentric eraConcept of dynamic optical pathVICTORIES project supported by MEXT

Technical achievements so far Demonstration of dynamic optical path network (DOPN) collaborating with NICT and NHK(NEDO project)

Internet traffic and router power consumption in JapanInternet traffic and router power consumption in Japan

2000 2010 205020402020 2030

10

1

100

1,000

100,000

0.1

Ttal

inte

rnet

traf

fic（Tb

ps)10,000

Total power generation（2007）

3-4 orders of magnitudereduction1.36Tb/s(Nov. 2009)

Video contents

1014

Rou

ter p

ower

con

sum

ptio

n （x

kWh）

108

107

109

1011

1012

1013

4

Consumer Internet TrafficWeb, Email, and DataFile Sharing(P2P)VideoGamingVoice

Internet traffic forecast for individuals in Japan（2008- 2013）

0

0.5

1.5

2008 2009 2010 2011

Inte

rnet

traf

fic (

EB

/Mon

th)

2012 2013

Video1.70 times/yearTotal traffic

1.39 times/year

File sharing1.21 times/year

1.0

Web, 1.24 time/year

source: Cisco Visual Networking Index: Forecast and Methodology, 2008-2013

MIC data(0.32 EB)

5

Power consumption of high end router

Ether frame （Max1.5kB) IP Packet（1.6kB)

•Throughput ： 768 Gbps•Power consumption：4.4 kW

Alaxala IP router AX7816R

5.7 nJ/bit5.7 kW/Tbps

Cisco CRS-1( -3) （80 racks）

•Throughput ：92 Tbps(322Tbps)•Power consumption：～1MW(～2.2MW)

Frames and packets are processed electrically by LSI,Power consumption is proportional to traffic.The LSI consumes 50% of the total router power consumption

100Tbps routers×100 nodes 200 MW(Almost power generation plant)

～ 10 nJ/bit(～6 nJ/bit)～ 10 kW/Tbps

2MW including air-conditionings

Dynamic Optical Path Network for energy and videoDynamic Optical Path Network for energy and video

・Finely granular, flexibleFor numerous users withlimited transmission lines

・Energy ~ throughputComputation per packet

>6kW/Tbps・Extremely low energy

（Optically transparent）

~ W/port~ 10 W/Tbps at 100G x 100 port

・Limited switch-port number・Need a good control plane・Need numerous fibers

IP: Process every packet for routing

Optical Path: Set up end-to-end paths

Switching over space/paths rather than time/packetsUse of SDM => Energy savings by several orders of magnitude

6 S. Namiki, et al., MIT Microphotonics Center Fall Meeting 2010

Image of future networkImage of future network• capacity：

1,000-10,000 times• Power：

3 order reduction

IP network

Optical path switch hub

Optical path switch hubNW managing

technologyNW managing technology

Node; Path control,Tunable dispersion

compensation

Node; Path control,Tunable dispersion

compensation

Ubiquitous

Video

• Video concentric service• User bandwidth:

10-100Gbps

Path network

Organization of VICTORIES project (Since July 2008, renewed this April) “Vertically Integrated Center for Technologies of Optical Routing toward Ideal Energy Savings”

Organization of VICTORIES project (Since July 2008, renewed this April) “Vertically Integrated Center for Technologies of Optical Routing toward Ideal Energy Savings”

制御・ドライバ回路通信ポート

光スイッチ回路

導波路型スイッチ・変調器

高速化技術

配信コーディネータ

コンテンツ要求

ネットワーク資源管理

ストレージ等資源管理

ダイナミック光パス・ネットワーク

NTT

Furukawa Electric,Trimatiz, NEC, Fujikura, Alnair Laboratory.

Network Architecture Study Groupin collaboration w/ Nagoya Univ.

(Prof. K. Sato)AISTAIST

Optical path processorLarge scale silicon photonics SWWavelength selectable SW

Optical path processorLarge scale silicon photonics SWWavelength selectable SW

Network-Application InterfaceNetwork-Application Interface

http://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/houdou/20/05/08051604/001/001.htm

Contents requests

DeliveryCoordinator

Storage Manager

Network Manager

Dynamic Optical Path Network

Optical Switches

Driver Circuits

High Speed Technology

Waveguide Switch / ModulatorFujitsu Lab.NEC, Frukawa Electric,Hitachi-Cable

NEC,Fujitsu, Sumitomo Electric

Optical Path ConditioningOptical TDC, Adaptive Path Control

Optical Path ConditioningOptical TDC, Adaptive Path Control

Dynamic nodeMultiple granularity, Wavelength routing

Dynamic nodeMultiple granularity, Wavelength routing

Information Technology RI

Network Photonics RC

Network Photonics RC

Network Photonics RC

Nano Device RI

9

Optical path network and subjectsOptical path network and subjects

Schematic image of Dynamic Optical Path (DOP) network

Silicon Photonics

Large scale matrix switch

Optical Path Conditioning

Dispersion compensation for the path change

Network Application Interface

Supply a path with guaranteed bandwidth and delay, and necessary storages, upon request of users

9

Network as resourceNetwork as resource

• Dynamically supply guaranteed bandwith and delay optical path, and necessary storages upon request of users

Sensor

Net

CD

Net

HPC

Net

demand

Demand

demand

Network application interface Network application interface

xxx

x xxx

NW Resource Mgmt

Storage Resource Mgmt.

Global Resource Mgmt. + discovery

Network Application Interface

Admin/UserOptical path network

Network resource management system (NTT)

Storage resource management system (AIST)

Global resource management system (NTT,AIST)

Used in DOPN demoUsed in DOPN demo

Optical path conditioning; Dispersion compensationOptical path conditioning; Dispersion compensation

Signal

FWM-wavelength conversion

Dis

pers

ion

Tunable dispersion

• Response time is determined by tuning speed of tunable LD（~ nsec）• Limiting factors of bandwidth：

– Wavelength tuning range– Bandwidth of dispersive media

• Response time is determined by tuning speed of tunable LD（~ nsec）• Limiting factors of bandwidth：

– Wavelength tuning range– Bandwidth of dispersive media

S. Namiki, OFC2008 OWP1S. Namiki, JLT, 26, p. 28, 2008.

Fast and wide bandwidth

Pump

Dispersion slope can also be

compensated

Principle of tunable dispersion compensation

Experimental results Experimental results

・Bandwidth x Dispersion Range = 450 ps （20-125ps for FBG,VIPA）・RDS（Relative Dispersion Slope） >> 0.07 nm-1!!

(The largest RDS of conventional DCF is 0.02 nm-1 for NZ-DSF.)

-200

-150

-100

-50

0

50

100

-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

DSF 126 km1554.8 nm1549 nm1543.2 nm1537.4 nm1531.7 nm

GVD [ps2]

Frequency Offset [THz]

Input Pulse

Power [A.U.]

DSF Output P-TDC Output

Time [50 ps/Div.]

Uniform over 3 THz Good enough for 2 ps pulses!

DSF126 km

DCF-29.31km T-SI

T-SI: Tunable Spectral Inverter

DCF-17.823km

1560 nm1555 ~ 1515 nm

Pump: 1557 ~ 1535 nmS. Namiki, ECOC 2008, Tu.4.B.3

Used in DOPN demoUsed in DOPN demo

14

Fast switching of parametric dispersion compensatorFast switching of parametric dispersion compensator

• Nonlinear fiber by Frukawa Electric, and fast controlling technologies by Trimatiz

Switching signal

Pump1548.9nm 1553.3nm

2s

Switching time: 2s

P-TDC

K. Tanizawa, et al., Optics Lett, vol.35, p.3039

178ps2

224ps2

Applied to 172Gb/s OTDMApplied to 172Gb/s OTDM• Experimental setup

• Waveforms of signals

15

1:1

PC

HNLF DCF-1DCF-2

BPF

Parametric TDC

TLS

BPFEDFA

43GHz 1.8psPulse Source

PPG(43Gbps)

LN mod.

DSF(75.6km)

DSF(50.4km)EDFA

0dBmVOACR

HNLF

MLLD

1:1 9:1

Demux (172G 43G)

1x4 Mux(172G 43G)

172Gbps OTDM Transmitter

PD

PC

23dBm

5dBm 5.5dBm 7.5dBm

17dBm

28dBm

20dBm15dBm

• Bit Error Rates

K. Tanizawa, T. Kurosu, and S. Namiki, Opt. Express 18, 10594-10603 (2010).

Input

Output

16

Silicon-photonics optical switchSilicon-photonics optical switchLarge scale switch with small size and low-power consumption

MEMS

PLC

Si-photonics

Size Power cons. Cost Reliability

○

×

◎

―

◎

◎

△ NA

○ ◎

◎

LossExtinction ratioPolarization dependenceWavelength dependence

○ ―

Image of path-processor by Si-photonics

17

（Cross-bar configuration）

Cross: without power supply Control of one switch can fix the path

N x N matrix switch

1

2

3

41

4

2

31

2

3

41

4

2

3

Control of N switch, not N2

18

Heater Electrode

Bar

Cross

110m

Signmal

Voltage

Light output

125

m

100s

1.5V

Unit Mach-Zehnder switchUnit Mach-Zehnder switchTO-MZI switch

Power: 20 mWResponse time：40 s

SiSiO2

SiO2

Cross section of Si-waveguide

19

80

70

60

50

40

30

2050403020100

SW

ER

/ dB

Cro

ss ta

lk o

f uni

t sw

itch

(dB

)

N=256

6416

Cross talk at output (dB)

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

1520 1540 1560 1580 1600 1620

Tran

smitt

ance

(dB

)

wavelength (nm)

In-A to Out-B 'bar' stateIn-B to Out-B 'bar' stateIn-A to Out-B 'cross' stateIn-B to Out-B 'cross' state(a)

Bar：25 dBCross：20 dB

Cross talk required to the switchCross talk required to the switch

Unit-MZI switch

Required cross talk in large scale switch

Low cross talk 2 x 2 switch with a new waveguide cross

Maximally -50ｄＢ cross talk was achieved by directional coupler intersection

MZI1

MZI2

MZI3

MZI4

In1

In2 Out2

Out1

Intersection

2×2 switch

Y. Shoji et al., Optics Express, 18, 9071 (2010)

-80-70-60-50-40-30-20-10

1520 1540 1560 1580 1600 1620Transmittance (dB)

Input-1 to Output-1 'cross' stateInput-1 to Output-2 'cross' stateInput-1 to Output-1 'bar' stateInput-1 to Output-2 'bar' state

(c)50 dB(バー)

30 dB(クロス

-80-70-60-50-40-30-20-10

1520 1540 1560 1580 1600 1620

50dB (Bar) 30 dB (Cross)

Tran

smis

sion

（ｄ

B)

Wavelength (nm)

2121

Current injection type switch (Fujitsu Labs)

S. Sekiguchi et al., “Current-injection-type Silicon-based Optical Switch withSilicon Germanium Waveguide,”2010 IEEE Photonics Society 23rd Annual Meeting, WW3

Used in DOPN demoUsed in DOPN demo

22

4 x 4 switches used in demonstration experiment4 x 4 switches used in demonstration experiment

1.5V

1

4

2

3

４

３

２

１

Input Output

Unit-switch 20mW, Response 40s

Photograph of 4 x 4 SW

Size: 5mm x 5mm

115m

22

Used in DOPN demoUsed in DOPN demo

（NICT）Koganei

（NICT）Otemach

（AIST）Akihabara

Upper; O-packetLower: O-path Optical packet

Optical path

AIST SW

SHV（NHK, NEDO project)

NICTOptical packt/path

Interface

JGN2Plus

SHV配信サーバ

JGN2Plus

NICT SW

Electric packet

SHV

Optical path switches

HD配信サーバ

HD配信サーバ

HD配信サーバ

Demonstration experiment on Aug.25 2010collaboration with NICT and NHK(NEDO)

Demonstration experiment on Aug.25 2010collaboration with NICT and NHK(NEDO)

File exchange

100 km fiber path

AISTDOPN

Optical path-conditioningFrukawa Electric., Trimatiz, NEC

Silicon photonics Fujitsu Labs, NEC

Network application IntefaceNTT

23

24

Demonstration of DOPNDemonstration of DOPN

24

Power consumption summaryPower consumption summary

• Power consumption was 1.2KW for average bit rate of 9Gb/s(1, 10, 43Gb/s).

• Only two Si-photonics SW was used. If all switches were Si-Photonics, power consumption would be around 0.15KW.

• In DOPN, power consumption does not depend on the bit rate, while that of IP routing is proportional to the bit rate. Then at higher bit drastic power reduction is feasible.

26

Traffic and power consumptionTraffic and power consumption

10-4

10-2

100

102

104

106

0.0001 0.01 1 100 10,000

Tra

ffic

[P

bit/

s]

Power consumption [TWh/year]

Present IP

Target

‐

3‐4 orders of energy reduction can be done

IP router

O/EE/O

O/EE/O

O/EE/O

O/EE/O

O/EE/O

O/EE/O

・・・・・・

・・・・・・

・・・ ・・・

Optical path switching

Power reduction by DOPN (Japan)Power reduction by DOPN (Japan)

2009 2020 2030Total traffic (Tbit/s) 1.36 38.9 782

Conventional IP network

Subscriber (million) 30 40 40Power (TWh/year) 10 31.4 631.3

IP network with

improvement

Subscriber (million) 3,000 4,000 4,000

Traffic (Tbit/s) 1.36(100%)

11.7(30%)

38.6(5%)

Power (TWh/Year) 10 9.4 6.7

Optical path network

Subscriber (million) 0 150 3,000

Traffic (Tbit/s) 0(0%)

27.2(70%)

744(95%)

Power(TWh/year) 0 0.22 0.28Power (TWh/Year) 10 9.62 6.98

27

Internet traffic and router power consumption in JapanInternet traffic and router power consumption in Japan

2000 2010 205020402020 2030

10

1

100

1,000

100,000

0.1

Tota

l int

erne

t tra

ffic

(Tbp

s)10,000Total power generation

（2007）

3-4 orders of magnitudereduction1.36Tb/s(Nov. 2009)

Video contents

1014

Rou

ter p

ower

con

sum

ptio

n （x

kWh）

108

107

109

1011

1012

1013

SummarySummary• Basic technologies of dynamic optical path

network were developed.• Low power consumption of DOPN was

demonstrated. • DOPN is an essential infrastructure for

information technology based green society.

• VICTORIES project continues with 10 collaborating companies for the next 7 years.