Optical Access A customer’s point of view

Dr. Ing. Joseph C. Attard

Who is the customer?

• Look at their changing environments• Look at how your proposal can

• Facilitate their work or,• Enable them to do innovative things

• We shall tackle this by taking a telecommunications service providers perspective

Key trends shaping the telecommunications market

Key Industry shaping factors of the last decade

ConvergenceRegulatory

Policy

Grow

th inInternet Growth in

Broadban

d

Growth inM

obile.C

om b

ubbl

e

Globalisation

Debt

Managem

ent

Which trends will shape the future?

Which will be the keyfactors shaping our industry and its growth in the years to come??

• Broadband (Always on & High Speed)

• Mobile (On the move)• Web & Web services (including voice)

» Originally defined as describing any two way transmission with a speed higher than 2Mbit/s

» Today used to describe,» Always on

» Interactive (Two way)

» High speed (128K+)

What is Broadband ?

DOCSIS compliant CATV FTTH Broadband Fixed wireless access Mobile GPRS/EDGE/3G xDSL Satellite or Digital TV Terrestrial

with telco return

Shaping Broadband -The race to triple play!!

ClassicMarket

Technical Capability

2001

EstablishedMarket

TechnicalCapability

Emerging now

ClassicMarket

EstablishedMarket

ClassicMarket

EstablishedMarket

Starting

Cable

Telco

Satellite

TVBroadband

Internet/Web services Phone

The tough nut to crack, is the delivery of profitable,

High speed, broadband services, to the mass residential market

Broadband services to the mass market

Directions in Mobile

Voice to Multimedia

To anything Mobile (wireless), anytime, anywhere

Global presence with a

domestic feel

Directions in Mobile

Person to

Person

Person to Machine

Machine to Machine

Multimedia messaginge-mail

voice

Tele-metering

Remote data acquisition

Browsing

Locationservices

Instant MessagingSMS

Games Ringtones

Info servicesHealth Monitoring

m-money

Parcel tracking

Towards 3rd Generation UMTS

GSM Phase 11989/92

Basic VoiceSupplementary ServicesCall Forwarding, Call Barring Data 300 …

9600bps

GSM Phase 2 1994/95

Improved ServicesIntegrates GSM 900 & DCS 1800Half Rate Codec; Sup. Services CLIP, CLIR, Wait, Hold, Conf,

GSM Phase 2+

Yearly Releases:Release 96Release 97Release 98

UMTS

14.4 kbps data rateOptimal RoutingVoice broadcast serviceVoice group call serviceEnhanced Full Rate speech codec (EFR)Radio local loop using GSMSIM Tool KitHSCDCAMEL Ph. 1&2GPRS Ph. 1 & 2Call completion to busy subscriber (CCBS)

GSM Phase 2+

Wireless LANs StandardsIEEE 802.11 and ETSI HIPERLAN 1 & 2 Define MAC and PHY layers Support for infrastructure based and ad hoc networks Features - QOS, power save, security

IEEE 802.11 Operates in 2.4GHz ISM band up to 2Mbit/s user throughput 802.11b PHY enables up to 11Mbit/s 802.11g PHY enables up to 20Mbit/s 802.11a PHY in 5GHz band, up to 20 Mbps

HIPERLAN /2 Operates in 5GHz band up to 25Mbit/s user throughput using OFDM Link adaptation Dynamic frequency allocation Network and application independent

The threat of Wireless LAN

• No license fees• Has the potential of changing the current metered mobile

model to un-metered• Low entry barriers but business case very dependent on

roaming profiles and usage revenue• Could actually complement 3G• Enables disruptive free community networks

The Wireless Landscape

Wireless Standards Menu

Terminal Evolution

• Fashion item• Multimode capability

– GSM/UMTS/Wifi/EDGE

• Colour screens• Longer battery life• More emphasis on software

features• Resemble handheld

computers

Windows Mobile

• Pocket Outlook with unified Inbox

• Contact + Calendar+ Tasks• Pocket Internet Explorer• MSN Messanger• Windows Media Player • Games • Security• Predictive Text Input • SmartDial• ActiveSync • Infrared beaming

Open Mobile Terminal Platform

Three clearly identified Market Stages

Stage 1Enter market

Stage 2 Gain

Market Share

Stage 3

Increase ARPU

But How?

Erosion of other Services’ revenues

mandates

For bothBroadband and Mobile

Emerging Full Services Converged Network

MultipleAccess

Networks

Multi-Services

CoreNetwork

Content/Services

Multiple User Devices & Home Networks

ATMBased

DSLAM

Internet

AsynchronousTransfer

Mode(ATM) Core

Online games

Wireless AccessFixed, WLAN, Mobile

Optical Fibre

Cell phone Television PC

Telephone

EthernetBased

DSLAM

Wireless AccessFixed, WLAN, Mobile

Optical Fibre

PSTNEnterprise

Voice and mobilityservices

Interactive TV

IP/MPLSCore

Regulatory strategies for a broadband era

Integrated Services

By a Single

Independent company

Content &Applications

layer

Platformlayer

Networklayer

Terminallayer

Telephony age

IP age

Content creation

Authentication, billing, DRM,

Packaging

Network & Services

Terminal sales

Smooth provision of diverse rich digital content

Smooth legal Delivery of

Digital content

Diversification Of delivery

channels

Variety of Terminal

equipment

Establishment of a fair competitive environment within each layer

Open relationships for service competition

Avoid monopolybut respect return on investment

Avoid monopolybut respect return on investment

Avoid exclusivitybut respect copyright ownership

Avoid exclusivitybut respect copyright ownershipCONTENT

Con

ten

tp

rovi

der

Con

ten

tp

rovi

der

Con

ten

tp

rovi

der

INFRASTRUCTURE

Infr

astr

uct

ure

pro

vid

er

Infr

astr

uct

ure

pro

vid

er

Infr

astr

uct

ure

pro

vid

er

Service ProviderService Provider

Delivery

SERVICE

End-User

Creation of servicecompetition!Delivery

Service ProviderService Provider

Service ProviderService Provider

Delivery

Open “Commercial” interfaces

Open “Commercial” interfaces

Dr. Peter Radley, Chairman &CEO Alcatel UK – LCS2001

NetworkCapacity

Fiber OpticsDoubling every 9 months

2 Mbps

155 Mbps

2,400 Mbps

Mbps

The access bottleneck

2,560,000 Mbps

1

10

100

1,000

10,000

100,000

1,000,000

10,000,000

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 200210,000

100,000

1,000,000

10,000,000

100,000,000

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

ProcessorPerformance

"Moore's Law"Doubling every 18 months

5,500,000

134,000

Number ofTransistors inIntel's Latest

Computer Chip

1,200,000

3,100,000

28,000,000

7,500,000

1

10

100

1,000

10,000

100,000

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

AccessSpeeds

2.4 kbps

19.2 kbps

56 kbps

Kbps

512 kbps

The "Last mile”

bottle-neck

The "Last mile”

bottle-neck

How much is enough?Dr. Peter Radley, Chairman &CEO Alcatel UK – LCS2001

• DOCSIS compliant CATV• FTTB/FTTC/FTTH• Broadband Fixed wireless access

– LMDS, MMDS, MVDS, Hiperaccess, WiMAX

• Mobile GPRS/EDGE/3G• xDSL

– ADSL, ADSL2, ADSL2+,VDSL

• Satellite or Digital TV Terrestrial + telco return• Stratospheric platforms

Menu of Access Technologies ?

The need to think “end to end”

ADSLDSLAM

Wireless AccessFixed, WLAN, Mobile

Cable

Coax

Optical Fibre

PassiveOptical

Network

Access NetworkContent/ Service

Providers

Home network& CPE

Home Network

PC Phone TV +STB

CPE

Home Network

PC Phone TV +STB

CPE

MultiserviceCore

The importance of Operations

SalesProblem Handling

Customer QOSManagement

Invoicing and collection

Order Handling

Service Planning &

Development

ServiceProblem

Management

Service Quality

Management

Rating &

Discounting

Service Configuration

NetworkPlanning &

Development

NetworkInventory

Management

Network Maintenance &

Restoration

NetworkData

Management

Network Provisioning

Achieving smooth operational processes across,– Multiple services, subsidiaries & third party

operators– Multiple delivery networks & technologies– With an end to end service delivery objective,– While ensuring regulatory compliance

The importance of software

OSS Support

Network Control via Application programmable

Interfaces

Web Services

OSA/PARLAY

Where should intelligence lie?

• Intelligence in the network, dumb periphery– Easier to operate– Cheaper customer devices– Easily accessible over

multiple access networks– Managed services

• Intelligence in the periphery, dumb network– Faster networks– More personalised usage– Builds of desktop PC– Power of the operating

system and its applications– Reduces network to bit

pushing– More tightly integrated

application and network services

The paradox of Unmetered access

• No bandwidth is ever enough

• Paradox has been enhanced by the rise in the popularity of peer to peer file sharing programs such as :-

• Kazaa

• Morpheus

• eDonkey

• Napster

• Gnutella

• iMesh

• etc.

The end of free/the start of fee

December 1999

9

9194

Paid Content

December 2000

Free Content

Music

Concerts

Sports

Financial info

Health

Youngsters andkids

on-line video

Gaming

16%

5%

5%

5%

4%

3%

3%

3%

47%Wouldn't pay

6

Revenue business model from the 100 main U.S sites (%)

Percentage of European users that are ready to pay for content. 2001

A. Vincente,” Convergence the next reality” Brussels, 2002

Pay as you go

What is the chargeable unit?Time, Data, value, content, are all bits equal?

Delivering iVideo Services to homes

» Various CATV operators

» DSL based commercial Services» Kingston Television in Kingston upon Hull» Video-networks (UK), Free (France)» FastWeb (Italy)

» Various DSL Trials

» Interactive Digital Television Terrestrial/Satellite» Various DTT initiatives » SKY

The key question is, are iTV services profitable,

or will they become profitable?

On Line Games

• The battle for the games console market • Norrath, the setting for the online game Everquest, has been

found to be the 77th richest country in the world, sandwiched between Russia and Bulgaria.

• Online gaming has attracted millions of players and their rise in popularity in recent years is mainly down to improved graphics and more players to interact with.

• Virtual worlds exist in which people play games like Everquest, Ultima Online and Lineage.

• It is estimated that about 2.5 million people play Lineage in Korea alone and millions subscribe to other games worldwide.

• Each player pays a subscription fee, usually about $10-15 per month, to be able to take part in the game.

On Line Music

• Apple Music Store service for on line music

• MyCokemusic• Napster• Musicmatch• MusicNow• BuyMusic.com

The Promise of IPv6

• A larger address space and flexible addressing scheme

• More efficient packet forwarding

• Inherent support for secure communications

• The ability to allow differentiated services

• Better support for mobility

• Ease of management

Is IP QOS ready?What is the best migration strategy?

Open Research Issues

• Zero configuration networks• Secure multicasting & stream joining• Performance verification and metrics• IP QOS resource mgt, enforcement, implementation• Is TCP still suitable for today’s broadband networks• Should all end devices have an IP address?• Handover of QOS enabled streams• What does a network supporting 1Gbit/s per user look like?• QOS across multiples vertical and horizontal stacks

Security

Social Security - Pension Bomb

IdentityManagement

Access & PrivacyManagement

Digital RightsManagement

ThreatManagement

PKI

Measuring Fraud

Virus Protection

Intrusion Detection

Authentication

User Profiles

Encryption

Resource usage

VPN

Firewalls

CopyrightPiracy

E-commerce

Exponential Increase in security related incidents

Number of Incidents reported to CERT

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Th

ou

san

ds

Year

The effective provision of security services to the mass market

The trusted network is disappearing!

Network Based Viruses

1   Mydoom.A  46,4 %   2   Netsky.D   12,5 %   3   Netsky.B   10,7 %   4   NetSky.p   9,7 %   5   Swen.A     2.0 %   6   Netsky.Q   1,8 %   7   Netsky.C   1,6 %   8   Netsky.T   1,4 %   9   Dumaru.A   1,2 % 10   Sobig.F    1,1 %

Since 1st January 2004

Is the answer NetworkBased security servicesOn behalf of the user?

Components of an IMS service?

• Strategic• Market Demographics• Packaging• Content• Middleware• Codec• Access network• Bandwidth• Set Top Box

• Billing• Competition • User Interface• End to End

networking model• Authentication• Copyright• Internet on TV• Video servers• Video on Demand

• Support• Multicasting• Home Networks• Picture quality• QOS• TR-059• Electronic

Program guide• What level of

interactivity?

The ability to transport high quality video is a critical multimedia design element

Web Services

• A Web service is a software system designed to support interoperable machine-to-machine interaction over a network.

• It has an interface described in a machine-processable format (specifically WSDL).

• Other systems interact with the Web service in a manner prescribed by its description using SOAP messages, typically conveyed using HTTP with an XML serialization in conjunction with other Web-related standards

Agents & Messages

Semantics & Discovery

Service Description

Requesters & Providers

Visions of 4G

The objective of the new forum is to formulate visions on strategic future research directions in the wireless field, among industry and academia, and to generate, identify, and promote research areas and technical trends for mobile and wireless system technologies. It is intended to constructively contribute to the work done within the UMTS Forum, ETSI, 3GPP, IETF, ITU, and other relevant bodies regarding commercial and standardisation issues derived from the research work. The forum is open to all interested parties. Members are expected to contribute papers and ideas.

http://www.wireless-world-research.org/

Building Blocks of the Wireless World

WearablesAvatars

Augmented Reality

Context & location aware

services

Security & Privacy

Heterogeneous networks, all IP

Adhoc networking

Frequency etiquettePositioningMulticarrier

HAP & BeamformingMIMO/ Space time codingFibre Supported Radio

ReconfigurableDownloadable Protocol stacks

Research in Applications

By far the largest research area

is required in the generation of

APPLICATION IDEAS

that

users value

and are willing to pay for

Distributed Systems - Middleware

• Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA)

• Java 2 Enterprise Edition (J2EE)

• Java 2 Micro Edition (J2ME)

• Java 2 Standard Edition (J2SE)

• Microsoft .NET

Open Mobile Alliance – Interfaces & APIs

Broadband Aggregation

BRAS - Implements aggregation mechanism

Service selection gateway - SSGImplements service selection mechanism

Future directions - The COPS PROTCOL

• COPS – Common Open Policy Service protocol

• Specified in IETF RFC 2748• Defined by the Resource

allocation protocol (RAP) working group

• Defines a simple query and response protocol that can be used to exchange policy information between a policy server (Policy decision point PDP) and its clients (Policy enforcement points PEPs)

Policyrepository

PDP

Internet

Users

Policy management

PEP

Technical Report DSL Forum TR-059

• Recently the DSL Forum has issued Technical Report TR-059 “DSL Evolution – Architecture requirements for support of QOS enabled IP Services”

• TR-059 aims to support– Internet streaming audio and video

– Video on demand and pay per view

– Music and movie downloads

– Online gaming

– Software as a service

– Online conferencing in multimedia

TR-059

• The goal of TR-059 is to support:-• Variable speeds• Variable traffic priority arrangements• IP QOS and multicasting• New business models that include more types of

service providers• Support for these new service parameters across

multiple connections to different service providers from a single DSL customer

Ad-Hoc/P2P Networks

• Neighbour/Peer Discovery• Routing• Security / Identity / Anonymity• QOS support• Charging• Network Management• Called Party/Content Discovery• Pervasive / Nomadic/ Wearable

computing

Clearly the end of the trusted network

SMART House

How can photonics help?

Where can optoelectronics help?

•Home Network? •Access Network • Metro Network• Core Network

Installing an iVideo capable access network

» An ADSL infrastructure delivers 2-4Mbit/s to ~ 50% of the customers.

» To increase the coverage one has to deploy more POPs, However this means that the main advantage of ADSL, namely that the copper plant is not touched is lost. At this point one starts to consider VDSL or FTTH.

» Both VDSL and FTTH are long term projects requiring a substantial redesign of the access network. VDSL requires a POP every 1Km, whereas FTTH requires a POP every 10-20Km

» The last hundred meters of a FTTH infrastructure is very costly.

• ATM vs Ethernet vs Generic Frame PONS• Splitting Ratio• Reach• Dynamic bandwidth allocation • Resiliency• CATV wavelength overlays• Power Splitting or Wavelength routed• Static or Dynamically reconfigurable capacity• How passive and transparent

Passive Optical Networks

ITU-T G.983.1 System Specifications

OLT : Optical Line Termination ONU : Optical Network UnitONT : Optical Network Termination NT : Network Termination

FTTH

FTTCab

OLT●

Maximum divergence number : 32

Optical splitter

155.52/622.08 Mbit/s

155.52 Mbit/s

(1.3um wavelength)

Maximum length : 20 km

ONT

NT

ONU

ATM 25M etc.

Single mode optical fiber (G.652)

Optical loss range (class B:10-25dB, class C:15-30dB)

xDSL

Central Office

(1.5um wavelength)

ATM Based

Other specs in G.983.x series

• Uses free space as the transmission medium

• The system is limited to short distances ~ 300/500mt @ 155Mbit/s

• Main limitation is because of signal scattering by fog and rainfall

• Safety issues limit the power that may be used

Free Space Optics

• Significant efforts must be made to develop optical fibre installation techniques that are low cost, easily maintainable, and that require a low level of skill

• Blown fibre• Pavement installation• Aerial installation

Installation Techniques

62.5 core silica(multimode fiber)

175 core POF

Bell Labs has demonstrated 8 Gb/s over plastic optical fiber

• New plastic fiber for high speed interconnection (8 Gb/s over 75 m)

• Low cost installation

• Broad transparency for WDM

Current plastic fiber

New plastic fiber

New plastic fiber (theory)

AllWave™

Loss[dB/km]

[nm]

A. Glass, “WDM Network Research” What is the potential of POF?

Optical Networking Optical Networking

TE

TE

TE

TE

Optical cross connect

Wavelength routed WDM networksWavelength routed WDM networks

Can this be applicable to Optical Access Networks?

Elements in Optical Networks

• Tuneable lasers

• Tuneable optical filters

• Optical amplifiers

• Optical add/drop multiplexers

• Wavelength converters

• Optical cross connects– Liquid crystal switches– Guided wave switches– Laser diode switches– MEMS switches– Bubble switches (Agilent)

Dispersion Compensation

• Chromatic dispersion effects may be compensated for– Fibre with inverse dispersion coefficient– Dispersive filters– Needs to be engineered for each link– Varies with wavelength

• Polarisation mode dispersion is more difficult to fully compensate for

Could this be applicable in optical access?

Evolution towards photonic networking

Data

ATM

IP

DWDM

SDH

Data

IP + Packet oversonet

DWDM

SDH

Data

IP + MPLS

DWDM

SDH

Data

IP + GMPLS

DWDM

Can metro network techniques be ported down to the access?

Metro Ethernet

What will be the use for the extra bandwidth

• High Definition Television?

• Multiple HDTV streams?

• Security (IPsec, DRM, )?

• Virtual Reality?

• Application Service Provisioning?

• Network based computing on a large scale?

• Peer to Peer applications

What will the future bring?

• Quadplay optical networks?– Voice– Video– Data– Mobile

• Dynamically reconfigurable access networks?

• Hybrid Fibre Radio Network up to street level?

• Continuous developments in DSL delaying the need for optical access?

Conclusion

The future is bright!!

But wear sunglasses and sunblock, or one might get badly burnt