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1 Opportunities for Aquaculture in High Altitude Regions High Altitude Wetlands of Arunachal Pradesh Climate Change Perspective..... Ichthyofauna Diversity in Freshwater Ecosystem Indian Himalayan Region..... Fish and Fisheries Arunachal Pradesh..... Bacterial Flora in Rainbow Trout Farms of Indian Himalaya Strategy for Control of Pathogenic Bacteria in Farming..... Prospects of Rainbow Trout Farming Ladakh..... Snow Trout in the Indian Himalaya Distribution and Fishery Potential..... Ek/; fgeky; {ks= esa ltkoVh eNfy;ksa dk lQy iztuu ,oa ikyu iks"k.k vkthfodk dh lEHkkouk;s..... Innovations/Discoveries in Science Books on Fisheris..... Forthcoming Events..... e Indian Himalayan region covers an area of about 595,000 km 2 from West to East between Nanga Parbat (8126m) to Namcha Barwa (7756m). is mountain system is bordered in the West by the famous Karakoram Range and Tibet plateau in the North. Four parallel longitudinal mountain belts namely the Shivalik, the Lesser Himalayas, the Greater Himalayas and Trans-Himalayas present discrete physiographic and geological features. ere are 19 major rivers in the Himalayas of which Indus and Brahmaputra are the longest and each has a mountain catchment of about 1,60,000 km 2 . Of the remaining 17 rivers, five belong to the Indus system of which the Beas and Sutluj have a total catchment of 80,000 km 2 . Nine rivers namely, Ganga, Yamuna, Ram-Ganga, Kali-Sarda, Karnali, Rapti, Gandak, Bhagmati and Kosi have a catchment area of about 1,50,000 km 2 and belong to the Ganga system while Brahmaputra has a catchment area of about 1,10,000 km 2 . Most of these rivers flow in deep valleys before they enter the plains. Besides these river systems, this region is rich in other water resources that are present in the form of rivulets, streams, lakes, ponds, tanks and reservoirs. e varied aquatic habitats of the Indian mountainous region are quite rich in a variety of fishes. In terms of ichthyofauna, the Himalayan region may be classified into three zones. e headwater zone inhabited by rheophilic species of loaches and catfishes (Nemacheilus gracilis, N. stoliczkai and Glyptosternum reticulatum. e large stream zone, formed by joining of headwater streams, inhabited by species like Diptychus maculatus and Nemacheilus spp. ere are different rheophilic species of snow trouts that inhabit the upper and intermediate stretches of this zone. Fish species like Barilius spp., Tor spp., Catfishes, Homalopterid fish and Snakeheads inhabit the slow moving meandering zone. In the mountain regions the fisheries resources are used as food and sport, while a few serve ornamental purpose. It is intriguing that the fish fauna in this region can withstand extreme cold as the high altitude lakes and rivers are generally frozen three to six months in a year. Fish can play an important source of protein for the people living in the mountainous regions of the country besides fetching income for a section of the society. ere is a tremendous scope for the development of low volume, high value fish like Rainbow Trout in the mountainous regions of the country. Fish and fisheries in the uplands has been christened as “Coldwater Fisheries”. Opportunities for Aquaculture in High Altitude Regions

Opportunities for Aquaculture in High Altitude Regionsg Newsletter/ENVIS_Newsletter_13(2... · Opportunities for Aquaculture in High Altitude Regions ... Opportunities for Aquaculture

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Page 1: Opportunities for Aquaculture in High Altitude Regionsg Newsletter/ENVIS_Newsletter_13(2... · Opportunities for Aquaculture in High Altitude Regions ... Opportunities for Aquaculture

� � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �

1

Opportunities for Aquaculture in High Altitude Regions

� � � � �High Altitude Wetlands of Arunachal Pradesh

Climate Change Perspective.....

� � � � �Ichthyofauna Diversity in Freshwater Ecosystem

Indian Himalayan Region.....

� � � � �Fish and Fisheries

Arunachal Pradesh..... � � � � �Bacterial Flora in Rainbow Trout Farms of Indian Himalaya

Strategy for Control of Pathogenic

Bacteria in Farming..... � � � � ! "Prospects of Rainbow Trout Farming

Ladakh.....

� � � � #Snow Trout in the Indian Himalaya

Distribution and Fishery Potential.....

� � � � $Ek/; fgeky; {ks= esa ltkoVh eNfy;ksa dk

lQy iztuu ,oa ikyu iks"k.k

vkthfodk dh lEHkkouk;s.....

� � � � � %Innovations/Discoveries in Science� � � � � �Books on Fisheris.....Forthcoming Events..... � � � � � &

' ( ) * + , - . , * ) ) / , 0 0 0

"e Indian Himalayan region covers an area of about 595,000 km2 from West to East between Nanga Parbat (8126m) to Namcha Barwa (7756m). "is mountain system is bordered in the West by the famous Karakoram Range and Tibet plateau in the North. Four parallel longitudinal mountain belts namely the Shivalik, the Lesser Himalayas, the Greater Himalayas and Trans-Himalayas present discrete physiographic and geological features. "ere are 19 major rivers in the Himalayas of which Indus and Brahmaputra are the longest and each has a mountain catchment of about 1,60,000 km2. Of the remaining 17 rivers, #ve belong to the Indus system of which the Beas and Sutluj have a total catchment of 80,000 km2. Nine rivers namely, Ganga, Yamuna, Ram-Ganga, Kali-Sarda, Karnali, Rapti, Gandak, Bhagmati and Kosi have a catchment area of about 1,50,000 km2 and belong to the Ganga system while Brahmaputra has a catchment area of about 1,10,000 km2. Most of these rivers $ow in deep valleys before they enter the plains. Besides these river systems, this region is rich in other water resources that are present in the form of rivulets, streams, lakes, ponds, tanks and reservoirs.

"e varied aquatic habitats of the Indian mountainous region are quite rich in

a variety of #shes. In terms of ichthyofauna, the Himalayan region may be classi#ed into three zones. "e headwater zone inhabited by rheophilic species of loaches and cat#shes (Nemacheilus gracilis, N. stoliczkai and Glyptosternum reticulatum. "e large stream zone, formed by joining of headwater streams, inhabited by species like Diptychus maculatus and Nemacheilus spp. "ere are di%erent rheophilic species of snow trouts that inhabit the upper and intermediate stretches of this zone. Fish species like Barilius spp., Tor spp., Cat#shes, Homalopterid #sh and Snakeheads inhabit the slow moving meandering zone. In the mountain regions the #sheries resources are used as food and sport, while a few serve ornamental purpose. It is intriguing that the #sh fauna in this region can withstand extreme cold as the high altitude lakes and rivers are generally frozen three to six months in a year.

Fish can play an important source of protein for the people living in the mountainous regions of the country besides fetching income for a section of the society. "ere is a tremendous scope for the development of low volume, high value #sh like Rainbow Trout in the mountainous regions of the country. Fish and #sheries in the uplands has been christened as “Coldwater Fisheries”.

� � � � 1 2 2 � � 3 � � � 4 � � � � 5 �Opportunities for Aquaculture in High Altitude Regionsggggggg

Page 2: Opportunities for Aquaculture in High Altitude Regionsg Newsletter/ENVIS_Newsletter_13(2... · Opportunities for Aquaculture in High Altitude Regions ... Opportunities for Aquaculture

Editors’ Note6 7 8 9 : ; < : = > ? 8 @ = A B 9 ; A C D E F G H � � I & J K & % � L M N O P Q R S T U R V S W X Y Z [ Z \ Z S L ] V [ V ^ \_ ` a“ENVIS Centre on Himalayan Ecology” b c d e

G.B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan

Environment and Sustainable Development

(GBPNIHESD)f g h c b i g d e d j k d l f m l k h j d fn e e d j d o ` d p q f r ` b s ` b c d p d t e h p h k h t c u p c e b e t e ah v Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate

Change (MoEF&CC), Government of India, New

Delhi, Indiaw

_ ` a“ENVIS Centre on Himalayan Ecology” s h l l a s e c f s h l l d e a c f s h k x b l a c d p q y t b l q c z t d p e b e d e b { ad p q z t d l b e d e b { a q d e d y d c a c h v b p v h j k d e b h p b ph p l b p a d c r a l l d c ` d j q s h x b a c e h c a { a j d l { d l t d y l ac e d o a ` h l q a j c d p q { d j b h t c t c a j c c t s ` d c | u } c fw

~ � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � �Director� � � � � � � � � � ~ � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � 5 � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � �

Scientist-In-Charge ENVIS� � � � � � � � �   � � � �� � � ¡ � ¢ � � £ � � ¤ � � � � ¥ � ¦� � � § ¨ � � � � � � � � � � ¥ � ¦� � � � � � ¢ � © � �� � � ¡ � ¦ � ¢ � � � � � � � � �ª � � ¢ � � « � � ¬ � ­ � �� � � � � ® � � ¯

Nayan Sahu, Programme O&cer

V.C. Sharma, Information O&cer

Satish K. Sinha, IT Assistant

Disclaimer: "e information furnished in this Newsletter is based on the inputs received from authors/organizations; the Institute/editorial board will not be responsible for any mistake, misprint or factual error, if any. "e authors are solely responsible for the scienti#c facts presented herein and the copyrights for any reproduced/ quoted lines from other sources. All rights reserved. "e views expressed in the Newsletter are the authors’ personal opinions and do not necessarily represent those of the organizations they represent.

° ± ² ³ ´ ± ² µ ± ³ ¶ · Fisheries play an important role in providing food and income globally. India is

bestowed with a vast diversity of cold water resources (lakes, streams, rivers, reservoirs etc.) that

harbours rich ichthyofaunal diversity comprising large populations of indigenous and exotic,

cultivable and non–cultivable #sh species constituting appx. 17% of the total #sh fauna of the

country. Across the Indian Himalayan region, the North–east Himalaya is remarkably rich in

#sh diversity. Apart from the natural water bodies there has been a tremendous increase in

aquaculture activities. According to ICAR, presently coldwater sector contribute about 75,000

MT of #sh production, which is about a meagre 1.5% of total inland #sh production in our

country that need to be enhanced substantially.

Articles contained in this Newsletter provide information on #sh diversity,

aquaculture techniques, diseases and other threats to cold water #sheries. Attempts have

been made not only to conserve the ichthyofaunal diversity but also achieve socio-economic

development and nutritional requirements of the people.

Editors

¸ ¹ º » ¼ ½ ¾ ¿ À Á ¿ Â ¼ Ã

2

Ä � � Å � � � � � � �� � ¦ � � � � � � Æ 5m p t c d p q ` d p Ç ` d r d p f u p q t c e j b d l m j a d [email protected]

"e term “Coldwater #sh” subtly refers to the members of Salmonidae. However, under Indian perspective, members of the sub-family Cyprininae that inhabit streams, lakes and rivers receiving snow-melt water are also included. Coldwater #sheries resources present diversi#ed and peculiar type of #sh fauna. "ere are about 258 coldwater #sh species of which 203 are recorded from the Himalayas while 91 Deccan plateau. Among these Snow-trout, Mahseer, Minor carps, Minnows, Loaches and Bariles constitute the indigenous species, while Rainbow Trout, Brown Trout, common and Silver carp are exotic.

"e utilization of #shery resources in mountain regions is mainly from capture and culture #sheries. At present, the total #sh production from upland areas contributes to nearly 1.5% of total inland #sh production of India which is quite meager. Several constraints such as inaccessible and di&cult hilly terrain, low productivity of upland waters, slow growth of #sh species being cultured, low fecundity, lack of infrastructure for seed production, trained manpower, poor landing and marketing facility pose obstacles in the expansion of Coldwater #sh production.

Indian Coldwater Fishery sector is rapidly changing as more and more people are being attracted. "is sector enables livelihood for a large section of economically underprivileged population living in the mountainous region of the country. Novel production technologies, higher economic growth, population explosion and shi+s in dietary patterns are leading to enhanced production. As a consequence, besides a source of income,

#sh has become a commodity for trade too. As #sh constitutes an important source of animal protein for the people living in the hilly regions, selected #sh species are being farmed by the local people in order to meet the nutritional needs and generate employment opportunities. Besides #sh farming, other activities like ranching, sport and eco-tourism also fetch rich dividends for the locals. At present, several progressive farmers have started mono and composite #sh culture in small ponds and a few of them have achieved considerably good production. "e aquatic water bodies of this region are also enriched in ornamental #shes. Culture of ornamental #shes can also be a source of income for the people living in this region. Ornamental #sh trade can fetch rich dividends both within the country as well as by export.

Coldwater #sh farming is gaining momentum. "erefore, in order to enhance #sh production, the vast natural resources of the Indian mountainous region need to be tapped and new prospects have to be explored. Intensi#cation of #sh farming may invite serious disease problems. "erefore in the direction of disease preparedness, information on microbial $ora is also required and #sh pathogens need to be identi#ed. In this newsletter, some useful information on #sh farming practices of Arunachal Pradesh, opportunities for Trout culture in Ladakh and culture of ornamental #sh for providing food security

as well as source of income is being provided.

Guest Editor

Amit Pande

[email protected]