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Opportunities and barriers of Opportunities and barriers of adult education in adult education in
disadvantageous social groups and disadvantageous social groups and underdeveloped regionsunderdeveloped regions
Gábor Erdei Ph.DGábor Erdei Ph.D
University of DebrecenUniversity of Debrecen
The circumstances of the birth of The circumstances of the birth of adult education adult education
The formation of adult education took place in The formation of adult education took place in the late 18. early 19. centurythe late 18. early 19. century
Pluralism, heterogenety, shaping the citoyen Pluralism, heterogenety, shaping the citoyen societysociety
Adult education has on the democratical Adult education has on the democratical aspects and featuresaspects and features
Philosophy of Adult EdcuationPhilosophy of Adult Edcuation
Five main philosophical mainstreams:Five main philosophical mainstreams: HumanisticHumanistic LiberalLiberal BehavioristBehaviorist ProgressivProgressiv RadicalistRadicalist
Functions of adult education I.Functions of adult education I.
Objectives of adult education and learningObjectives of adult education and learning There are more functions than institutional typesThere are more functions than institutional types Types of functions (Belanger 1997, Siebert Types of functions (Belanger 1997, Siebert
1981, Lowe 1975, Urbanczyk 1965):1981, Lowe 1975, Urbanczyk 1965): CompensationCompensation IntegrationIntegration AdaptationAdaptation Substitutive/expletiveSubstitutive/expletive
Functions of adult education II.Functions of adult education II.
PoliticalPolitical DemocratizationDemocratization Problem solvingProblem solving DisseminationDissemination InformationInformation Active citizenshipActive citizenship Developing individual skillsDeveloping individual skills CulturelisationCulturelisation
Functions of adult education III.Functions of adult education III.
ProfessionalisationProfessionalisation OrientationOrientation Value shaping Value shaping Further trainingFurther training New knowledgeNew knowledge ComplementaryComplementary Etc.Etc.
Challaenges of education Challaenges of education Quality of life – employobility – educational Quality of life – employobility – educational
level and qualifications are stongly level and qualifications are stongly interconnected categories on the level of interconnected categories on the level of individuals, society and economyindividuals, society and economy
The big question: creating balance beetwen The big question: creating balance beetwen competition and social cohesion/social competition and social cohesion/social integration integration
Challenges of adult educationChallenges of adult education
Adult edcuation playes the role in the societies Adult edcuation playes the role in the societies as ICT does as ICT does
„„Matthew effect” (accumulated advantage) Matthew effect” (accumulated advantage) really exists in adult educationreally exists in adult education
Disadventageous situation reinforce the negativ Disadventageous situation reinforce the negativ elements of the situationelements of the situation
More laborforce demand from the labor market More laborforce demand from the labor market does not mean automatically to have jobs for the does not mean automatically to have jobs for the disadvantageous groupsdisadvantageous groups
Grouping of the disadvantageous Grouping of the disadvantageous Limits on the labour market because of social Limits on the labour market because of social
status, family background and cirmunstances, and status, family background and cirmunstances, and prejudiceprejudice
Family and social background is proper, the Family and social background is proper, the problem is with the personalityproblem is with the personality
Disadvantageous by healthDisadvantageous by health Being disadvantaged because of geographical Being disadvantaged because of geographical
location location Partly or totally aggregations of the above Partly or totally aggregations of the above
mentioned factors mentioned factors
Results of being disadvanted Results of being disadvanted
Lack of equal opportunitiesLack of equal opportunities Hardship having a jobHardship having a job Situatiom of permanent under qualificationSituatiom of permanent under qualification Learning difficultiesLearning difficulties Life is always accompined by failureLife is always accompined by failure
Disadvantageous social groupsDisadvantageous social groups
Disadvantageous persons: whose opportunity on the Disadvantageous persons: whose opportunity on the labor market is worse than the averagelabor market is worse than the average
Disadvantegous groups:Disadvantegous groups: Lower educated/ not finishedLower educated/ not finished Unempoyed/long term unemployedUnempoyed/long term unemployed Changed capabilities/handicappedChanged capabilities/handicapped Those who are on maternity benefitThose who are on maternity benefit More than 45 years old people More than 45 years old people Minorities, immigrantsMinorities, immigrants Etc.Etc.
Reduction of social differencesReduction of social differences
The phenomena is complex > the solutions The phenomena is complex > the solutions should be complex alsoshould be complex also
Tools which can be used:Tools which can be used: Social policySocial policy Policy of employmentPolicy of employment Policy of educationPolicy of education
What adult education can do and What adult education can do and what can not what can not
Financing adult education is based on three Financing adult education is based on three pillars (state, employees, individuals)pillars (state, employees, individuals)
Who can finance the learning activites of a Who can finance the learning activites of a social disadventageous person?social disadventageous person?
There are some state sources for educating There are some state sources for educating disadventagous people plus sources from the EUdisadventagous people plus sources from the EU
In many situation not training/education is the In many situation not training/education is the solution (e.g. graduated young unemployed)solution (e.g. graduated young unemployed)
Adult education for Adult education for disadvantagous social groups I.disadvantagous social groups I.
Problems:Problems: Analysis of the current situation: real needs from Analysis of the current situation: real needs from
the labour marketthe labour market Guadiance and support during the training, helping Guadiance and support during the training, helping
the integrationthe integration Fall into line with the challangesFall into line with the challanges Success of the educationSuccess of the education Follow-upFollow-up
Adult education for Adult education for disadvantagous social groups II.disadvantagous social groups II.
Special group - special needs:Special group - special needs: Special traning materialsSpecial traning materials Special teaching and learning methodologySpecial teaching and learning methodology Providing supporting servicesProviding supporting services
Open labour market - protected labour market Open labour market - protected labour market problemproblem
More education does not automatically means More education does not automatically means more and better jobsmore and better jobs
Adult education for Adult education for disadvantageous social groups disadvantageous social groups
III.III. Adult education can:Adult education can:
Re-trainRe-train Further trainFurther train
But AE has limits: can not solve all of the But AE has limits: can not solve all of the problemsproblems
Employment policyEmployment policy
Suggestions from empirical Suggestions from empirical researches I.researches I.
Education and training should focus on real Education and training should focus on real labour market demandlabour market demand
The objectives, the content and the The objectives, the content and the requirements of tranings should be requirements of tranings should be correspondent with the possibilities of the correspondent with the possibilities of the target grouptarget group
Flexibility in teaching, should rely on the Flexibility in teaching, should rely on the students’ former learning experincesstudents’ former learning experinces
Suggestions from empirical Suggestions from empirical researches II.researches II.
The teaching process should provide by The teaching process should provide by institutes and experts, teachers who have institutes and experts, teachers who have experience dealing with special groupsexperience dealing with special groups
Traning modells should be as interactive as it Traning modells should be as interactive as it is possible (cooperative and project lerning)is possible (cooperative and project lerning)
Group and individual learning support > trying Group and individual learning support > trying to develop the autonom and autodidact to develop the autonom and autodidact learning learning
Suggestions from empirical Suggestions from empirical researches III.researches III.
Besides the summative assessment, the Besides the summative assessment, the diagnostical and personel evaluation also diagnostical and personel evaluation also importantimportant
Try to find the labour market niche for the Try to find the labour market niche for the special groupsspecial groups
Focus - during the process of the education – Focus - during the process of the education – on the vocational content < > personel on the vocational content < > personel developments and general knowledge, learning developments and general knowledge, learning and social competencies are also important and social competencies are also important
Suggestions from empirical Suggestions from empirical researches IV.researches IV.
There is a tension beetwen the official lenght of There is a tension beetwen the official lenght of educational programs and the necessary timeeducational programs and the necessary time
Learners should clearly see the aim of the Learners should clearly see the aim of the learning activties and the „destination” of the learning activties and the „destination” of the whole processwhole process
Keeping the motivitaion is the biggest challenge Keeping the motivitaion is the biggest challenge Social conditions significantly influence the Social conditions significantly influence the
learning process of adultslearning process of adults
Problems of underdeveloped Problems of underdeveloped regions I.regions I.
Situation of geographical disadvantageous: Situation of geographical disadvantageous: Remote placesRemote places Regions for agriculture or the old industryRegions for agriculture or the old industry Small villages with very less inhabitantsSmall villages with very less inhabitants Accesibilty and connection is badAccesibilty and connection is bad
The structure of the society is not healthy (less The structure of the society is not healthy (less youngsters, mand old citizens, less edcatad people, youngsters, mand old citizens, less edcatad people, roma, immigrants etc.)roma, immigrants etc.)
No investment and development on the condition of No investment and development on the condition of marketmarket
Problems of underdeveloped Problems of underdeveloped regions II.regions II.
These regions can not compiteThese regions can not compite
Challenges of adult education in Challenges of adult education in underdeveloped regions I.underdeveloped regions I.
Problems:Problems: Most of the adult education providers (especially Most of the adult education providers (especially
profit oriented training companies) are far from these profit oriented training companies) are far from these placesplaces
Very few success stories of adult learning > adult Very few success stories of adult learning > adult education and learning not really seen as opportunity education and learning not really seen as opportunity or toolor tool
No labour market demandNo labour market demand The society is unflexible and inmobileThe society is unflexible and inmobile Active citizenship is not a common phenomena Active citizenship is not a common phenomena
Challenges of adult education in Challenges of adult education in underdeveloped regions II.underdeveloped regions II.
Opportunities:Opportunities: There are lots of room for creative ideasThere are lots of room for creative ideas To develop new type of education and training To develop new type of education and training
materials, methodsmaterials, methods Adult education and community development can Adult education and community development can
strenghten each other (synergy)strenghten each other (synergy) Some good initiatives could reach great success in Some good initiatives could reach great success in
short timeshort time Good example: social cooperativeGood example: social cooperative
