Upload
jason-paul
View
218
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Opportunistic Infections associated
with HIVSelf paced program
To begin, click on the ‘screen button’ in the lower left portion of this screen
Opportunistic Infections associated with HIV
In this slide presentation you will study 5 common infections associated with the disease of immune compromise.
These infections are: Protozoa, Fungal, Bacterial, & Viral. Malignant neoplasm is considered an ‘OI’ since this group of cancers are associated with the compromise of the host.
Additionally, you will review a select number of body syndromes which occur as a result of immune compromise
Opportunistic Infections associated with HIV
The term ‘Opportunistic’ means to take advantage of an opportunity
In other words, many of these infections are not present in people with competent immune systems
Organisms which are all around us, whether pathogenic or not, will not affect us when we have the proper ability to warn and fight off their intrusion into our bodies
Frequently, you will see opportunistic infections as the abbreviation, ‘OI’
Checkpoint -you will see these checkpoints
throughout the presentation, can you answer the question?
Which hemopoetic cell line regulates immunity, and what is the cell count of this line which typically determines immune compromise?
The Answer is -
The hempoetic system has two cell lines, myeloid and lymphoid. It is the lymphoid line with a specific number of less than 200 in the T4/CD4 count which typically determines immune compromise
Protozoa Infections
Protozoa are single celled, microscopic organisms which live on the ground and in water
I guess you could think of them as ‘unwanted pets’
Protozoa Infections
These are the most common Protozoa infecting the HIV population
Pneumocystis cariniiToxoplasma gondiiCryptospordium* Isospora belli (rare in US)
Pneumocystis carinii
Pathogenesis: Most common life threatening infection, flourishes in the lungs, provokes inflammatory response (65% clients will have inflammation)
Clinical Presentation: acute fever, dry non-productive cough, anorexia, dyspnea
Diagnosis: CXR, ABG, sputum, bronchoscopyMedical Tx: Bactrim, Pentamidine,
Corticosteroids
PCP or P. carinii
This was the symptom which started the investigation into AIDS
The PCP client will have a dry, non-productive cough with extreme dyspnea. This dry cough distinguishes PCP from other respiratory infections; like the person with very ‘wet’ lungs, lots of mucus and wheezes
Toxoplasma gondiiPathogenesis: found in uncooked meat,
felines; attacks brain & lymphatics up to 20% have organism
Clinical Presentation: HA, fever, neuro/cognitive problems, seizures
Diagnosis: blood: +IgG, lesions visualized on CT scan, Biopsy
Medical Tx: Pyrimethamine & Sulf/Clindamycin/Azithromycin
Toxoplasmosis
For a while we encouraged people to get rid of their cats when immune levels dropped. So the person would grieve yet another loss, the pet! Research has proven that the T. gondii creature is in the body system usually for many
years and becomes a problem when the host is compromised. That’s science for you. Always blaming cats! Reminds me of when they were blamed for ‘sucking the breath’ from SIDS
babies.
CryptospordiumPathogenesis: agent causes diarrhea,
transmit in water or person-to-person, causes enteritis in compromised host, biliary problems
Clinical Presentation: severe, watery diarrhea
Diagnosis: stool sample + for organismMedical Tx: Azithromycin, Antidiarrheals,
TPN, disinfection of environment
Profound Weight Loss
Our picture of the emaciated AIDS patient is due to the significant weight loss many clients experience. The severe diarrhea is one contributing factor. With this weight loss, many clients will have a daily need of thousands of calories just to maintain their weight. That is why we see ‘Palliative’ TPN.
Checkpoint
An emaciated, street drug user presents to the ER with a fever, dyspnea & severe cough. How do you quickly attempt to distingish PCP from other infections?
The Answer is -
Check her Kleenex! Is it a productive cough?
Remember - Green mucous often bacterial Yellow/white mucous often
viral NO mucous could be PCP
Fungal Infections
Fungus is a ‘vegetable’ organismFungi are found in soil, air & waterFungal infections develop slowly &
are rarely fatal in people who have a competent immune system
Fungal Infections
These are the most common Fungi infecting the HIV population
CandidaCryptococcal neoformansHistoplasmosis capsulatum
CandidaPathogenesis: Normal flora in humans,
frequent non-life threatening OIClinical Presentation: Oral mucosa,
pseudomembranous appearance, present in esophagus, usually disseminated thru entire body when dx
Diagnosis: KOH prep & cultureMedical Tx: topical (Nystatin), systemic
(Ketoconazole/Fluconazole), Amphotericin-B
Candida
Treating Thrush -Topical application was the
treatment of choice for many years. Patients swished & swallowed anti-fungal meds to treat mouth infections. With immunity problems, we now believe the organism may be along the entire GI system (mouth to anus), possibly even systemic (in the blood). Now systemic meds are the treatment of choice.
Cryptococcal neoformans
Pathogenesis: Pigeon droppings! Inhaled can cause severe pulmonary distress, progress to meninges lining the brain
Clinical Presentation: HA, fever, meningitis-like sx
Diagnosis: lumbar puncture, lesions on CT/MRI
Medical Tx: Amphotericin-B, Ketoconazole/ Fluconazole
Cryptococcal neoformans
Why worry about Pigeons? Think about crowded areas of the inner cities - prime populations where HIV is on the rise. Lots of birds, dry pigeon poop being pulverized by people walking around, thin powder floating in the air and people breathing it into their lungs - ugh!
Histoplasmosis capsulatum
Pathogenesis: more common in Southern US, self limiting pulmonary problems from fungus
Clinical Presentation: gen’l sx (fever, chills, sweats, wt loss), pneumonitis, lymphadenopathy, skin lesions
Diagnosis: culture, biopsyMedical Tx: Amphotericin-B
Checkpoint
The most important factor in susceptibility to infection is?
a. being maleb. immune
compromisedc. poor nutritiond. drug
insensitivity
The Answer is -
The most important factor in susceptibility to infection is?
a. being maleb. immune
compromisedc. poor nutritiond. drug
insensitivity
People with intact immune systems live around these organisms daily with littleill effects
Bacterial Infections
Although immune incompetent people are suseptible to any bacteria, (like Staph, Strep, or even E. coli), here are 2 bacteria which have become much more prominent with the increase of HIV
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB)Mycobacterium avium
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Pathogenesis: found in populations of congested areas, calcified in lungs, reactivation w/immunocompromise (may be seen before other OI)
Clinical Presentation: fever, dyspnea, wt loss, dry-productive cough
Diagnosis: sputum, blood cultures, negative PPD not reliable
Medical Tx: usual TB tx
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
TB!If we use the Tine test or PPD to screen for TB, why
would these tests not be effective in HIV populations?
These screening tests require a competent immune system to recognize the bacteria and respond, (react with inflammation). The immune compromised HIV client can not do this, therefore the PPD will not become inflammed and will be negative when the bacteria is actually present
Mycobacterium avium
Pathogenesis: bird TB, in soil/water, colonizes in GI tract disseminates to other organs
Clinical Presentation: fever, wt loss, GI sx (pain,bloat, diarrhea), anemia, enlarged spleen
Diagnosis: stool, blood & tissue culturesMedical Tx: TB tx, antibiotics
Checkpoint
Earlier in this century, the medical system quarantined patients with TB in sanitariums.
Why do you think we have not
repeated this practice for the new rise in TB patients we are seeing?
Especially considering that many strains of the bacteria are resistant to antibiotics due to
incomplete dosing.
The Answer is -
Not real clear! Think about the ethics and patient
rights Public health now treats rather
than segregates New knowledge/technology make
quarantine some what obsolete Improper imprisonment of the sick
Viral Infections
Virus’ are parasitic organisms requiring a host to multiply. Even though HIV is a virus itself, the immune compromise of HIV can make people susceptible to other virus:
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)Herpes simplexVaricella zoster
Cytomegalovirus
Pathogenesis: major cause morbidity/mortality - passes person to person in semen/urine, (peds & sexual activity), eye-blind, GI, resp
Clinical Presentation: sub-clinical flu sx, fever, depends on organ system affected (lung, brain, eyes, GI tract)
Diagnosis: endoscopy & bxMedical Tx: Gancyclovir & Foscarnet,
Induction & Maintenance Tx
Herpes simplexPathogenesis: mucous membranes (peri-
anal in gay men), sits dormant in dorsal root ganglia
Clinical Presentation: ulcerative lesions (varied sites), esophagitis, may see encephalitis if in brain tissue
Diagnosis: culture, endoscopy, CTMedical Tx: Acyclovir & Foscarnet,
Induction & Maintenance Tx
Varicella zoster (Shingles)
Pathogenesis: reactivation of chicken pox, elderly, sits dormant in dorsal root ganglia
Clinical Presentation: vesicular lesions, unilateral along dermatones, painful (? neuro impairment)
Diagnosis: cultureMedical Tx: rapid, high dose Acyclovir
(pricey $3/pill)
Induction & Maintenance
Additional virus’ can be one of the most expensive problems for the AIDS client to have. Because of the ability to reappear, people are required to take large doses of the anti-viral medication, then continue treatment (even when sx are not apparent) to prevent the virus from re-activating
Malignant Neoplasms
The incidence of certain cancers has increased in populations which typically do not present with these diseases:
CytopeniasKaposi’s SarcomaLymphomas/other cancers
CytopeniasPathogenesis: HIV in marrow, decreased
growth factor, Rx treatmentClinical Presentation: Anemia, Leukopenia
(neutropenia), Lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia
Diagnosis: blood work, bone marrow examination
Medical Tx: treat underlying cause, CSF’s may help
Checkpoint
If the problem with Cytopenia is a low blood count of all/any blood cells, should we routinely administer Colony Stimulating Factors to all HIV patients? Remember, they dramatically increase the cell counts in Cancer patients!
The Answer is -
NO!The HIV virus needs the white
blood cell to replicate. Therefore if we stimulate the production of more of these cells, we are making more places for the HIV virus to replicate. So in reality we are promoting the disease!
Kaposi’s SarcomaPathogenesis: cancerous growth of
capillariesClinical Presentation: ethnically seen on
lower extremities, KS in HIV more generalized to torso & internal organs (3/4 pts)
Diagnosis: histology from biopsyMedical Tx: chemo, XRT, cryotherapy (all
for palliative, not curative purposes)
Kaposi’s Sarcoma (KS)
Historically, elderly men living in the Mediterranean Region of the World developed these spots on their legs - with little mortality
In HIV populations, we see KS on the torso & on internal organs. It is the lesions which develop on ‘blood rich’ organs which are fatal. A client can hemorrhage to death.
The purple skin spots of KS are now the ‘Scarlet Letter’ of HIV
Lymphomas/Carcinomas
Pathogenesis: ? link w/HPV and dysplasias
Clinical Presentation: Non-Hodgkins Lymph. (high grade & often cranial) & cervical Ca in Women
Diagnosis: biopsyMedical Tx: std cancer treatments
Selected body syndromes
DementiaAdrenal
InsufficiencyCardiomyopathyRenalNeuropathiesRheumatic Diseases
All medical problems are considered end-stage disease with the goal of treatments to be palliative care in mind rather than cure. The goal is to treat the symptoms rather than the etiology.
DementiaPathogenesis: direct invasion of gray/white
brain matter by HIVClinical Presentation: dependent on area
affected; cognitive, behavioral, motor (slow intellectual processing predominates)
Diagnosis: MRI, CT, CSF to r/o other causesMedical Tx: high dose AZT may help
thinking processes
Adrenal Insufficiency
Pathogenesis: ? HIV, other virus, or infection
Clinical Presentation: Hypovolemial, fatigue, fever
Diagnosis: electrolytes, Cortisol stim. test
Medical Tx: supplement adrenalcorticoid Rx
Cardiomyopathy
Pathogenesis: ? HIV, anti-viral tx, infection
Clinical Presentation: CHF-type symptoms
Diagnosis: CXR, Echo, ECG, heart bxMedical Tx: control CHF sx
Renal
Pathogenesis: ? HIV, immune disorder to kidney
Clinical Presentation: Nephrotic Syndrome
Diagnosis: urine protein study, Renal blood tests, biopsy
Medical Tx: Dialysis for end stage disease
Neuropathies
Pathogenesis: demyelination of the nerve tracts caused by HIV
Clinical Presentation: peripheral numbness, tingling or pain
Diagnosis: asymmetrical findings suggest spinal/central lesion
Medical Tx: Rx: Amitriptylline, NSAIDS, narcotics, dilantin/tegretol
Rheumatic Diseases
Pathogenesis: HIV affects autoimmunity, anti-viral Rx
Clinical Presentation: Myalgia/arthralgia, muscle wasting & weakness
Diagnosis: muscle biopsy, conduction studies, Rheumatology panels
Medical Tx: NSAIDS/Corticosteroids