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1 Operational Excellence Services Operations Management De wet van Etorre: Hoe langer je in de rij staat, des te groter de kans dat je in de verkeerde rij staat. www.vanassen.info

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Page 1: Operational Excellence - van Assenvanassen.info/wp-content/uploads/Module-3-Services...Definition of services (Van Looy, Gemmel & van Dierdonck, 2003). A service … •is an activity

1

Operational Excellence Services Operations Management

De wet van Etorre: Hoe langer je in de rij staat, des te

groter de kans dat je in de verkeerde rij staat.

www.vanassen.info

Page 2: Operational Excellence - van Assenvanassen.info/wp-content/uploads/Module-3-Services...Definition of services (Van Looy, Gemmel & van Dierdonck, 2003). A service … •is an activity

Definition of services (Van Looy, Gemmel & van Dierdonck, 2003).

A service …

• is an activity (or a process, a series of activities)

• of a more or less intangible nature

• that normally (but not necessarily) take place in

interactions between customer and service

employees (and/or physical goods and/or systems)

of the service provider,

• which are provided as solutions to customer

problems/needs

2

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Service = Experience + Outcomes • The customer co-jointly produces (part of) the service with the service-

employees.

3

Experience Outcomes i.e.

•Benefits

•Emotions

•Judgments

• (incl value)

•Intentions

Service product

Input •Time

•Materials

•Staff

•Customers

•Facilities

•Cost

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Service = Experience + Outcomes

• Aspects of customer experience include:

1)The degree of personal interaction

2)The responsiveness of the service organization

3)The flexibility of the service employees (in the front office)

4)Customer intimacy !

5)The ease of access to service personnel or information systems

6)The extent to which customers feels valued by the organisation

7)The courtesy and competence of customer-facing staff

8)Interaction with other customers

4

Experience Outcomes i.e

•Benefits

•Emotions

•Judgments

• (incl value)

•Intentions

Service product

Input •Time

•Materials

•Staff

•Customers

•Facilities

•Cost

Page 5: Operational Excellence - van Assenvanassen.info/wp-content/uploads/Module-3-Services...Definition of services (Van Looy, Gemmel & van Dierdonck, 2003). A service … •is an activity

Characteristics: service physics

• Coproduction of the customer in the service delivery

process.

• Implication: the service may vary services are highly heterogeneous

services are difficult to standardize

• The immaterial (tacit) output of the process • Services are limited perishable and time-bounded

• Services are produced and/or delivered on the ‘Moment of Truth’

no inventory of services

• The immediate/direct contact between supplier and

customer. • The customer is also supplier of materials and/or information

5

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Customer-introduced variability in service systems

• Arrival variability: customers don’t arrive uniformly and

don’t place demands on a service system uniformly

• Request variability: this is the variability within a service

arrival. • E.g., customers arrive at a bank in a variable manner, but also

have different numbers of transactions

• Capability variability: not all customers have the same

skill level. Some require much more guidance than

others.

• Effort variability: variation in effort that a customer

makes to complete the transaction

• Subjective preference variability: variation in customer

opinion about the services

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Verschillen productieomgeving en service omgevingen

• Het identificeren van defecten en verspilling is minder eenvoudig in

service omgevingen • Hierdoor is het lastiger om verbeterrichting en verbeterpotentieel aan te geven

• Eindproduct is minder tastbaar – vaak gaat het om informatie, geld of

een ervaring

• Het proces is minder zichtbaar – het gaat niet om een fysieke

productielijn van tasbare goederen, maar in min-of-meer virtuele

processen met behulp van workstations (PCs) – met een druk op de

enter-knop is informatie ‘verdwenen’

• Verspilling en defecten zijn minder zichtbaar – hoe kun je verspilling

visueel te identificeren in een call-center?

• De afstand tussen oorzaak van een defect (root-cause) en plaats van

ontdekking (gevolg) is vaak groter dan in een productieomgeving (zowel

afstand als tijd). • De interne klant-leverancier relatie is minder goed zichtbaar

• Informatie over/voor KPI’s is niet eenvoudig/real-time beschikbaar

7

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Service quality Expectation, perception and satisfaction

• Because of the co-production of the service, the quality of a service

depends on the (behavior of the) service-employee and the customer. • Technical quality (related to what is actually delivered, conformance to

specification) – its unprejudiced and objective

• Functional quality (related to the process, how it is delivered).

8

Expectation

The

delivery of

the service

Perception Satisfaction

mismatch

Gap 1 Gap 2

Gap 1 . Gap 2

Internal cause • Not really knowing what the customer

expects and what the customer wants

• Bad design of the service

• Insufficient resources / capacity

• Incorrect delivery of the service

External cause • Inappropriate expectations of the

service experience and/or outcome/

• Incorrect perception of the service

experience and/or outcome

Word-of-mouth

Mood of the customer

Marketing

Price

Available alternatives

Past experiences

Beliefs

Gap 1 . Gap 2

Internal cause • Not really knowing what the customer

expects and what the customer wants

• Bad design of the service

• Insufficient resources / capacity

• Incorrect delivery of the service

External cause • Inappropriate expectations of the

service experience and/or outcome/

• Incorrect perception of the service

experience and/or outcome

Page 9: Operational Excellence - van Assenvanassen.info/wp-content/uploads/Module-3-Services...Definition of services (Van Looy, Gemmel & van Dierdonck, 2003). A service … •is an activity

Figure 2.2 The service concept – two perspectives

The service concept

Page 10: Operational Excellence - van Assenvanassen.info/wp-content/uploads/Module-3-Services...Definition of services (Van Looy, Gemmel & van Dierdonck, 2003). A service … •is an activity

Figure 2.3 The marketing concept

The service concept

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Figure 2.6 Developing the service concept

The service concept

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Figure 2.7 Focused operations for a narrow market

The service concept

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Figure 2.8 Focused operations for a wide market

The service concept

Page 14: Operational Excellence - van Assenvanassen.info/wp-content/uploads/Module-3-Services...Definition of services (Van Looy, Gemmel & van Dierdonck, 2003). A service … •is an activity

Figure 2.9 Unfocused operations for a narrow market

The service concept

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Figure 2.11 Four service concepts Adapted from Johnston (1996).9 Reprinted by permission of Taylor & Francis, www.tandf.co.uk/journals

Page 16: Operational Excellence - van Assenvanassen.info/wp-content/uploads/Module-3-Services...Definition of services (Van Looy, Gemmel & van Dierdonck, 2003). A service … •is an activity

Figure 2.14 Achieving focus by splitting the business

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McDonalds

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Employee

satisfaction

Employee

attraction

Customer

satisfaction

Customer

loyalty

Performance

Leadership

Vision

Concept

People

&

Culture

Strategy

Process

Planning &

coordination

Information

&

technology

Service

Delivery

The links in the Service profit chain Drivers network

Results network

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Service concept & leiderschap

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Figure 6.12 Walk-through audit of an electrical store

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Zone of tolerance

21

Customer dissatisfaction

Zone of toleranceCustomer

delight

Lower end Upper end

The ’ zone of tolerance’ represents the range of service delivery that the customer finds satisfactory

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Factors that determine satisfaction

22

Potential to

dissatisfy

Potential to delight Low

Low

High

High

Qualifying

primary factors

Critical factors

Neutral

factors

Enhancing

factors

Potentie voor verrukking Laag Hoog

Primary factors:

- Availability

- Reliability

- Integrity

- Functionality

- Security

Critical factors:

- Responsiveness

- Communication

- Competence

Neutral factors:

- Comfort

- Aesthetics

Enhancing factors:

-Attentiveness

- Care

- Friendliness

- Courtesy

- Flexibility

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Zone of tolerance

23

Customer dissatisfaction

Zone of toleranceCustomer

delight

Lower end Upper end

The ’ zone of tolerance’ represents the range of service delivery that the customer finds satisfactory

1

2

3

4

5

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Zone of tolerance

24

Customer dissatisfaction

Zone of toleranceCustomer

delight

Lower end Upper end

The ’ zone of tolerance’ represents the range of service delivery that the customer finds satisfactory

1

3

4

5

2

Use enhancers to

delight customers

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Zone of tolerance

25

Customer dissatisfaction

Zone of toleranceCustomer

delight

Lower end Upper end

The ’ zone of tolerance’ represents the range of service delivery that the customer finds satisfactory

1

2

3

4

5

Page 26: Operational Excellence - van Assenvanassen.info/wp-content/uploads/Module-3-Services...Definition of services (Van Looy, Gemmel & van Dierdonck, 2003). A service … •is an activity

Zone of tolerance

26

Customer dissatisfaction

Zone of toleranceCustomer

delight

Lower end Upper end

The ’ zone of tolerance’ represents the range of service delivery that the customer finds satisfactory

1

2

3

4

5

Use enhancers to

compensate for

failures

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OpX: ondergrens opzoeken?

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The psychology and managerial consequences of waiting

• Not only does dissatisfaction with the wait increase with waiting

time, but also dissatisfaction with the service as a whole. • Given that perceived waiting time is usually greater than actual waiting

time, it is wise to reduce perceived waiting time, which can also be a great

deal cheaper than employing more service-employees

1. Unoccupied time feels longer than occupied time

2. Pre-process waits feel longer than in-process waits

3. Anxiety makes the wait seem longer

4. Uncertain waits are longer than known, finite waits

5. Unexplained waits seem longer than explained waits

6. Unfair waits are longer than equitable waits

7. The more valuable the service, the longer customers will wait

8. Solo waiting feels longer than group waiting

9. Uncomfortable waits feel longer than comfortable waits

10.New or infrequent users feel they wait longer than frequent users

28

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Avoiding customers to become terrorists

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Corollary?

• More source of variability

• More subjective /biased

• More difficult to quantify

• More difficult to control with traditional OpEx-

techniques

• You don’t want to do everyting for every customer

Page 31: Operational Excellence - van Assenvanassen.info/wp-content/uploads/Module-3-Services...Definition of services (Van Looy, Gemmel & van Dierdonck, 2003). A service … •is an activity

RRS-model

Page 32: Operational Excellence - van Assenvanassen.info/wp-content/uploads/Module-3-Services...Definition of services (Van Looy, Gemmel & van Dierdonck, 2003). A service … •is an activity

De classificatie van Bicheno: herhaalbaarheid versus frequentie klantcontact

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De classificatie van Bicheno: herhaalbaarheid versus frequentie klantcontact

LEAN AGILE

HNW HNW

Page 34: Operational Excellence - van Assenvanassen.info/wp-content/uploads/Module-3-Services...Definition of services (Van Looy, Gemmel & van Dierdonck, 2003). A service … •is an activity

Classificatie van Johnston & Clark Process variety versus volume 4 types of service processes

34

Zie ook tabel 1.3 page 25

Process

variety

Volume Low

Low

High

High

Capability Complexity

Simplicity Commodity

Page 35: Operational Excellence - van Assenvanassen.info/wp-content/uploads/Module-3-Services...Definition of services (Van Looy, Gemmel & van Dierdonck, 2003). A service … •is an activity

Effective service processes are on the diagonal

35

Zie ook tabel 1.3 page 25

Process

variety

Volume Low

Low

High

High

Capability Complexity

Simplicity Commodity

Page 36: Operational Excellence - van Assenvanassen.info/wp-content/uploads/Module-3-Services...Definition of services (Van Looy, Gemmel & van Dierdonck, 2003). A service … •is an activity

Figure 6.6 Depicting different surgery processes

Page 37: Operational Excellence - van Assenvanassen.info/wp-content/uploads/Module-3-Services...Definition of services (Van Looy, Gemmel & van Dierdonck, 2003). A service … •is an activity

Profile of the processes

Capability processes Commodity processes

High process variability Low process variability

Low volume of customer

transactions

High volume of customer

transactions

Focus on capability, flexibility, and

providing customer solutions

Focus on quality, consistency,

availability and efficiency

Customer transactions are lengthy

and unpredictable in length and

volume

Customer transactions are short,

standard in content and variability

Process flows are unpredictable –

designed to meet individual

customer requirements

Rigid processes, with opportunity

for automation to reduce cost and

variability

Process capability primarily based

on individual skills and knowledge

Process capability based on careful

design of processes and resources,

minimizing reliance on individuals

Flexible people and control systems People and systems dedicated to a

narrow range of tasks

Customer-facing employees is

designer and deliverer

Customer-facing employees is part

deliverer, order taker and complaint

handler

Customer is often a key member of

the service team and a significant

resource

Customer is primarily order giver;

may be a resource for the final

delivery process

37

Process 1 Process 2

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Vier typen diensten.

Page 39: Operational Excellence - van Assenvanassen.info/wp-content/uploads/Module-3-Services...Definition of services (Van Looy, Gemmel & van Dierdonck, 2003). A service … •is an activity

Standaardproductie, ofwel commodity transactie

• duidt op een commodity back-office dienstverleningsproces, een type dienstverlening

met weinig (product) variabiliteit, hoge frequentie, hoge volumes en lage

klantbetrokkenheid in het proces. In dit type dienstverlening wordt een standaard

dienst geleverd zonder grote betrokkenheid van de klant. Qua RRS-model (zie Kader

11) bestaat het dienstverleningsproces vrijwel uitsluitend uit runner activiteiten.

Kenmerkend voor deze dienstenprocessen zijn uniformiteit, standaardisatie en een

relatief smal service-aanbod waarbij lage kosten, consistente kwaliteit en hoge

betrouwbaarheid centraal staan. Flexibiliteit is nauwelijks een issue, omdat

uitzonderingen worden geweigerd. Met betrekking tot Operational Excellence is dit

type dienstverlening vergelijkaar met massaproductie. Elimineren van variabiliteit

staat centraal; bijna nauwelijke buffers nodig zijn om variabiliteit op te vangen. Een

voorbeeld van dit type dienst is het afronden van een hypotheekofferte via een

website.

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Standaard co-productie, ofwel commodity interactie

• Duidt op een commodity front-office dienstverlening is een type dienstverlening met

weinig (product) variabiliteit, hoge frequentie, hoge volumes en hoge

klantbetrokkenheid in het proces. Het gaat hierbij welsiwaar om gestandaardiseerde

dienstverleningsprocessen die vooral worden geproduceerd in de zogenaamde front-

office. Er wordt samen met de klant een standaard dienst geleverd, bijvoorbeeld het

balieproces bij een fast-food restaurant of de McDrive. Qua RRS-model (zie Kader

11) bestaat het dienstverleningsproces vrijwel uitsluitend uit runner- en repeater-

activiteiten, maar heel soms treed teen stranger-activiteit op. Deze

dienstverleningsprocessen zijn ook gekenmerkt door uniformiteit, standaardisatie en

een relatief smal service-aanbod waarbij lage kosten, consistente kwaliteit en hoge

betrouwbaarheid centraal staan. Voorkomen van uitzonderingen (reductie van

klantintroduceerde variabiliteit via marketingcommunicatie (informeren) en het

opleiden en helpen van de klant staat central); enige flexibiliteiten capaciteitsbuffers

nodig om variabiliteit op te vangen. Hoewel getracht wordt om uitzonderingen te

elimineren, is enige mate van flexibiliteit nodig om de klant tevreden te houden.

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Maatwerk productie, ofwel capability transactie

• Duidt op capability back-office dienstverlening is een type dienstverlening met

behoorlijke (product) variabiliteit, hoge frequentie, lage volumes en lage

klantbetrokkenheid in het proces, zoals geavanceerde chirurgie waarbij de klant zelf

geen handelingen verricht in het maakproces. Qua RRS-model bestaat het

dienstverleningsproces vrijwel uitsluitend uit stranger- en repeater-activiteiten. Alleen

bij ‘oplevering’ wordt de kwaliteit van de dienst beoordeeld. Standaardisatie van

geavanceerde skills en vaardigheden van de specialistische dienstverlener is van

belang om complexere en gevarieerde diensten te produceren. Flexibiliteit als gevolg

van multi-skills en technologie staat centraal; Meestal is het erg kostbaar om te

bufferen met capaciteit.

Page 42: Operational Excellence - van Assenvanassen.info/wp-content/uploads/Module-3-Services...Definition of services (Van Looy, Gemmel & van Dierdonck, 2003). A service … •is an activity

Maatwerk co-productie, ofwel capability interactie

• Duidt op capability front-office dienstverlening is een

type dienstverlening met veel (product) variabiliteit,

hoge frequentie, hoge klantbetrokkenheid en lage

volumes in het proces. Flexibiliteit is essentieel om

variatie en onzekerheid op te vangen. Qua RRS-

model bestaat het dienstverleningsproces vrijwel

uitsluitend uit stranger- en repeater-activiteiten. Het

opvangen en adapteren van variabiliteit door

flexibiliteit en capaciteitsbuffers staat centraal.

Page 43: Operational Excellence - van Assenvanassen.info/wp-content/uploads/Module-3-Services...Definition of services (Van Looy, Gemmel & van Dierdonck, 2003). A service … •is an activity

Assignments of the workgroups during this day

• Analysis and redesign of your real-life process

1. Discuss each other ‘problem process’ with the help of internal and external developments regarding that process

2. Map the process on brown paper c) Describe the process with the help of the process mapping method d) Analyze the process (use real life data such as times, variances, TBV’s,

etc.) e) Analyze bottlenecks

3. Redesign the process on brown paper f) Generate possible solutions and rank them g) Choose and redesign the process accordingly

4. Evaluate this group-based analysis and redesign trajectory:

what was good about it and what went wrong?

43

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Service Blueprinting Service Blueprint componenten

Fysieke bewijs

klantacitiviteiten (Externe) Interactielijn

Op de buhne (zichtbare acties van servicemedewerkers)

Zichtbaarheidslijn

Achter de schermen (zichtbare acties van servicemedewerkers))

Interne interactielijn

Ondersteunende processen

2 1