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OPERATION OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTSCOURSE OUTLINE
VOLUME II, SEVENTH EDITION
Chapter Topic Page
11 ACTIVATED SLUDGE (OPERATION OF CONVENTIONALACTIVATED SLUDGE PLANTS) ................................................................................................ 1
12 SLUDGE DIGESTION AND SOLIDS HANDLING ......................................................................... 139
13 EFFLUENT DISCHARGE, RECLAMATION, AND REUSE............................................................ 237
14 PLANT SAFETY ............................................................................................................................ 257
15 MAINTENANCE ............................................................................................................................ 325
16 LABORATORY PROCEDURES AND CHEMISTRY ...................................................................... 465
17 APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTERS FOR PLANT O & M ............................................................... 617
18 ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION OF DATA.................................................................................. 631
19 RECORDS AND REPORT WRITING............................................................................................ 665
20 TREATMENT PLANT ADMINISTRATION ..................................................................................... 679
Appendix COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW QUESTIONS AND SUGGESTED ANSWERS............................... 757
HOW TO SOLVE WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTARITHMETIC PROBLEMS ........................................................................................................ 779
ABBREVIATIONS .......................................................................................................................... 808
WASTEWATER WORDS ............................................................................................................... 809
SUBJECT INDEX .......................................................................................................................... 859
Index 859
SUBJECT INDEX
VOLUME II
A
ABC (Association of Boards of Certification), 698AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome), 266, 494Abnormal operation
activated sludge, 64, 69, 77, 78, 79–83aerobic digestion, 204anaerobic digestion, 186, 187effluent discharge, reclamation, and reuse, 245–247
Absorbance, light, 487Accident
form, 307, 308frequency, 265investigation, 306operators, 265, 307prevention, 495record, 275reports, 307, 308, 668, 729, 733, 734
Accidental spills, 21Accountable, 689Acid formers, 148, 150, 184, 187Acid regression stage, 183Acidity test, 502, 539Acids, 271, 492Activated sludge
Also see Volume I, Chapter 8, “Activated Sludge,” and ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENT, Chapter 2, “Activated Sludge”
abnormal operation, 64, 69, 77, 78, 79–83actual operation, 60, 64aeration methods, 23aeration tank, 19, 23, 33, 39, 40, 42, 43, 48, 53, 58, 60, 67,
88aerobic digestion, 217
Also see ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENT, Chapter 3, “Residual Solids Management”
air systemsSee Air systems, activated sludge
ammonia removalSee ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENT, Chapter 7,
“Enhanced Biological (Nutrient) Control”BOD, 21, 64bacteria, 116blowers, 23, 28, 40, 45, 47, 77, 78, 80, 83brown foam, 53, 73bulking, 71, 90, 116COD, 21, 64canning season, 64, 71centrifuge tests, 19chemical addition, 49, 64, 71, 72clarifiers, 16, 19, 39, 47, 53, 64, 72collection system, 21complete mix, 60, 90, 91compressors
See Blowerscontact stabilization, 60, 86, 112, 113
contact time, 19, 48, 53, 90control of process, 19, 20, 54, 58control tests, 517conventional activated sludge, 21, 48, 53, 55, 58, 69, 86, 88,
112, 113daily observations, 67dark foam, 53, 73denitrification, 73, 90description, 16, 42design variables, 21, 72detention time
See Activated sludge, contact timediffusers, 23, 25, 33, 37, 38, 40, 42, 47, 60, 77, 78, 80, 83, 84dissolved oxygen, 19, 49, 60, 64, 72, 90efficiency of process, 19, 20, 22, 53, 60effluent, 19, 20, 21, 44, 49, 53, 54, 62, 64, 69, 71, 73, 87emergency procedures, 64energy use, 67equipment, 23, 33, 69, 77–84extended aeration, 21, 57, 58, 73, 112, 113F/M ratio, 16, 21, 67, 71, 73filamentous growths, 19, 60, 61, 63, 71, 72, 73, 90, 116, 117,
120, 121, 122filters (air), 23, 27, 40, 45floc mass, 19, 20flow diagram, 17, 18foam, 44, 49, 53, 60, 73food/microorganism ratio, 16, 21, 67, 71, 73formulas, 781growth curves, bacteria, 118high-rate, 21, 57, 58, 90housekeeping, 46hydraulic loading, 21, 70industrial waste treatment, 21, 61, 64, 71, 88
Also see INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT, Volume I, Chapter 5, “Industrial Waste Monitoring”
influent, 19, 20, 21, 22, 53, 62, 69, 70, 88inspecting new facilities, 42Kraus process, 21, 71, 87, 88lab results, 21, 53layout, 18, 56, 86, 88loadings, 58MCRT, 58, 59, 67, 74, 522MLSS, 50, 58, 60, 69, 70, 71, 72, 87, 90MLVSS, 58, 60, 70, 87maintenance, 73, 74, 77, 78, 79–84mean cell residence time, 58, 59, 67, 74, 522mechanical aeration, 23, 24, 26, 33, 40, 77, 78microbiology, 111–128microorganisms, 16, 19, 48, 53, 57, 58, 69, 70, 71, 86,
111–124microscopic examination, 60mixed liquor suspended solids, 50, 58, 60, 69, 70, 71, 72, 87,
90mixed liquor volatile suspended solids, 58, 60, 70, 87mixing, 48, 53, 72
860 Treatment Plants
Activated sludge (continued)modifications, 21, 86modified aeration, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91monitoring, 128nitrification, 126
Also see ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENT, Chapter 2, “Activated Sludge,” and Chapter 7, “Enhanced Biological (Nutrient) Control”
nitrogen requirements, 87Nocardia, 117, 118, 124, 127normal operation, 53, 60nutrient requirements, 71, 86, 87objectives, 7odors, 19, 67, 72operation, 16, 20, 53, 54, 58, 59, 60, 64operational strategy, 20, 53, 60, 61, 64organic loading, 21organisms, 16, 19, 48, 53, 57, 58, 70, 71, 72, 86oxidation, 16, 71, 72oxidation ditch
See Volume I, Chapter 8, “Activated Sludge”oxygen requirements, 16, 19, 20, 49, 60, 70oxygen transfer, 23, 33package plants
See Volume I, Chapter 8, “Activated Sludge”pH, 64, 71plans and specifications
See Volume I, Chapter 8, “Activated Sludge”preliminary treatment requirements, 16, 19problems, 69, 77problems (arithmetic), 785–787, 797–800process control, 19, 20, 54, 111, 120–128protozoa, 116, 117, 119pumps, 48, 339pure oxygen, 23
Also see ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENT, Chapter 2, “Activated Sludge”
purpose, 16, 86RAS, 22, 48, 49, 50, 51, 60, 61, 67, 72, 87, 88reaeration, 86–89recording observations, 120recordkeeping, 20, 42, 48, 53, 64, 69return sludge, 22, 48, 49, 50, 51, 60, 61, 67, 72, 87, 88rising sludge, 73, 90, 126rotifers, 119, 121, 123SDI, 518SVI, 60, 61, 63, 517safety, 39, 40, 48, 76sampling, 49, 53, 64, 70, 71, 111–114secondary clarifiers, 16, 19, 47, 53, 64, 67, 72, 88, 90seed organisms, 48, 49, 50septic sludge, 51, 72settleability tests, 19, 49, 50, 53, 73, 517settlometer, 49, 517shock loads, 21, 69, 88short-circuiting, 44shutdown, 77sludge age, 21, 54, 58, 67, 70, 71, 72, 519sludge blanket, 19, 60, 69, 71, 72, 90sludge bulking, 71, 90, 116, 117sludge density index, 518sludge pumps, 48, 60sludge return, 22, 48, 49, 50, 51, 60, 67, 72, 87, 88sludge volume index, 60, 61, 63, 517sludge wasting, 19, 22, 48, 54, 55, 56, 57, 60, 183solids, 19, 21, 44, 49, 50, 51, 55, 58, 64, 70, 72, 87Sphaerotilus, 117stabilize, 16start-up, 48
step-feed aeration, 53, 88, 89, 112, 113storm flows, 21, 61, 62, 70, 88supernatant return, 22, 70, 87, 188surface aerators, 23, 24, 26, 40, 77, 78, 79surfactants, 73TOC, 64temperature, 21, 54, 64, 70thick foam, 53toxic wastes, 20, 70, 72, 87trend chart, 53, 124, 125, 127, 128trends, 53, 124, 125, 127, 128troubleshooting, 70, 74–76, 77types of processes, 16, 86upset, 21variables, 20, 21, 86visual inspection, 60, 67WAS, 19, 22, 48, 54, 55, 56, 57, 60, 183wasting sludge, 19, 22, 48, 54, 55, 56, 57, 60, 183white foam, 44, 49, 53zoogleal bacteria, 16
Activated sludge control tests, 517Acute health effect, 271Ad valorem taxes, 716Administration
advertising positions, 694applications, 694backflow prevention, 721, 722budgeting, 714capital improvements, 715certification, 697communication, 708–710compensation, 694, 697conducting meetings, 710confined space entry procedures, 731consumer complaints, 712consumer inquiries, 712contingency planning, 722continuing education, 698controlling, 687cross connection control program, 721directing, 687discipline problems, 701discriminatory hiring, 693, 694disposition of plant records, 741emergency response, 722–725employee complaints, 701equipment repair/replacement fund, 715evaluation, performance, 698financial assistance, 716financial management, 713–717financial stability, 713first aid, 727functions of manager, 687harassment, 702hazard communication, 728interviewing job applicants, 694, 695interviews, media, 711meetings, conducting, 710number of employees needed, 692operations and maintenance (O & M), 711, 718–722operator certification, 697oral communication, 708organizing, 689orientation, new employee, 697paper screening, 694performance evaluation, 698personnel records, 706planning, 689planning for emergencies, 722
Index 861
Administration (continued)plant tours, 712policies and procedures, 697probationary period, 697procurement of materials, 741public relations, 711–713public speaking, 712qualifications profile, 693rates, wastewater treatment, 715recordkeeping, 738–743records, personnel, 692, 706repair/replacement fund, equipment, 715SCADA (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition)
systems, 719–721safety program, 725–738selection process, 694sexual harassment, 702staffing, 692–707supervisor, training, 698telephone contacts, 712tours, plant, 712training, 697, 698, 735unions, 706wastewater treatment rates, 715written communication, 708–710
Advanced waste treatmentSee ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENT
Advertising, job openings, 694Aeration tanks, activated sludge, 19, 23, 33, 40, 42, 43, 48, 53,
58, 60, 67, 295Aerobes, 49Aerobic sludge digestion
Also see ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENT, Chapter 3, “Residual Solids Management”
abnormal operation, 219aeration equipment, 218, 219aerobic, 217bacteria, 148comparison with anaerobic, 217costs, 217covers, 218decomposition of solids, 217description, 217detention time, 218dewatering, 218, 219diffusers, 219disposal of solids, 218dissolved oxygen, 218drying beds, 218–223effluent, 218endogenous respiration, 218energy, 217equipment, 217, 218extended aeration, 218floating sludge, 219food, 218maintenance, 219mechanical dewatering, 218, 219, 222–224microorganisms, 148, 218nitrogen removal, 217normal operation, 218odors, 217, 218, 219operation, 218organisms, 148, 218oxygen demand, 218primary sludge, 218problems, 219process description, 217pumping sludge, 218
purpose, 148, 217raw sludge, 218recordkeeping, 218scum, 219secondary sludge, 218shock load, 219sludge, 217, 218, 219solids, 217, 218stabilization, 217, 218start-up, 218supernatant, 218, 219temperature, 218troubleshooting, 219volatile material, 217, 218, 219withdrawal of sludge, 218
Affirmative action, 694Agglomerate, 19Air chamber, pump, 419, 422Air gap, 721, 722Air gap device, 304, 305, 446, 447, 722Air strainer, ejectors, 423Air systems, activated sludge
aeration methods, 23aeration systems, 23blowers, 23, 28, 40, 45, 47, 77, 78, 80, 83coarse bubble diffusers, 33, 38compressors
See Air systems, activated sludge, blowerscondensate traps, 33diffused air, 23, 78diffusers, 25, 33, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42, 47, 60, 77, 78, 80, 83, 84distribution system, 33, 34, 40, 77, 78, 80, 81, 84filters, 23, 27, 40, 45, 78, 82fine bubble diffusers, 25, 33headers, 23, 33, 35, 36, 40, 42, 46, 82, 84hoists, 33, 40inspecting new facilities, 42leveling headers, 33mechanical, 23, 24, 26, 33, 40, 77, 78metering, 33, 46methods, 23, 24odorous air, 28orifice, 33, 46parts, 33–36process systems, 23purpose, 23safety, 39, 40sources of air, 28start-up, 48surface aerators, 23, 24, 26, 40, 77, 78, 79systems, 23, 28testing, 48types, 23
Alignmentmotors, 399, 400, 401pumps, 342, 368, 415, 431, 432
Aliquot, 562Alkalinity, 148, 151, 184, 185, 186, 191, 202Alkalinity tests, 502, 527, 540Alternating current, 375Ambient temperature, 605Amebiasis, 493Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), 706Amines, 299Ammeter, 378Ammonia
electrode, 583, 584test, 502, 580
Amperometric, 545
862 Treatment Plants
Amps, 375Anaerobic environment, 493Anaerobic sludge digestion
Also see ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENT, Chapter 3, “Residual Solids Management”
abnormal operation, 186acid formers, 148, 150, 184actual operation, 211, 212alkalinity, 148, 151, 184, 185, 186, 191, 202anaerobic, 148, 152, 153bacteria, 148, 151, 153, 183–185, 187boiler, 162, 176, 200, 207buffer, 151, 184, 185, 186, 188, 191, 552carbon dioxide, 158, 184, 191, 195, 202, 206, 211, 217, 523centrifuge, 188, 222, 224cleaning, pipelines and digesters, 152, 183, 201, 211, 213,
214, 215comparison with aerobic, 217computations, 194condensate traps, 153, 155, 159, 166, 167, 200coning, 185control of process, 151, 191corbels, 153, 179, 180, 181costs, 217covers, 152, 153, 154, 180, 181definition, 148description, 148digested sludge disposal, 148, 153, 217, 218digested sludge removal, 148, 153, 217, 218digestion time, 148, 151, 211dissolved air flotation, 186drip traps, 159, 166, 167, 200, 295drying beds, 153, 218–223energy, 158, 187, 217enzymes, 187, 188equipment, 152, 153, 158–175, 180explosion, 158, 160, 162, 166feed, 151, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 191, 204fixed cover, 152, 154, 179flame arresters, 153, 155, 159, 162, 163–165, 295floating cover, 153, 179, 180, 201flow diagram, 149foam, 184, 187food supply, 148formulas, 781, 782gas, 158, 184, 187, 191, 195, 217gas, dome, 158gas meter, 166, 195, 200gas mixing, 176gas production, 148, 187, 191, 195, 202, 211gas system, 153, 155, 158–166, 209heat value of gas, 158heating, 158, 166, 175, 176, 200, 211high-rate, 148, 151inlet, 153, 155, 191lab results, 152, 191, 211lime, 186liquid-solids separation, 151, 188loadings, 191, 192, 194, 195, 197, 202, 204, 211maintenance, 152, 162, 166, 179, 199–201mechanical dewatering, 218, 219, 222–224mechanical mixing, 176–179mesophilic bacteria, 151, 191methane fermenters, 148, 150, 184, 187methane gas, 148, 158, 184, 187, 193, 217microorganisms, 148, 150, 151, 183, 184, 191mixing, 148, 151, 176–179, 187, 208, 211neutralizing, 186, 204normal operation, 148, 151, 183, 191, 199, 204, 211
objectives, 144, 148, 153odors, 187, 199, 200, 213operation, 148, 151, 183, 191, 199, 204, 211operational strategy, 199organisms, 148, 150, 151, 183, 184, 191pH, 148, 183, 191, 192, 202pipelines, 152plans and specifications, 228pressure regulators, 159, 166, 169, 170pressure relief valves, 153, 155, 159, 161–163problems, 184problems (arithmetic), 787–791, 800–804psychrophilic bacteria, 151pumping sludge, 185, 191, 199, 200, 211, 219purpose, 144, 148, 153putrefaction, 217raw sludge, 148, 152, 153, 183, 191, 200, 202, 211, 218reactions, 148, 150recirculated sludge, 191, 192recordkeeping, 152, 191, 199–203, 204, 211reduction in volatile solids, 192review of plans and specifications, 228safety, 152, 158, 162, 166, 181, 185, 188, 213sampling, 191, 199, 202sampling well, 166, 173, 523saprophytic organisms, 148, 150scum, 179, 183, 201secondary digested sludge, 194secondary digestion, 151sediment traps, 153, 155, 159, 162, 166, 167, 200seed organisms, 151, 184, 185, 188, 194septic sludge, 200shock loads, 191shutdown, 213sludge, 184, 191, 200sludge draw-off lines, 153sludge drying beds, 153, 218–223sludge pumps, 192, 200sludge withdrawal, 188, 191, 204, 223solids, 188, 192, 194, 195, 202solids balance, 195, 202sour, 183, 184, 186, 191, 523stabilize, 181, 188standard rate, 148start-up, 183stuck, 183, 184, 186, 191, 523supernatant, 151, 153, 185, 188, 192, 193, 194, 202, 204,
213supernatant tubes, 153–156, 194, 200, 201temperature, 148, 151, 191, 199, 202, 204, 211thermal valves, 162, 164thermophilic bacteria, 151thief hole, 166, 173, 523thin sludge, 185time for digestion, 148, 151toxic wastes, 204, 205traps, 162, 166, 167, 168trend chart, 191, 199, 202, 203, 649troubleshooting, 204upset, 183, 184, 186, 191, 523use of gas, 158, 187vacuum filters, 224vacuum relief valves, 153, 155, 159, 162valves, 152, 158, 162, 163, 164, 200, 201visual inspection, 199, 200volatile acid/alkalinity, 148, 186, 191, 195, 199, 202, 206,
211volatile solids, 148, 183, 184, 192, 202, 211waste activated sludge, 183
Index 863
Anaerobic sludge digestion (continued)waste gas burner, 159, 166, 171, 172, 201water seal, 153, 155, 187, 201withdrawal of sludge, 188, 191, 204, 223
Analog readout, 376Analysis of data
Also see Data analysis and presentationlab results, 622
Analytical balance, 485, 595Annual operating reports, 674Annual report, 710, 715Anoxic, 74Applications, job, 694Applying protective coating, 298Arithmetic
geometric mean, 639mean, 637median, 638metric system, 660mode, 638moving averages, 644range of values, 638square root, 654standard deviation, 651variance, 651
Arithmetic mean, 637As-built plans and specifications (record drawings), 105, 110,
669, 738Aseptic, 564Assessment bonds, 716Assessment of system vulnerability, 722Association of Boards of Certification (ABC), 698Audience, communications, 708, 709, 711Audiovisuals, 709Authority, 689Autoclave, 552Automatic samplers, 500Average, 637, 644Average, running, 622, 623Axial flow pumps, 345, 352
B
BODbottle, 481incubator, 485predict value, 655test, 502, 573test, chlorinated samples, 576, 577test, industrial wastes, 578
BTU (British Thermal Unit), 158Backflow, 721, 722Backflow prevention, 304, 721, 722Backsiphonage, 721, 722Bacteria, activated sludge, 116Balance, analytical, 485, 595Ball valves, 419, 422Bar graphs, 647Bar screens
Also see Volume I, Chapter 4, “Racks, Screens, Comminutors, and Grit Removal”
safety, 290Bardenpho process, 90, 92Bases, 271, 492Beakers, 479, 486Bearings, electric motor, 425Bearings, pump, 339, 342, 345, 347, 348, 350, 351, 353, 354,
356, 360, 361, 370, 415, 419, 423Beer’s Law, 487
Belt drives, pump maintenance, 427, 429, 430Bench sheets, 489Benching, excavations, 285, 288Benefits, employee, 694, 697Bioassay, 253Biocatalysts, 187Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) test, 502, 573Biocides, 299Biosolids, 227Blacktop drying beds, 222Blank sample, 488, 542Block grants, 716Bloodborne Pathogens (BBP) program, 270Blow down receiver, ejectors, 423Blowers
abnormal conditions, 77, 78, 80air compressors, 28, 29, 30air discharge silencer, 28bearings, 28centrifugal, 28, 32, 77ear protective devices, 28filters, 23, 27, 40, 78, 82inspecting new facilities, 45, 47lubrication, 28, 33maintenance, 28, 33, 78, 83manufacturer’s manual, 45metering, 33orifice, 33output, 28performance, 28, 29, 30, 31positive displacement, 28, 31, 77process air compressors, 28safety, 28, 40, 267, 270, 446silencer, 28start-up, 40, 45, 47, 48testing, 47troubleshooting, 80ventilation, 267, 446vibration, 28
Boiler, 162, 176, 200, 207Boiling flask, 480Bonds, 716Bonnet valve, 439, 441Bottle, BOD, 481Bottle, reagent, 481Bound water, 71Breathing apparatus, self-contained, 267, 307Brinelling, 360Brown foam, activated sludge, 53, 73Bubbler-type controls, 361Buchner funnel, 481Budgeting, 714Buffer, 151, 184, 185, 186, 188, 191, 552Buildings, maintenance, 335Bulking
activated sludge, 71, 90, 116, 117filamentous growth, 60, 71, 116–118
Bunsen burner, 483Burets, 480, 485Burner, Bunsen, 483Burns, 495
C
COD test, 502, 541COD to BOD curves, 651CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation), 727Calculation of square root, 654Calibration curves, 488
864 Treatment Plants
Calibration, flowmeters, 457Calibration, gas detectors, 446Call date, 716Cannell, James W., 394Capacity, pump, 345, 417Capital improvements, 715Capital planning, 715Carbon adsorption, physical chemical treatment
See INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT, Volume I, Chapter 10, “Physical Treatment Processes”
Carbon analyzer, 606Carbon dioxide, 158, 184, 191, 195, 202, 206, 211, 217, 523Carbon dioxide test, 529Carbon measurement, 606Carbon tetrachloride, 493Carcinogens, 297, 299Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), 727Casing, pump, 339, 343, 347, 348Causes of data variations, 635Cave-ins, 285Cavitation, 346Centrate, 227Centrifugal force, 341Centrifugal pumps
description, 339, 345, 347–353maintenance, 368, 414
CentrifugationAlso see ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENT, Chapter 3,
“Residual Solids Management”cake, 222, 224, 227conditioning, 224description, 224operation, 224sludge, 224sludge dewatering, 224use, 224
Centrifuge, clinical, 507, 520Certification, 697Chain drives, 428Change oil, pump, 419Channels (flow), maintenance, 335Characteristics of wastewater
See Wastewater characteristicsChart, recording, 454, 455, 457Charts, 636, 647Check valves, 159, 369, 417, 423, 437, 438Chemical oxygen demand (COD)
compared with BOD, 541concentration in wastewater, 541preservation, 502test, 541
Chemicalsformulas, 478labeling, 309, 310, 315, 316movement, 494names, 478safety, 271, 296, 301, 492storage, 301, 481, 494toxic, 271, 493
ChemistrySee Laboratory procedures
CHEMTREC [(800) 424-9300], 337, 723Chloride, test, 502, 543Chlorinated samples, BOD, 576, 577Chlorination
See Volume I, Chapter 10, “Disinfection and Chlorination”Chlorinators
emergencies, 337leak detection, 336
maintenance, 336safety, 337
Chlorine leaks, 336, 676Chlorine monitor, 268Chlorine residual test, 502, 545Chlorine safety, 268, 292, 296, 317, 337Cholera, 493Chronic health effect, 271Cipolletti weir, 451, 456Circuit breakers, 380–382, 384–386Civil rights, 694Clamps, 480, 483Clarifiers
activated sludge, 16, 19, 39, 47, 53, 64, 72safety, 39, 292
Clarity test, 504Cleaning digesters, 152, 183, 201, 211, 213, 214, 215Cleaning pipelines, 152, 449, 450Cleaning pumps, 415Clearing plugged pipes, pumps, and valves
costs, 449cutting tools, 450digested sludge lines, 449equipment, 449, 450high-velocity pressure units, 450methods of clearing, 449, 450pipes, 449pressure clearing methods, 449, 450pumps, 450scum lines, 449sludge lines, 449valves, 449, 450
Climate, sludge dewatering, 221Clinical centrifuge, 507, 520Closed impeller, 349Closeness of fit, 659Coagulation, 72Code of ethics, 748Coil filter, 226Coliform group bacteria test, 551Colilert Method, 566Collecting data, lab, 489Collection of samples, 111, 252Collection system, 21, 278, 298Combustible gas monitor, 268, 272, 298Comminution, safety, 291Communication, 621, 708–710Compensation, 694, 697Competent person, 266Complaint procedure, 701Complaints
customer, 712employee, 701
Completely mixed system, activated sludge, 60, 90, 91Composite sample, 243, 498, 499Computers
analysis of lab results, 622average, running, 622, 623cautions, 626communications, 621data analysis, 620database management, 620equipment maintenance, 623Internet, 621, 711inventory control, 623justification, 623, 624, 625lab results, analysis, 622maintenance, equipment, 623monitoring, 620, 624
Index 865
Computers (continued)NPDES, 624pretreatment monitoring, 624process control, 624recordkeeping, 620reports, 620, 624running average, 622, 623SCADA (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition) system,
627, 719software, 99, 620, 625, 626systems monitoring, 620, 624time savings, 626trend analysis, 622, 623word processing, 620
Condensate drain, 153, 155, 159, 166, 167, 200Condenser, 482Conditioning sludge, 224Conducting meetings, 710Conductivity, 603Conductors, 376Cone, Imhoff, 482, 506Cones, traffic, 279Confined space entry permit, 267, 269, 731, 732Confined space procedures, 731, 732Confined spaces, 265, 266–270, 278, 292, 293, 295, 446, 505Coning, 185Connecting rods, 419, 422, 423Conservation, water, 711Constant differential flowmeter, 451, 452, 456Consumer complaints, 712Consumer inquiries, 712Contact stabilization, activated sludge, 60, 86, 112, 113Contacts, starters, 394–399Contingency planning, 722Continuing education, 698Contract negotiations, 706Contract service, flowmeters, 457Control methods, activated sludge, 19, 20Controllers, flow, 454Controlling, 687Controls, level, 361, 424Conventional activated sludge, 21, 48, 53, 55, 58, 69, 86, 88,
112, 113Conversion instruments, 454, 455, 456Corbels, 153, 179, 180, 181Corrective maintenance, 718Correlation coefficient, 659Correlations, 655, 659Corrosion, 201, 505, 506, 605Corrosive chemicals, 492Costs
aerobic digestion, 217anaerobic digestion, 217preventive maintenance, 333records, 669repair, 333safety, 305unplugging pipelines, 449
Counting techniques, 120–122Couplings, 342, 354, 367, 429, 431, 432Coverage ratio, 713, 714, 715Covers, anaerobic digester, 152, 153, 154, 180, 181Cross connections, 304, 414, 721Crucible, Gooch, 484Crucible, porcelain, 484Cumulative curves, 651, 652Current, electrical, 375, 376, 378, 379, 380, 381, 382, 385, 386Customer complaints, 712Customer inquiries, 712
Cuts, skin, 495Cutting tools, plugged pipes, 450Cuvette, 487Cyclone grit separators
See Volume I, Chapter 4, “Racks, Screens, Comminutors, and Grit Removal”
Cylinders, graduated, 479, 485, 517
D
DO, 53, 251, 252DO meter, 484DO profile, 251DO test, 502, 570Daily records, 204, 669Dangerous air contamination, 267Dark foam, activated sludge, 53, 73Data analysis and presentation
arithmetic mean, 637average, 637, 644, 649bar graphs, 647COD to BOD curves, 651calculation of square root, 654causes of data variations, 635charts, 636, 647computers, 620electronic calculators, 639geometric mean, 639geometric mean table, 641–644graphs, 647importance, 635log probability paper, 639mean, 637median, 638metric calculations, 660mode, 638moving averages, 644preparation of charts, 647range of values, 638square root, 654standard deviation, 651trend charts, 649variance, 651variations in data, causes, 635
Database management, 620Dateometer, 427Debt service, 713Dechlorination
See Volume I, Chapter 10, “Disinfection and Chlorination”Decibel, 28, 277Deep well injections, 241Dehumidifiers, 446Delegation, 689Denitrification, 73, 90Dependent variable, 655, 657Desiccator, 482Dewatering sludge, 148, 188, 218–228Dial indicators, alignment, 431, 432Dial thermometer, 482Diaphragm bulb, level measurement, 361Diaphragm flowmeter, 451, 452, 456Differential producer flowmeter, 451, 452, 456Diffuser, activated sludge, 23, 25, 33, 37, 38, 40, 42, 47, 60,
77, 78, 80, 83, 84Digested sludge handling
Also see ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENT, Chapter 3, “Residual Solids Management”
aerobic digester, 219anaerobic digester, 148, 153, 217, 219
866 Treatment Plants
Digested sludge handling (continued)blacktop drying beds, 222centrifuge, 222, 224disposal on land, 222drying beds, 218–223lagoons, 222land disposal, 222mechanical dewatering, 218, 219, 222–224sludge drying beds, 218–223sludge lagoons, 222unplugging pipelines, 449vacuum filters, 224, 225withdrawal to land, 222
Digested sludge, pumps, 339Digester cleaning, maintenance, 213Digester control tests, 523Digester, egg-shaped, 176Digester explosion, 160, 162Digester heating
boiler temperatures, 166circulation, 166heat exchanger, 166, 174, 175, 176, 200, 211, 293methods, 166steam, 176
Digester mixingdraft tube propeller mixers, 176–179egg-shaped digesters, 176gas mixing, 176maintenance, 179mechanical mixing, 176–179propeller mixers, 176–179pumps, 179purpose, 148, 176scum blanket, 179
Digestionaerobic, 217–219anaerobic, 148equipment safety, 293
Digital readout, 376Digital receivers, 454Dilution, 245Dilution water, 552Direct current, 375Direct reuse, effluent, 241, 242Directing, 687Discharge permits, 64, 241Discharge, pump, 340, 345, 367, 368, 369, 371, 423Discharge to receiving waters, 244Disciplinary problems, 701Disconnect switch, 381Discriminatory hiring, 693, 694Dish, evaporating, 484Dish, Petri, 482Disinfection
See Volume I, Chapter 10, “Disinfection and Chlorination”Displacement flowmeter, 451, 452, 456Disposal of
effluent, 241records, 741sludge, 148, 219, 227solids, 148, 194, 227supernatant, 194
Disposition of plant records, 741Dissolved air flotation
Also see ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENT, Chapter 3, “Residual Solids Management”
sludge, 186Dissolved oxygen (DO)
activated sludge, 19, 49, 60, 64, 72, 90effluent discharge, reclamation, and reuse, 251, 252
measurement, 570meter, 484test, 502, 570test in aerator, 519
Dissolved solids, in wastewater, test, 601Distilling flask, 480Documentation, 692Dogs, 42Domestic wastewater, characteristics
See Wastewater characteristicsDosimeter, 272Drag shield, 285Draining pumps, 361, 370, 419Drinking water, 242, 446Drip traps, 159, 166, 167, 200, 295Drowning, 39, 40, 295Drum tilter, 494Drums, traffic control, 279Drying beds, 100, 153, 218–223Drying, sludge, 218–228Dry-labbing, 744Dumps, industrial, 21Dusts, 265, 277Dysentery, 266, 492, 493
E
Ear protecting devices, 28, 277Earthquakes, 676Eccentric
pipe, 342pump, 419, 422
Effective writing, 673Efficiency
process, activated sludge, 19, 20, 53, 60pump, 417treatment, 243
Effluent discharge to surface watersAlso see ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENT, Chapter 8,
“Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse”control, 243dilution, 245discharge to receiving waters, 244disposal requirements, 241effluent sampling, 245emergency procedures, 244, 245frequency of sampling, 253importance, 241labeling of samples, 253maintenance, 254mixing, 249, 250monitoring, 244, 245objectives, 239operating procedures, 244operational strategy, 244power outage, 245receiving water monitoring, 245review of plans and specifications, 254safety, 254sampling and analysis, 243, 252shutdown, 244size of sample, 253start-up, 244stream survey, 245temperature, 245, 246, 247treatment requirements, 243troubleshooting, 245–247visual observation, 244water quality survey, 245
Effluent, pumps, 339
Index 867
Egg-shaped digesters, 176Ejectors, 356, 358, 423Electric motors, 361, 387–409, 425–427Electric shock, 274, 495Electrical controls, 361Electrical equipment maintenance, 373–387Electrical safety, 40, 274Electrical system
control, 380starters, 394–399switch gear, 380
Electricitycircuit breakers, 380–382, 384–386circuits, 373, 375, 377, 378, 379, 381, 382, 385, 386fuses, 382, 383hazards, 373meters, 376–380starters, 394–399terms, 375testers, 376–380tools, 376–380
Electrode switches, 361, 424Electrolysis, 107Electronic calculators, 639Elevated temperature test, 561Elutriation, sludge, 224Emergencies
administration, 722–725maintenance, 718planning, 676, 689, 722–725preparation for, 689, 722–725response plan, 689, 722–725
Emergency proceduresactivated sludge, 64CHEMTREC [(800) 424-9300], 337, 723chlorinators, 337disasters, 337effluent discharge, reclamation, and reuse, 245electric shock, 274, 495planning, 307, 337, 458, 676storage lagoons, 244
Emergency team, 337Employee
benefits, 694, 697evaluation, 698–700orientation, 697performance evaluations, 748pride, 697problems, 701, 706
Employee-management relationship, 706Employees, number, 692Employer policies, 697, 703Endogenous respiration, 69, 218Energy
activated sludge, 67aerobic digestion, 217anaerobic sludge digestion, 158, 187, 217general, 158, 187, 217
Energy requirementsaerobic digestion, 217pumps, 345, 367, 371
Entrain, 292Enzymes, 187, 188Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) Act, 705Equipment
maintenance, computers, 623microbiology, 111records, 333, 334, 410, 411, 412, 741repair/replacement fund, 715service card, 333, 334
Erlenmeyer flask, 480Errors, sampling, 252, 498Escherichia coli, test for, 565, 566Estuary, 241Ethical behavior, 745Ethical situations, 744, 745, 748Ethics, 744, 745, 748Evaluation of records, 671Evaluation, performance, 698–700Evaporating dish, 484Excavations, 284Explosion, 158, 160, 162, 166, 267, 493Explosive gases, 158, 160, 162, 166, 267, 268, 272, 298, 299,
493, 505Explosive materials, 493Extended aeration
activated sludge, 21, 57, 58, 73, 112, 113aerobic digestion, 218
Eye protection, 301, 302
F
F/M (food/microorganism) ratio, 16, 21, 67, 71, 73Face shield, 296, 301, 493Facultative bacteria, 19, 551Failure, motors, 390, 391, 404–409Fall arrest system, 40, 266, 293Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA), 706Fecal coliform test, 561, 564Feeding anaerobic digesters, 151, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187,
191, 204Feeler gauge, alignment, 400Fees, user, 713, 714Filamentous growth, 19, 60, 61, 63, 71, 72, 73, 90, 116, 117,
120, 121, 122Film badges, 272Filter press
See ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENT, Chapter 3, “Residual Solids Management”
Filtering flask, 480Financial
assistance, 716management, 713–717records, 669stability, 713
Fire, 273, 302, 303, 496, 676Fire blanket, 496Fire control, safety, 303Fire drills, 307Fire extinguishers, 290, 302, 303, 307, 446, 496First aid, safety program, 727First-aid kit, 446, 495Fish, 242, 249Fixed sample, 252Fixed-cover digesters, 152, 154, 179Flame polished, 301, 495Flame trap, anaerobic digester, 153, 155, 159, 162, 163–165,
295Flammable materials, 493Flasks, 480, 486Float control, 361, 415, 424Float mechanism, level measurement, 361, 415, 424Float switches, 361, 415, 424Floating cover, anaerobic digester
access hatches, 180, 181access ladders, 181advantages, 153annular space, 180, 181ballast blocks, 180, 181corbels, 153, 179, 180, 181
868 Treatment Plants
Floating cover, anaerobic digester (continued)corrosion, 201cover indicators, 180, 181description, 153flotation chamber, 180, 181, 201gas piping, 180, 181parts, 179–181purpose, 179roller guides, 179, 180safety, 181skirts, 180, 181types, 179
Floating sludge, aerobic digesters, 219Floc, 19, 20Flocculation, 71Floods, 676Flow diagram
activated sludge, 17, 18anaerobic sludge digestion, 149
Flow formula, 451Flow measurement, 450–456Flow nozzles, 451, 452, 456Flow proportioning, sampling, 243, 498, 499Flowmeters
accuracy, 451calibration, 457chart, recording, 454, 455, 457Cipolletti weir, 451, 456constant differential, 451, 452, 456contract service, 457controllers, 454conversion instruments and controls, 454, 455, 456diaphragm, 451, 452, 456differential producer, 451, 452, 456displacement, 451, 452, 456flow formula, 451flow measurement, 450–456flow nozzles, 451, 452, 456flumes, 451, 452, 453, 456, 636gases, 451, 452, 456general, 244, 450–456good housekeeping, 456head area, 451, 452, 453, 456importance, 451indicating receiver, 454integrators, 454level measurement, 361liquids, 450–456location, 452magnetic, 451, 452, 456magnetic flow transmitter, 454maintenance, 450, 451, 454, 456maintenance contract service, 457manufacturer responsibility, 456mechanical, 454multipurpose receiver, 454nozzles, 451, 452, 456operator responsibility, 451, 457orifice, 451, 452, 456Palmer-Bowlus flume, 451, 453, 456Parshall flume, 451, 452, 456, 636pen, recorder, 454performance, 457piston, 451, 452, 456propeller, 451, 452, 456proportional weir, 451, 456readout instruments and controls, 454, 455, 456receivers, 454, 455, 456recorders, 454, 455, 457recording pen, 454
recording receiver, 454, 455, 457rectangular weir, 451, 453, 456responsibility, 451, 456rotameter, 451, 456sensors, 456shuntflow, 451, 452, 456summators, 454totalizers, 454totalizing receiver, 454transmitters, 454troubleshooting, 457types, 451use, 450velocity meter, 451, 452, 456Venturi meters, 451, 452, 456V-notch weir, 451, 456weirs, 451, 453, 456
Flumes, 451, 452, 453, 456, 636FmHA loans, 717Foam control
activated sludge, 44, 49, 53, 60, 73anaerobic digestion, 187surface-active agents, 299
Foaminganaerobic digestion, 184, 187safety hazard, 299
Food, activated sludge, 21, 57, 58, 67, 71, 73Food, anaerobic digester, 151, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 191,
204Food/microorganism (F/M) ratio, 16, 21, 67, 71, 73Foot valves, 417Forecasting equations, 655, 659Formazin turbidity units, 606Formulas (English system)
activated sludge, 781administration, safety, 796chemical, 478data analysis, 784, 795effluent disposal, 783laboratory, 783maintenance, 783sludge digestion, 782
Freeboard, 105Frequency of records, 669Fuels, safety, 298Fume hood, 301, 484, 496Fumes, 267, 268, 271, 272, 298, 299, 301, 336, 493, 496, 505Functions of manager, 687Fund, repair/replacement, 715Funnels, 481Fuses, 367, 382, 383
G
GFCI (ground-fault circuit interrupter), 495GIS (geographic information system), 739, 740Gas
detection, 446digester, 158, 187, 191, 195meters, 159, 166, 195, 200, 451, 452, 456piping, 153, 155, 158, 159, 181system, 158–166, 451, 452use, 158, 187
Gas analysis, anaerobic digester, 529Gas production, anaerobic digester, 148, 187, 191, 195, 202,
211Gas system, anaerobic digestion
condensate traps, 159, 167dome, 158drip traps, 159, 167
Index 869
Gas system, anaerobic digestion (continued)flame arresters, 159, 162gas meters, 166manometers, 166, 636piping, 181pressure regulators, 159pressure relief valves, 159, 162sediment traps, 159, 167thermal valves, 162traps, 159, 167troubleshooting, 205use of gas, 158vacuum relief valves, 159, 162valves, 159, 162, 201waste gas burner, 159, 166, 171
Gasesanaerobic digestion, 158, 184, 187, 191, 195, 217characteristics, 268explosive, 158, 160, 162, 166, 267, 268, 272, 298, 299, 493,
505explosive range, 268permissible exposure limit, 268safe exposure, 268, 271testing methods, 268toxic, 267, 268, 271, 272, 298, 299, 301
Gasket, pump, 419Gasoline vapors, 268, 270, 272Gate valves, 434–437Gauge reading, 636Gear reducer, 419General obligation bonds, 716Generators, 458Geographic information system (GIS), 739, 740Geometric mean, 639Geometric mean table, 641–644Gland
pump, 344, 367, 369, 371valve, 437
Goals, utility, 689Gooch crucible, 484Good housekeeping
management responsibilities, 265, 306safety, 290, 291, 292, 298, 493sensors, 456
Grab sample, 243, 499Graduated cylinders, 479, 485, 517Grant programs, 716Graph paper, 655Graphs, 647Grease, test, 502, 595Greasing, pump, 423Green sludge, 221, 222Grievances, 701, 706Grit channels, 292
Also see Volume I, Chapter 4, “Racks, Screens, Comminutors, and Grit Removal”
Grit, pumps, 339Ground, 386Ground-fault circuit interrupter (GFCI), 495Grounds, maintenance, 336Groundwater recharge, wastewater, 241Groups, protected, 694Growth curves, bacteria, 118
H
Harassing, 744Harassment, 702, 703Harness, safety, 266, 270, 446Hazard communication program, 308–316, 728
Hazardous spills, 676Hazards
See Safety hazardsHead area, flowmeter, 451, 452, 453, 456Headworks, 290Health, 243Hearing protection devices, 28, 277Heat exchanger, anaerobic digester, 166, 174, 175, 176, 200,
211, 293Heat value of gas, 158Heating, anaerobic digester, 158, 166, 175, 176, 200, 211Heavy metals, test, 580Hepatitis, 266, 492, 493High-rate, activated sludge, 21, 57, 58, 90High-velocity pressure units, 450Hiring procedures, 692–707Hood, fume, 301, 484, 496Housekeeping
management responsibilities, 265, 306safety, 290, 291, 292, 298, 493sensors, 456
Human factors, safety, 737, 738Hydraulic jump, 299Hydraulics
See Volume I, Appendix, “How to Solve Wastewater Treatment Plant Arithmetic Problems”
Hydrogen ion (pH), 502, 579Hydrogen peroxide, odor control
See ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENT, Chapter 1, “Odor Control”
Hydrogen sulfidedigester gas, 150, 187, 217monitor, 268safety hazard, 215, 267, 268, 271, 290, 299, 493, 505, 605test, 502, 505
Hygiene, safety considerations, 266, 493Hypochlorination
See Volume I, Chapter 10, “Disinfection and Chlorination”
I
IDLH (Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health), 297Illegal activities, 744, 748Illegal acts, 744Imbalance, voltage, 393, 394Imhoff cone, 482, 506Imhoff tank, 151Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH), 297Immunization shots, 266Impact of discharges, 243, 244, 245Impellers, 339, 340, 345, 347, 348, 349, 350, 352, 367, 368,
370, 417Importance of data analysis and presentation, 635Importance of microbiology, 111Importance of recordkeeping, 668, 738Importance of report writing, 671Improvements, capital, 715Improving system management, 688Incineration, 227Incline screw pumps, 345, 354Incubator, BOD, 485Independent variable, 655, 657Indicating receiver, 454Indicators, chemical, 488Indirect reuse, effluent, 241, 242Industrial spills, 21, 61, 63Industrial waste treatment, activated sludge, 21, 61, 64, 71, 88Industrial waste treatment, safety, 271, 298, 299Industrial wastes, BOD, test, 578Infections, 266, 492, 493
870 Treatment Plants
Infectious diseases, 266, 492, 493Infiltration–percolation basins, 241Inflammable materials, 493Inoculation (seed culture), 176, 185Inquiries, pre-employment, 695Inspecting new facilities
activated sludge, 42aeration tank, 42air filters, 45air headers, 46air mains, 46air system, 44blowers, 45, 47compressors, 45control gates, 42corrosion protection, 44diffusers, 47metering devices, 46movable gates, 44orifice plate, 46pumps, 48return sludge pumps, 48rust protection, 44secondary clarifiers, 47waste sludge pumps, 48water sprays, 44weirs, 44
Inspection of facilities, 335Insulation
materials, 390, 391, 392motors, 390, 391, 392
Insulators, 376Integrators, 454Intercept, 655, 656, 657, 658, 659Internet, 621, 711Interview
job, 694, 695media, 711
Inventorycontrol, computers, 623records, 669, 741
Irrigationwastewater, 241water quality criteria, 242
J
Jackson Turbidity Units, 607Jar test, 103Job
duties, 687, 691interview, 694, 695
Jogging, 407Joule, 158
K
Kjeldahl flask, 480Kjeldahl nitrogen, 580Kraus process, activated sludge, 21, 71, 87, 88
L
LAS (linear alkyl sulfonate), 605Labels
chemicals, 309, 310, 315, 316samples, 253
Laboratory apparatus, for testacidity, 539activated sludge control tests, 517
alkalinity, total, 527, 540ammonia, 580, 583biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), 573carbon dioxide, 529chemical oxygen demand (COD), 541chloride, 543chlorine residual, total, 545clarity, 504coliform group bacteria, 551digester control tests, 523dissolved oxygen (DO), 570dissolved oxygen in aerator, 520grease, 595hydrogen ion (pH), 579hydrogen sulfide, 505lime analysis, 535MPN method, 551, 561mean cell residence time, 522membrane filter method, 551, 561metals, 580nitrogen
ammonia, 580, 583general discussion, 580nitrate, 590nitrate and nitrite, 590nitrite, 588organic nitrogen, 588total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), 586
oil and grease, 595pH, 579phosphorus, 597plant control tests, 504settleability, 517settleable solids, 506sludge age, 519sludge density index (SDI), 518sludge (digested) dewatering characteristics, 531sludge solids (volatile and fixed), 513sludge volume index (SVI), 517solids, total (residue), 601specific conductance, 603sulfate, 605supernatant, 534surfactants, 605suspended solids, 508suspended solids, aerator, 521temperature, 535, 605total organic carbon (TOC), 606turbidity, 607volatile acids, 523, 525
Laboratory equipmentanalytical balance, 485, 595BOD bottle, 481BOD incubator, 485balance, analytical, 485, 595beakers, 479, 486boiling flask, 480bottle, BOD, 481bottle, reagent, 481breathing apparatus, self-contained, 267, 307Buchner funnel, 481Bunsen burner, 483burets, 480, 485burner, Bunsen, 483carbon analyzer, 606clamps, 480, 483condenser, 482cone, Imhoff, 482, 506crucible, Gooch, 484crucible, porcelain, 484
Index 871
Laboratory equipment (continued)cuvette, 487cylinders, graduated, 479, 485, 517DO meter, 484desiccator, 482dial thermometer, 482dish, evaporating, 484dish, Petri, 482dissolved oxygen meter, 484distilling flask, 480drum tilter, 494Erlenmeyer flask, 480evaporating dish, 484face shield, 296, 301, 493filtering flask, 480fire blanket, 496fire extinguisher, 496first-aid kit, 495flasks, 480, 486fume hood, 484, 496funnels, 481gloves, 493Gooch crucible, 484graduated cylinders, 479, 485, 517hood, fume, 484, 496hot plate, 482Imhoff cone, 482, 506incubator, BOD, 485Kjeldahl flask, 480lab coat, 493Mallory settlometer, 49, 517Mohr pipets, 486muffle furnace, electric, 482Nessler tubes, 481oven, mechanical convection, 482Petri dish, 482pH meter, 484pH paper, 484pipets, 479, 486porcelain crucible, 484protective clothing, 494pump, air pressure and vacuum, 484reagent bottle, 481safety glasses, 493safety tongs, 483self-contained breathing apparatus, 267, 307separatory funnel, 481serological pipets, 479, 486settlometer, Mallory, 49, 517test tubes, 481thermometer, 482tongs, safety, 483triangle, lab, 483tripod, lab, 483use of lab glassware, 485vacuum pump, 484volumetric flask, 480, 486volumetric pipets, 479, 486
Laboratory, generalabsorbance, 487Beer’s Law, 487bench sheets, 489blank, 488, 542calibration curves, 488chemical formulas, 478chemical names, 478collecting data, 489importance, 471laboratory work sheets, 489metric system, 478
normality, 487notebooks, 489objectives, 470quality control, 502, 635, 651recording data, 489safety rules, 493sampling, 498solutions, 487spectrophotometer, 487standard solution, 487, 488storage, 494techniques, 495titrations, 480, 487transmittance, percent, 487use of lab glassware, 485words, 472work sheets, 489
Laboratory glasswareBOD bottle, 481beakers, 479, 486boiling flask, 480bottle, BOD, 481bottle, reagent, 481Buchner funnel, 481condenser, 482cone, Imhoff, 482, 506crucible, porcelain, 484cylinders, graduated, 479, 485desiccator, 482dish, evaporating, 484dish, Petri, 482distilling flask, 480Erlenmeyer flask, 480evaporating dish, 484filtering flask, 480flasks, 480, 486funnels, 481Gooch crucible, 484graduated cylinders, 479, 485Imhoff cone, 482, 506Kjeldahl flask, 480Mohr pipets, 486Nessler tubes, 481Petri dish, 482pipets, 479, 486porcelain crucible, 484reagent bottle, 481separatory funnel, 481serological pipets, 479, 486test tubes, 481use of lab glassware, 485volumetric flask, 480, 486volumetric pipets, 479, 486
Laboratory hazardsacids, 492bases, 492burns, 495carbon tetrachloride, 493chemicals, 492corrosive chemicals, 492cuts, 495dysentery, 492, 493electric shock, 495explosive materials, 493fire, 496flammable materials, 493hepatitis, 492, 493hydrogen sulfide, 215, 267, 268, 271, 290, 299, 493infectious materials, 492, 493mercury, 495
872 Treatment Plants
Laboratory hazards (continued)tetanus, 266, 492, 493toxic fumes, 493, 496toxic materials, 493typhoid, 492, 493waste disposal, 496
Laboratory precautions, running testsalkalinity, 541ammonia, 583biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), 574, 576carbon dioxide, 530chemical oxygen demand (COD), 543chloride, 544dissolved oxygen (DO), 570, 573hydrogen ion (pH), 579lime analysis, 537membrane filter, 564nitrogen, ammonia, 583pH, 579sludge solids (volatile and fixed), 514suspended solids, 508suspended solids, centrifuge, 522turbidity, 607volatile acids, 525
Laboratory proceduresacidity, 502, 539activated sludge control tests, 517alkalinity, total, 502, 528, 540ammonia, 502, 580biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), 502, 574, 575biochemical oxygen demand, chlorinated samples, 576, 577biochemical oxygen demand, industrial wastes, 578carbon dioxide, 530chemical oxygen demand (COD), 502, 542chloride, 502, 544chlorine residual, total, 502, 546–548clarity, 504coliform group bacteria, 553–568digester control tests, 524, 526dissolved oxygen (DO), 502, 571, 572dissolved oxygen in aerator, 520fecal coliform bacteria, 561, 564grease, 502, 595, 596hydrogen ion (pH), 502, 579hydrogen sulfide, 502, 505, 506lime analysis, 536, 537MPN method, 553–561mean cell residence time, 522membrane filter method, 561–565metals, 502most probable number (MPN), 553, 554multiple tube fermentation, 553, 554nitrogen
ammonia, 502, 580–586general discussion, 580nitrate, 502, 580, 590, 593nitrate and nitrite, 502, 580, 590, 593nitrite, 502, 580, 588, 589organic nitrogen, 588, 589outline of procedure, 582total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), 502, 587
oil and grease, 502, 595, 596pH, 502, 579phosphorus, 502, 597–599plant control tests, 504settleability, 517settleable solids, 507sludge age, 519sludge density index (SDI), 518
sludge (digested) dewatering characteristics, 531–533sludge solids (volatile and fixed), 513, 514sludge volume index (SVI), 518solids, total (residue), 502, 601–603, 604specific conductance, 502, 603sulfate, 502, 605supernatant, 534surfactants, 605suspended solids, 508suspended solids in aerator, 521temperature, 502, 535, 606total organic carbon (TOC), 502, 606turbidity, 502, 607volatile acids, 524, 526
Laboratory reagentsacidity, 539activated sludge control tests, 517alkalinity, total, 527, 540ammonia, 581, 583biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), 573carbon dioxide, 529chemical oxygen demand (COD), 541chloride, 544chlorine residual, total, 545coliform group bacteria, 551digester control tests, 523dissolved oxygen (DO), 570dissolved oxygen in aerator, 520grease, 595hydrogen ion (pH), 579hydrogen sulfide, 506lime analysis, 535MPN method, 551, 561mean cell residence time, 522membrane filter method, 551, 561metals, 580nitrogen
ammonia, 581, 583nitrate, 590nitrate and nitrite, 590nitrite, 588organic nitrogen, 588total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), 586
oil and grease, 595pH, 579phosphorus, 597plant control tests, 504sulfate, 605total organic carbon (TOC), 606turbidity, 607volatile acids, 523
Laboratory records, 489Laboratory results
activated sludge, 21, 53anaerobic digestion, 152, 191, 211supernatant, 194
Laboratory safetyaccident prevention, 494, 495burns, 495chemical storage, 494chemicals, 492corrosive chemicals, 492cuts, 495dysentery, 492, 493electric shock, 495explosive materials, 493face shield, 296, 301, 493fire, 496flammable materials, 493
Index 873
Laboratory safety (continued)gloves, 493good housekeeping, 493hazards, 492hepatitis, 492, 493infectious materials, 492movement of chemicals, 494personal hygiene, 493rules, 493safety glasses, 493storage, 481, 494techniques, 495tetanus, 266, 492, 493toxic fumes, 496toxic materials, 493typhoid, 492, 493waste disposal, 496
LagoonsAlso see Volume I, Chapter 9, “Wastewater Stabilization
Ponds”safety, 296sludge, 194, 222
Land disposalprecautions, 222sludge, 222
Landfill, sludge disposal, 222Landscaping, 336Lantern ring, 415, 417Le Système International d’Unités (SI)
See Metric conversion factorsLead acetate, 505Least-squares method, 655, 657Legal action, 668, 669Let’s Build a Pump, 339Library, plant, 337Lifeline, 266Lift stations, 290, 457Lifting, safe practices, 284Lime, 186, 221Lime analysis, 535Limits, Summary of Sludge Regulations, 228, 229Line of best fit, 655, 656, 657, 658Linear alkyl sulfonate (LAS), 605Liquid flow measurement, 450–456Listening skills, 708Living filter, 241Loadings, anaerobic sludge digestion, 191, 192, 194, 195,
197, 202, 204, 211Loan funding programs, 716Location of sampling, 112, 248, 250, 251, 252, 499Lockout tag, 274–277, 291, 373, 374, 415, 416Lockout/tagout procedures, 274–277Log book, records, 669Log probability paper, 639Long-term capital improvements, 715Lower explosive limit, 272, 273, 290, 298Lubrication, 342, 356, 360, 361, 368, 400, 404, 415, 423, 425,
427, 428, 431, 437Lysimeter, 227
M
MCRT (mean cell residence time), 58, 59, 67, 74, 522MLSS (mixed liquor suspended solids), 50, 58, 60, 69, 70, 71,
72, 87, 90MLVSS (mixed liquor volatile suspended solids), 58, 60, 70, 87MPN (Most Probable Number) test, 551, 552, 553, 561MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheet), 271, 298, 299, 309–314,
366, 449, 495, 728–730
Magnetic flow transmitter, 454Magnetic flowmeters, 451, 452, 456Magnetic starters, 394Maintenance
activated sludge, 73, 74, 77, 78, 79–84administration, 718–722aerobic digestion, 219air distribution system, 84air filters, 78, 82air headers, 77, 78, 82, 84anaerobic digesters, 152, 162, 166, 179, 199–201blacktop drying beds, 222blowers, 28, 33, 78, 80, 83computers, use of, 623corrective, 718diffusers, 77, 78, 83, 84effluent discharge, reclamation, and reuse, 254electric motors, 361, 387–409, 425–427electrical equipment, 373–387emergency, 718equipment, computers, 623flowmeters, 450, 454mechanical seals, 356, 359, 415motors, 387–409, 425–427predictive, 718preventive, 718pumps, 413records, 669, 741seizing, 81, 83shutdown procedures, 77sludge drying beds, 222surface aerators, 40, 77, 78, 79types, 718valves, 81, 83, 200, 417, 419, 422, 423, 434, 437, 439–443
Maintenance contracts, flowmeters, 457Maintenance program, pump, 414Maintenance reports, 669Maintenance, sensors, 456Mallory settlometer, 49, 517Management questions, 688Management, utility, 687
Also see AdministrationManager’s responsibilities, 687, 692, 718Manholes, 278, 284Manometer, 45, 166, 636Maps, 738Mass media, 711Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS), 271, 298, 299, 309–314,
366, 449, 495, 728–730Mean, 637Mean cell residence time (MCRT), 58, 59, 67, 74, 522Mean cell residence time (MCRT), test, 522Measurement of gases, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273, 291Measurement, safety, 736Measurements
in-plant, 243process control, 243receiving water, 243
Mechanical aeration, 23, 24, 26, 33, 40, 77, 78Mechanical dewatering, 218, 219, 222–224Mechanical equipment
Also see Mechanical maintenance, Meter maintenance, and INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT, Volume I, Chapter 12, “Instrumentation,” and Volume II, Chapter 8, “Maintenance”
axial flow pumps, 345, 352centrifugal pumps, 339, 345, 347–353, 368, 414chlorinators, 336electric motors, 361, 387–409, 425–427
874 Treatment Plants
Mechanical equipment (continued)electrical controls, 361incline screw pumps, 345, 354lubrication, 342, 431multistage pumps, 345operation, 360, 368piston pumps, 345, 371, 419, 422pneumatic ejectors, 356, 358, 423positive displacement pump, 345, 371, 419, 422progressive cavity pumps, 345, 355, 357, 371, 423propeller pumps, 345, 351, 352, 423pump-driving equipment, 361radial flow pumps, 345, 352reciprocating pumps, 345, 371, 419, 422repair shop, 339screw-flow pumps, 345, 355, 357, 371shutdown, 361, 368, 369, 371single-stage pumps, 345, 353sludge pump, 345, 371, 419, 422start-up, 345, 360, 367, 368, 370submersible pump, 345, 350troubleshooting, 362–368, 429turbine pumps, 345, 353vertical wet well pump, 345, 353wet well pump, 345, 350, 353, 368, 369
Mechanical maintenanceair chamber, 419, 422air gap separation systems, 446, 447alignment, 342, 368, 399, 400, 401, 415, 431, 432ball valves, 419, 422bearings, 415, 423, 425, 427belt drives, 427–428, 429, 430capacity, pump, 345, 417centrifugal pumps, 368, 414chain drives, 428change oil, 419, 428check valves, 369, 417, 423, 437, 438cleaning pump, 415connecting rods, 419, 422, 423controls, 415conversion instruments, 456couplings, 342, 354, 367, 429, 431, 432dehumidifiers, 446draining pump, 361, 370, 419eccentric, 419, 422efficiency, pump, 417ejectors, 356, 358, 423electric motors, 361, 387–409, 425–427electrode switches, 424equipment service card, 333, 334float switches, 415, 424flowmeters, 450, 454frequency of service, 333gaskets, 419gate valves, 434–437gear, reducer, 419greasing, 423impeller, 417lantern ring, 415, 417lubrication, 342, 356, 360, 361, 368, 400, 404, 415, 423,
425, 427, 428, 431, 437mechanical seals, 415noises, 368, 419, 425, 429, 431oil change, 419, 428packing, 355, 367, 368, 371, 414, 415, 417, 418, 419,
420–421, 422, 423, 434, 435piston pumps, 419, 422plug valves, 437, 439–443
plunger pumps, 419, 422pneumatic ejectors, 356, 358, 423positive displacement pumps, 419, 422preventive maintenance, 414, 449progressive cavity pumps, 423propeller pumps, 423pumps, general, 414readout instruments, 456reciprocating pumps, 419, 422reducer, gear, 419rings, pump, 343, 347, 367, 368, 370, 415, 417rods, 419, 422, 423safety equipment, 446seals, 356, 359, 367, 369, 371, 414, 415, 417sensors, 456service record card, 333, 334shear pins, 419, 431sludge pump, 419, 422sluice gates, 437, 444, 445stuffing box, 344, 347, 415, 434, 435, 436switches, 361, 415, 424total dynamic head (TDH), 417troubleshooting, 362–368, 429valve chamber gasket, 419valves, 417, 419, 422, 423, 434, 437, 439–443variable speed belt drives, 429vibrations, 368, 370, 400, 425, 431water seal, 415, 417wearing rings, 343, 347, 367, 370, 417
Mechanical mixing, 176–179Mechanical seals, 356, 359, 415Mechanics of writing, 672Media, news, 711Median, 638Meetings, conducting, 710Megger, 379Megohm, 379Membrane filter, E. coli, 565Membrane filter test, 551, 552, 561, 564, 565Meniscus, 485, 636Mercury, 495Mesophilic bacteria, 151, 191Metabolism, 100Metals, test, 502, 580Meter maintenance, 450, 451, 454, 456Metering devices, 243, 244Meters, electrical, 376–380Methane fermenters, 148, 150, 184, 187Methane gas, 148, 158, 184, 187, 193, 217, 221, 267, 268,
293, 523Metric conversion factors
chemistry, 478laboratory, 478units, 478, 796
Metric problem solutionsactivated sludge, 797–800anaerobic digestion, 800–804calculations, 660effluent disposal, 804laboratory, 805–807maintenance, 804–805
Microbiologyactivated sludge, 111–128bacteria, 116bulking sludge, 116collection of samples, 111, 252counting techniques, 120–122equipment needed, 111
Index 875
Microbiology (continued)filamentous growths, 116, 117, 120, 121, 122importance, 111location of samples, 112microorganisms, 111–124microscope, 114–116monitoring, 128Nocardia, 117, 118, 124, 127observations, 114, 128procedures, 112process change, 125–128process control, 111, 124–128protozoa, 116, 117, 119recording observations, 120results, 120, 124rotifers, 119, 121, 123sampling, 111–114Sphaerotilus, 117trends, 124, 125, 127, 128
Microorganisms, activated sludge, 16, 19, 48, 53, 57, 58, 69, 70, 71, 86, 111–124
Microscope, 114–116Mixing
aerobic digestion, 218anaerobic digestion, 148, 176–179, 187, 208, 211
Mode, 638Modified aeration, activated sludge, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91Mohr pipets, 486Monitoring programs
activated sludge, 128computers, use of, 620, 624effluent sampling, 244stream survey, 245water quality survey, 245
Monthly records, 670Monthly reports, 673, 675Most probable number (MPN) test, 551, 552, 553, 561Motor control center, 386Motor protection devices, 381, 385, 386Motor, pump, 370Motors
alignment, 399, 400, 401contacts, 394–399electric, 361, 387–409, 425–427failure, 390, 391, 404–409humming, 425induction, 409insulation, 390, 391, 392lubrication, 400, 404performance, 402–403pump, 370records, 410, 412rotation, 400safety, 399starters, 394–399temperature limits, 370, 391troubleshooting, 404–409types, 387vibrations, 400, 425, 431
Movement of chemicals, 494Moving averages, 644Muffle furnace, electric, 482Multimeter, 376, 377Multiple hearth furnace
Also see ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENT, Chapter 3, “Residual Solids Management”
sludge, 188Multipurpose receiver, 454Multistage pumps, 345
N
NFPA 820 (National Fire Protection Association Standard 820), 273, 293
NPDES (National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System)permits, 20, 64, 244, 624, 668, 670reports, 668, 670
Nameplate, 373, 389Nanometer, 588Nap, 224Naphtha, 299National Fire Protection Association Standard 820 (NFPA
820), 273, 293National Labor Relations Act, 707National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)
permits, 20, 64, 244, 624, 668, 670reports, 668, 670
National Safety Council, 735Natural disasters, emergency response, 722Natural gas, 184Negotiations, contract, 706Nephelometry, 606Nessler tubes, 481Neutralizing, 186, 204Neutralizing a sour digester, 186New employee orientation, 697News media, 711Nitrification, 126Nitrogen
fertilizer, 241requirements, 87test in wastewater, 502, 580value, 241
Nitrogen removal, 217Nitrogen test
ammonia, 502, 580nitrate, 502, 580, 590nitrate and nitrite, 502, 580, 590total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), 502, 586
Nocardia, 117, 118, 124, 127Noise, safety, 28, 277Noisy chain drive, 429Noisy electric motor, 425Noisy pump, 368, 419Nonsparking tools, 293Normal distribution of data, 647, 648Normality, 487Notebooks, laboratory, 489Nozzles, flow measurement, 451, 452, 456Nuclear accidents or attacks, 676Number of employees needed, 692Nutrient removal
See ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENT, Chapter 6, “Nitrogen Removal,” and Chapter 7, “Enhanced Biological (Nutrient) Control”
Nutrients, 71, 86, 87, 241
O
O & M (Operation and Maintenance) manual, 337, 669O & M (Operations and Maintenance), 711, 718–722OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Act), 266, 277, 278,
492, 725, 728OUCH principle, 696Objectives
activated sludge, 7anaerobic digestion, 144, 148, 153analysis of data, 634chemistry, 470
876 Treatment Plants
Objectives (continued)data analysis and presentation, 634effluent discharge, reclamation, and reuse, 239laboratory, 470maintenance, 330presentation of data, 634receiving water monitoring, 245records, 667report writing, 667safety, 261sampling, 498
Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA), 266, 277, 278, 492, 725, 728
Odor controlSee ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENT, Chapter 1, “Odor
Control”Odors
activated sludge, 19, 67, 72aerobic digestion, 217, 218, 219anaerobic digestion, 187, 199, 200, 213effluent discharge, reclamation, and reuse, 242hydrogen sulfide, 505odorous air, 28receiving waters, 242, 243, 244sludge drying beds, 221sulfate, 605
Off-site chemical releases, emergency response, 724Ohmmeter, 379Ohm’s Law, 375Oil and grease test, 502, 595Oil change, pump, 419Olfactory fatigue, 271On-site chemical releases, emergency response, 723Open impeller, 349Operating ratio, 713, 714, 715Operation
activated sludge, 16, 20, 53, 54, 58, 59, 60, 64aerobic digestion, 218anaerobic digestion, 148, 151, 183, 191, 199, 204, 211blacktop drying beds, 222digesters, 148, 151, 183, 191, 199, 204, 211effluent discharge, reclamation, and reuse, 244pumps, 360, 368records, 668sludge drying beds, 219, 221, 222temperature effect, 54, 70
Operation and maintenance (O & M) manuals, 337, 669Operational problems
See TroubleshootingOperational strategy
activated sludge, 20, 53, 60, 61, 64anaerobic digestion, 199effluent discharge, reclamation, and reuse, 244
Operations and maintenance (O & M), 711, 718–722Operator
certification, 697training, 308, 311, 697
Operator protectionfirst-aid equipment, 727safety program, 725–738
Operators’ reports, 675Oral communication, 708Organizational plan, 689, 690Organizing, 687, 689, 690Organizing for writing reports, 672Orientation, new employee, 697Orifice, 451, 452, 456Outfall, 244
Oven, mechanical convection, 482Overload protection, 381Oxidation, 16Oxidation ditch
See Volume I, Chapter 8, “Activated Sludge”Oxygen activated sludge
See ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENT, Chapter 5, “Phosphorus Removal,” Chapter 6, “Nitrogen Removal,” and Chapter 7, “Enhanced Biological (Nutrient) Control”
Oxygen deficiency/enrichment, 265, 266, 267, 268, 270Oxygen profile, 251Ozone
See ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENT, Chapter 1, “Odor Control”
P
PEL (permissible exposure limit), 268PLC (programmable logic controller), 396Package aeration plants
See Volume I, Chapter 8, “Activated Sludge”Packing, 355, 367, 368, 371, 414, 415, 417, 418, 419,
420–421, 422, 423, 434, 435Paint, building and equipment, 335Palmer-Bowlus flume, 451, 453, 456Paper screening, 694Parshall flume, 451, 452, 456, 636Part 503 Sewage Sludge Regulations, 228, 229Pascal, 796Payback time, 714, 715Pen, recorder, 454Performance evaluation, 698–700, 748Permissible exposure limit (PEL), 268Permit, confined space entry, 267, 269, 731, 732Personal hygiene, 266, 493Personnel records, 669, 692, 706Petri dish, 482pH
meter, 484paper, 484safety, 299test, 502, 579
pH control, anaerobic digester, 191pH measurement, 579Phosgene, 299Phosphorus
Also see ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENT, Chapter 5, “Phosphorus Removal,” and Chapter 7, “Enhanced Biological (Nutrient) Control”
concentration in wastewater, 597fertilizer, 241preservation of sample, 502test in wastewater, 597value, 241
Physical injuries, 265Physical plant records, 669Physical–chemical treatment
See ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENT, Chapter 4, “Solids Removal from Secondary Effluents,” and INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT, Volume I, Chapter 8, “Physical–Chemical Treatment Processes”
Pillows (reagent containers), 574Pipets, 479, 486Piping
gas collection and storage, 158maintenance, 449sludge, 152
Piston flowmeter, 451, 452, 456
Index 877
Piston pumps, 345, 371, 419, 422Plan, organizational, 689, 690Planning
administration, 687, 689emergencies, 689, 722
Plans and specificationsanaerobic digestion, 228effluent discharge, reclamation, and reuse, 254electrical systems, 458equipment, 457lift stations, 457pump stations, 457safety, 307
Plantappearance, 336control tests, 504log book, 669operations data, 739records, 738–743tours, 712
Plot on graph paper, 655Plug flow, 104, 500Plug valves, 437, 439–443Plunger pumps, 419, 422Pneumatic ejectors, 356, 358, 423Pocket dosimeter, 272Pole shader, 407Policies and procedures, administration, 697Policy
safety, 307, 726statement, safety, 726
Polio virus, 493Polyelectrolyte, 71Polymers, 297Ponds
Also see Volume I, Chapter 9, “Wastewater Stabilization Ponds”
safety, 296Population decline, 689Porcelain crucible, 484Portable generators, 458Positive displacement pumps
sludge, 345, 371, 419, 422wastewater, 345, 371, 419, 422
Potable water, 304, 446Potential ethical situations, 744Power
outage, 245, 458pump, 345, 367, 371requirements, 376supply, 402–403
Precautions, running lab testsSee Laboratory precautions, running tests
Predict BOD value, 655Prediction equations, 655, 659Predictive maintenance, 718Pre-employment inquiries, 695Preparation of charts, 647Present worth, 716Presentation of data
See Data analysis and presentationPreserving samples, 252, 253, 500Pressure cleaning pipelines, 449, 450Pressure filters, sludge, 188
Also see ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENT, Chapter 3, “Residual Solids Management,” and Chapter 4, “Solids Removal from Secondary Effluents”
Pressure, positive, 158
Pressure regulators, 159, 166, 169, 170Pressure relief valves, 153, 155, 159, 161–163Pressure swing system, oxygen activated sludge
See ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENT, Chapter 2, “Activated Sludge”
PretreatmentSee Volume I, Chapter 4, “Racks, Screens, Comminutors,
and Grit Removal,” and INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT, Volume I, Chapter 7, “Preliminary Treatment”
Pretreatment monitoring, 624Preventive maintenance
description, 718program, 333, 414, 449records, 333, 669sensors, 456variable speed AC motors, 365
Pride, employee, 697Primary sedimentation
See Volume I, Chapter 5, “Sedimentation and Flotation”Primary treatment
See Volume I, Chapter 5, “Sedimentation and Flotation”Prime, centrifugal pump, 343, 344, 360, 367, 368, 371Principles of writing, 672Probationary period, 697Problem employees, 701Problem solving, 779
Also see Volume I, Appendix, “How to Solve Wastewater Treatment Plant Arithmetic Problems”
Process controlAlso see Operation and Operational strategyactivated sludge, 19, 20, 111, 120–128computers, use of, 624tests, 191
Procurement of materials, 741, 742Procurement records, 741Productive meetings, 710Profile, qualifications, 693Programmable logic controller (PLC), 396Progressive cavity pumps, 345, 355, 357, 371, 423Propeller flowmeter, 451, 452, 456Propeller pumps, 345, 351, 352, 423Property taxes, 716Proportional sample, 243, 498, 499Proportional weir, 451, 456Protected groups, 694Protection devices, motor, 381, 385, 386Protective clothing, 39, 40, 266, 270, 272, 277, 296, 298, 301,
302, 307, 446, 494Protective coating, 298Protozoa, 116, 117, 119Prussian blue, 434Psychrophilic bacteria, 151Public
health, 243relations, 711–713relations, appearance of plant, 335, 336relations, operator responsibility, 335, 336speaking, 712
Pump capacity, 345, 417Pump parts
air chamber, 419, 422ball valves, 419, 422bearings, 339, 342, 345, 347, 348, 350, 351, 353, 354, 356,
360, 361, 370, 415, 419, 423belts, 367, 427–428, 429, 430casing, 339, 343, 347, 348connecting rods, 419, 422, 423
878 Treatment Plants
Pump parts (continued)coupling, 342, 354, 367, 429, 431, 432discharge, 340, 345, 367, 368, 369, 371, 423drain, 361, 370, 419eccentric, 419, 422gasket, 419gear reducer, 419gland, 344, 367, 369, 371impeller, 339, 340, 345, 347, 348, 349, 350, 352, 367, 368,
370, 417lantern ring, 415, 417motor, 370packing, 355, 367, 368, 371, 414, 415, 417, 418, 419,
420–421, 422, 423reducer, gear, 419rings, 343, 347, 367, 368, 370, 415, 417rods, 419, 422, 423rotor, 355, 356, 361seal cage, 344seals, 356, 359, 367, 369, 371, 414, 415, 417shaft, 339, 340, 347, 348, 367, 368shear pin, 419, 431sleeves, 340stator, 355, 356, 371stuffing boxes, 344, 347, 415suction, 340, 342, 345, 367, 368, 369, 371valve chamber gaskets, 419vanes, 339, 340volute, 340, 368, 369, 370, 371wearing rings, 343, 347, 367, 370, 417
Pumping stations, 290, 457Pumps
air chamber, 419, 422air pressure, 484alignment, 342, 368, 415, 431, 432axial flow, 345, 352ball valves, 419, 422bearings, 339, 342, 345, 347, 348, 350, 351, 353, 354, 356,
360, 361, 370, 415, 419, 423belts, 367, 427–428, 429, 430capacity, 345, 417casing, 339, 343, 347, 348cavitation, 346centrifugal, 339, 345, 347–353, 368, 414circuit breakers, 380–382, 384–386cleaning pump, 415connecting rods, 419, 422, 423coupling, 342, 354, 367, 429, 431, 432cross connections, 304, 414description, 339discharge, 340, 345, 367, 368, 369, 371, 423drain, 361, 370, 419draining pumps, 361, 370, 419driving equipment, 361eccentric, 419, 422electric motors, 361, 387–409energy, 345, 367, 371friction, 345fuses, 367gasket, 419gear reducer, 419general, 339, 414greasing, 423head, 344impeller, 339, 340, 345, 347, 348, 349, 350, 352, 367, 368,
370, 417incline screw, 345, 354
lantern ring, 415, 417Let’s Build a Pump, 339lubrication, 342, 356, 361, 368, 415, 423, 437maintenance, 413motor, 370multistage, 345noisy, 368, 419oil change, 419operation, 360, 368packing, 355, 367, 368, 371, 414, 415, 417, 418, 419,
420–421, 422, 423plunger, 419, 422pneumatic ejectors, 356, 358, 423positive displacement, 345, 371, 419, 422power, 345, 367, 371prime, 343, 344, 360, 367, 368, 371progressive cavity, 345, 355, 357, 371, 423propeller, 345, 351, 352, 423pump-driving equipment, 361radial flow, 345, 352reciprocating, 345, 371, 419, 422records, 410, 411reducer, gear, 419repair shop, 339rings, 343, 347, 367, 368, 370, 415, 417rods, 419, 422, 423rotation, 360, 367rotor, 355, 356, 361screw-flow, 345, 355, 357, 371seal cage, 344seals, 356, 359, 367, 369, 371, 414, 415, 417shaft, 339, 340, 347, 348, 367, 368shear pin, 419, 431shutdown, 361, 368, 369, 371single-stage, 345, 353sleeves, 340sludge pump, 192, 345, 371, 419, 422start-up, 345, 360, 367, 368, 370stator, 355, 356, 371stuffing boxes, 344, 347, 415submersible pump, 345, 350suction, 340, 342, 345, 367, 368, 369, 371troubleshooting, 367turbine pumps, 345, 353vacuum, 484valve chamber gasket, 419vanes, 339, 340vertical wet well, 345, 353vibrations, 368, 370volute, 340, 368, 369, 370, 371wearing rings, 343, 347, 367, 370, 417wet well pumps, 345, 350, 353, 368, 369
Purchase order, 669, 714, 741, 742Purchasing equipment and supplies, 669Pure oxygen activated sludge
See ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENT, Chapter 5, “Phosphorus Removal,” Chapter 6, “Nitrogen Removal,” and Chapter 7, “Enhanced Biological (Nutrient) Control”
Purpose of treatment processactivated sludge, 16, 86aeration, 23aerobic sludge digestion, 217anaerobic digestion, 144, 148, 153blacktop drying beds, 222effluent discharge, reclamation, and reuse, 241sludge drying beds, 219
Putrefaction, 217
Index 879
Q
Qualifications profile, 693Qualitative analysis, 488Quality control, laboratory, 502, 635, 651Quantitative colorimetric analysis, 489Quantitative titration, 488Questions
management, 688pre-employment, 695
R
RacksSee Volume I, Chapter 4, “Racks, Screens, Comminutors,
and Grit Removal”Radial flow pumps, 345, 352Radio, 711Radiological hazards, 272Range of values, 638Rates, wastewater treatment, 715Raw sludge, 148, 152, 153, 183, 191, 200, 202, 211, 218Raw sludge piping, 152Raw sludge, pumps, 339Raw wastewater, pumps, 339Reading manometers and gauges, 636Readout instruments, 454, 455, 456Reagent bottle, 481Receiver mechanisms, 454, 455, 456Receiving waters, 241, 244, 245, 254Recharge basins, 241Reciprocating pumps, 345, 371, 419, 422Recirculation, anaerobic sludge digester, 191, 192Reclamation, wastewater, 241Recognition, employee, 697Record drawings (as-built plans), 105, 110, 669, 738Recorders, 454, 455, 457Recording pen, 454Recording receiver, 454, 455, 457Recordkeeping
accident reports, 731, 733, 734activated sludge, 20, 42, 48, 53, 64, 69aerobic digestion, 218anaerobic digestion, 152, 191, 199–203, 211as-built plans (record drawings), 738computers, use of, 620cost records, 669daily records, 204, 669disposition of records, 741effluent discharge, reclamation, and reuse, 252electrical equipment, 410, 411, 412equipment, 741evaluation of records, 671financial records, 669frequency, 669importance, 668, 738inventory, 669, 741laboratory, 489legal action, 668, 669log, 669MPN test, 556maintenance, 669, 741maps, 738monthly records, 670motors, 410, 412need, 668observations, 64, 120
operation, 668operations data, 739personnel, 669, 692, 706physical plant, 669, 739–743plant log book, 669preventive maintenance, 333, 669procurement, 741pumps, 48, 410, 411purchase order, 714, 741, 742purpose, 738record drawings (as-built plans), 738reports, accident, 731, 733, 734requisition, 714, 741, 742retention of records, 741safety, 731stock inventory, 669types of records, 668, 739
Records of plant performanceSee Recordkeeping
Recreation, 242Rectangular weir, 451, 453, 456Reducer, gear, 419Reflux, 542Regression analysis, 655Regression coefficient, 655, 656, 657, 658, 659Regulatory agencies, safety, 725Repair/replacement fund, 715Replacement cost, 715Report forms, accident, 307, 308, 733, 734Report writing
administration, 708–710annual reports, 674computers, use of, 620, 624effective writing, 673importance of reports, 671mechanics of writing, 672monthly reports, 673, 675NPDES, 668, 670operators’ reports, 675organization, 672principles of writing, 672reports by other operators, 675types of reports, 673typical monthly report, 675
Reporting, safety, 731Reports
See Report writingReports by other operators, 675Representative sample, 249, 498, 635Requisition system, 714, 741, 742Respiration, 251Responsibilities, manager, 687, 692Responsibilities, safety, 725Retaliation, 705Reuse on land, effluent, 241Reuse, wastewater, 241Revenue bonds, 716Review of plans and specifications
anaerobic digestion, 228effluent discharge, reclamation, and reuse, 254electrical systems, 458equipment, 457lift stations, 457pump stations, 457safety, 307
Right-To-Know (RTK) Laws, 308–316, 728Rings, pump, 343, 347, 367, 368, 370, 415, 417
880 Treatment Plants
Rising sludge, 73, 90, 126Rods, pump, 419, 422, 423Rotameter, 451, 456Rotating biological contactors
See Volume I, Chapter 7, “Rotating Biological Contactors”Rotation, motors, 400Rotation, pump, 360, 367Rotifers, 119, 121, 123Rotor, 355, 356, 361, 427Running average, 622, 623
S
SBR (sequencing batch reactor), 93–110SCADA (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition) systems
applications, 627, 720communications, 627, 719description, 627, 719wastewater treatment systems, 628
SDI (sludge density index), test, 518SI (Le Système International d’Unités)
See Metric conversion factorsSRF (state revolving fund), 716SVI (sludge volume index)
activated sludge, 60, 61, 63, 103test, 517
Safetyaccident reports, 731, 733, 734confined spaces, 293, 731, 732costs, 736education, 735electricity, 373emergencies, 727first aid, 727hazard communication program, 728human factors, 737, 738injury frequency rate, 737injury severity rate, 737Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS), 728–730measuring, 736motors, 399National Safety Council, 735OSHA, 266, 277, 278, 492, 725, 728OSHA standards, 322–324officer, 735operator, 727permit, confined space, 731, 732policy statement, 307, 726program, 725–738regulatory agencies, 725reporting, 731, 733, 734responsibilities, 725standard operating procedures (SOPs), 728statistics, 736supervisors, 725, 726, 727, 733, 735tailgate training, 735training, 697, 735unsafe acts, 727warning tag, 274–277, 291, 373, 374, 415, 416Worker Right-To-Know (RTK) Laws, 728
Safety equipmentair gap device, 304, 305, 446, 447, 722air supply, 296blowers, 28, 40, 267, 270, 446breathing apparatus, self-contained, 40, 267, 277, 307chlorine monitor, 268combustible gas monitor, 268, 272, 298cones, traffic, 279dosimeter, 272drums, traffic control, 279
ear protecting devices, 28, 277eye protection, 40, 301, 302, 493face shield, 296, 301, 493fall arrest system, 40, 266, 292, 293, 317fans, 267, 270, 446film badges, 272fire extinguishers, 290, 302, 303, 307, 446, 496fire-fighting equipment, 273, 290, 303, 307, 446, 496first-aid kit, 304, 446, 495fume hood, 301, 484, 496gas testing, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273gloves, 266, 301, 493hard hat, 307harness, 266, 270, 446hearing protection devices, 28, 277hydrogen sulfide monitor, 268lifeline, 266lockout tag, 274–277, 291, 373, 374, 415, 416measurement of gases, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273,
291nonsparking tools, 293operator protection, 727oxygen deficiency/enrichment indicator, 267, 268pocket dosimeter, 272protective clothing, 39, 40, 266, 270, 272, 277, 296, 298,
301, 302, 307, 446, 494purchase, 307respirators, 277safety glasses and goggles, 40, 301, 302, 493safety harness, 266, 270, 446safety tongs, 483self-contained breathing apparatus, 267, 277, 307storage containers, 296, 298tag, 274–277, 291, 373, 374, 415, 416tongs, 483traffic cones, 279traffic control devices, 278, 279–283tubular markers, traffic control, 279ventilation, 267, 270, 273, 291, 293, 296, 298vertical panels, traffic control, 279
Safety harness, 266, 270, 446Safety hazards
acids, 271, 492activated sludge, 39, 40, 48, 76aeration tanks, 40, 46, 295air distribution system, 40air filters, 40air headers and diffusers, 40amines, 299anaerobic digesters, 152, 158, 162, 166, 181, 185, 188, 213applying protective coatings, 298back strains, 284bar screens, 290biocides, 299blowers, 28, 40, 267, 270, 446burns, 495carbon tetrachloride, 493carcinogens, 297, 299chemical storage, 481, 494chemicals, 271, 296, 301, 492chlorine, 268, 292, 296, 317, 337clarifiers, 39, 292collection systems, 278, 298comminutors, 291confined spaces, 265, 266–270, 278, 292, 295, 446, 505corrosive chemicals, 492cross connections, 304, 414cuts, 495digesters, 215, 293digestion equipment, 215, 293
Index 881
Safety hazards (continued)drowning, 39, 40, 295dysentery, 266effluent discharge, reclamation, and reuse, 254electrical, 40, 274, 373, 495emergencies, 39, 307empty digesters, 335, 336excavations, 284explosion, 158, 160, 162, 166, 267, 493explosive gas mixtures, 158, 160, 162, 166, 267, 268, 272,
298, 493, 505falls, 265fire, 273, 302, 303, 496, 676flammable atmospheric condition, 270foam, 299fuels, 298gasoline vapors, 268, 270, 272grit channels, 292hepatitis, 266, 492, 493hoists, 40, 46hydrogen sulfide, 215, 267, 268, 271, 290, 299, 493, 505,
605ice, 39, 44, 47, 292, 296, 298industrial waste treatment, 271, 298, 299infections, 266, 492, 493infectious diseases, 266, 492, 493laboratory, 301, 492lift station, 290lighting, 39, 47manholes, 278, 284mercury, 495methane, 158, 221, 267, 268, 293movement of chemicals, 494natural gas, 272noise, 28, 277oil and grease soaked rags, 83, 298oil and grease spills, 39, 46, 76, 83, 298oxygen deficiency/enrichment, 265, 266, 267, 268, 270pH, 299physical injuries, 265polymers, 297ponds, 296protective coatings, 298pumping stations, 290radiological, 272sampling, 301sedimentation basins, 292sewer cleaning, 285sharp objects, 48slippery surfaces, 39, 44, 46, 76, 290, 292, 293, 295sludge drying beds, 221spills, 46, 293, 298start-up, 290stored energy, 274suffocating gases or vapors, 265, 267, 268, 271, 272, 298,
299, 301, 336, 493, 496, 505sulfur dioxide, 268, 296, 317, 337surface aerators, 40surface-active agents, 299tetanus, 266, 492, 493toxic chemicals, 271, 493toxic gases or vapors, 265, 267, 268, 271, 272, 298, 299,
301, 336, 493, 496, 505traffic, 278treatment plants, 290trickling filters, 295typhoid fever, 266, 492, 493vapors, 265, 267, 268, 271, 272, 298, 299, 301, 336, 493,
496, 505
waste disposal, 496wet wells, 290, 291
Safety programaccident prevention, 495accident report form, 307, 308accidents, 306, 307, 308backflow prevention, 304CHEMTREC [(800) 424-9300], 337, 723conditions for program, 306confined spaces, 266–270cross connections, 304development, 306drills, 307effectiveness, 306emergencies, 307, 337emergency team, 337entry of confined spaces, 266–270equipment use, 301, 304, 307fire control methods, 303fire drills, 307fire prevention, 302, 303, 304forms, accident, 307, 308hazard communication program, 308–316hearing protection program, 277housekeeping, 290, 291, 292, 298, 493immunization shots, 266importance of program, 306, 307information, 304–308inoculations (immunizations), 266, 492laboratory, 301, 492laundry service, 266library, 337locker room, 266management responsibility, 265, 306manhole entry, 278, 284material safety data sheets, 271, 298, 299, 309–314, 366,
449, 495, 728–730meetings, 305, 306need, 265OSHA, 492operator responsibility, 265paperwork, 307personal hygiene, 266, 493planning, 307policy, 307, 726procedures, 301, 302promotion, 307protective clothing, 39, 40, 266, 270, 272, 277, 296, 298,
301, 302, 307, 446, 494purchase of equipment, 307purpose, 265report form, 307, 308respiratory protection, 267, 270review of plans and specifications, 307rules, 493safety policy, 307, 726safety rules, 307, 493sampling techniques, 301sewer-use ordinance, 298starting program, 306, 307storage of chemicals, 301, 494supervisor’s role, 306tailgate safety meetings, 305, 735testing procedures, 301training programs, 304–308, 337uniforms, 266water supply protection, 304work clothes, 266
Safety rules, 307, 493
882 Treatment Plants
Salmonella, 493Samplers, 500Sampling
access, 251activated sludge, 49, 53, 64, 70, 71, 111–114anaerobic digestion, 191, 199, 202analysis, 243, 252blacktop drying beds, 222composite, 243, 498, 499devices, 500dissolved oxygen, 251, 252effluent discharge, reclamation, and reuse, 243, 252equipment, 243, 500errors, 252, 498frequency, 253grab, 243, 499importance, 498labeling, 253location, 112, 248, 250, 251, 252, 499monitoring, 244, 245plug flow sampling, 500preservation, 252, 253, 500, 502purpose, 498quality control, 502receiving water, 245representative sample, 249, 498review of results, 252safety, 301samplers, 500size of sample, 253sludge, 500sludge drying beds, 221, 222storage, 252, 253, 500, 502supernatant, 194techniques, 301, 498temperature, 245–251thief hole, 166, 173, 523time, of sampling, 247, 499types, 499well, sampling, 166, 173, 523what to measure, 253
Saprophytic organisms, 148, 150Screens
See Volume I, Chapter 4, “Racks, Screens, Comminutors, and Grit Removal”
Screw-flow pumps, 345, 355, 357, 371Screw-lift pumps, 345, 355, 357, 371Scum, 148, 179, 183, 201, 219
problem, 361unplugging pipes, 449
Scum and foam control, anaerobic digester, 179, 183, 187, 201
Seal cage, pump, 344Seals, pump, 356, 359, 367, 369, 371, 414, 415, 417Secchi disk, 64, 504Secondary sedimentation, 16, 19, 47, 53, 64, 67, 72, 90
Also see Volume I, Chapter 5, “Sedimentation and Flotation”Security measures, 743Sediment traps, 153, 155, 159, 162, 166, 167, 200Sedimentation
Also see Volume I, Chapter 5, “Sedimentation and Flotation”aerobic digestion, 217operation, 16safety, 292secondary, 16, 19, 47, 53, 64, 67, 72, 90
Seed sludgeactivated sludge, 48, 49aerobic digestion, 218anaerobic digestion, 151, 184, 185, 188, 194
Seizing, 81, 83Selection, employees, 694Selective electrode method, ammonia, 583, 584Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA), 267, 307Sensors, 456Separatory funnel, 481Septic sludge, 51, 72Septicity, 73Sequencing batch reactor (SBR)
aeration/mixing, 97components, 97continuous versus batch processes, 94control, sequencing, 99cycle, typical, 102decanter, 97, 98description of process, 93diffusers, air, 107dip net, 108flow diagram, 95maintenance, 107operating strategy, 104plans and specifications, 109post treatment, 99preliminary treatment, 97primary treatment, 97process control, 106process description, 93programmable logic controller, 93, 101reactors, 97sequencing control, 99stages, 99–103start-up, 105types, 104wasting, sludge, 97, 103
Serological pipets, 479, 486Service record card, 333, 334Settleability test, 19, 49, 50, 53, 73, 517Settleable solids test, 506Settlometer, 49, 517Sewage Sludge Regulations, Part 503, 228, 229Sewer cleaning, 285Sewer gases, characteristics, 272Sewer-use ordinance, 298Sexual harassment, 702, 703Shaft, pump, 339, 340, 347, 348, 367, 368Shear pins, 419, 431Sheaves, 428Sheeting, 285Shielding, 285Shock loads
activated sludge, 21, 69, 88aerobic digestion, 219anaerobic digestion, 191
Shop steward, 706Shoring, 285, 286Shoring, excavations, 285, 286Short-circuiting, 44Shuntflow meter, 451, 452, 456Shutdown
activated sludge, 77anaerobic digesters, 213blowers, 40draining pump, 419effluent discharge, reclamation, and reuse, 244pumps, 361, 368, 369, 371surface aerators, 40, 77, 78, 79
Signal transmitters, 719Single-stage pumps, 345, 353Size of sample, 253
Index 883
Skewed distribution of data, 647, 648Sleeves, 340Slope, 655, 656, 658Sloping, excavations, 285, 288Sludge
digester, 148raw, 148, 152, 153, 183, 191, 200, 202, 211, 218unplugging pipelines, 450
Sludge age, activated sludge, 21, 54, 58, 67, 70, 71, 72Sludge age, test, 519Sludge blanket, secondary sedimentation, 19, 60, 69Sludge bulking, 71, 90, 116, 117Sludge density index (SDI), test, 518Sludge dewatering
Also see ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENT, Chapter 3, “Residual Solids Management”
tests, 531Sludge digestion, anaerobic
See Anaerobic sludge digestionSludge disposal, 148, 219, 227, 228
Also see Digested sludge handling and ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENT, Chapter 3, “Residual Solids Management”
Sludge drying bedsapplication of sludge, 221, 222blacktop drying beds, 222, 223depth of sludge, 221description, 219–222drain system, 219–222drying time, 221, 222fertilizer, 221flies, 221gravel, 219, 220green sludge, 221health regulations, 221lime application, 221maintenance, 222odors, 221operation, 219, 221, 222partially digested sludge, 221process description, 219, 221purpose, 219removal of sludge, 221safety, 221sampling, 221, 222sand, 219, 220, 221soil conditioner, 221solids, 221time for drying, 221, 222underdrain system, 219–222volatile solids, 221withdrawal from digester, 219
Sludge handlingSee Digested sludge handling and ADVANCED WASTE
TREATMENT, Chapter 3, “Residual Solids Management”Sludge lagoons, 194, 222Sludge piping, anaerobic digestion, 152Sludge pumping
anaerobic digester, 185, 191, 199, 200, 211, 219primary sedimentation
See Volume I, Chapter 5, “Sedimentation and Flotation”Sludge pumps, 192, 345, 371, 419, 422Sludge reaeration, activated sludge, 86–89Sludge removal rate, pumping, 188Sludge residence time
See Sludge age, activated sludgeSludge sampling, 498Sludge solids tests, 512
Sludge thickening and conditioningSee ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENT, Chapter 3,
“Residual Solids Management”Sludge treatment
See Anaerobic sludge digestionSludge volume index (SVI)
activated sludge, 60, 61, 63, 103test, 517
Sludge withdrawal, anaerobic digester, 188, 191, 204, 223Sluice gates, 437, 444, 445Sodium azide modification of DO test, 570Sodium sulfide, 204, 299Software, 99, 620, 625, 626Solids
balance, 195, 202concentration, 16disposal, 148, 194, 227
Also see Digested sludge handling and ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENT, Chapter 3, “Residual Solids Management”
total (residue) test, 502, 601Solutions, chemical, 487Solving problems
See Problem solvingSour digester, 183, 184, 186, 191, 523Special assessment bonds, 716Specific conductance, 502, 603Specific gravity, 508Spectrophotometer, 487Sphaerotilus, 117Spoil, 285Square root, 654Squirrel-cage induction motor (SCIM), 361, 387, 388Stabilized waste, 16Staffing
advertising positions, 694applications, job, 694certification, 697compensation, 694, 697disciplinary problems, 701discriminatory hiring, 693, 694employee orientation, 697employee problems, 701, 706employee-management relationship, 706employees, 692employer policies, 697, 703evaluation, performance, 698–700grievances, 701, 706groups, protected, 694harassment, 702, 703hiring procedures, 692–707interview questions, 695interviewing, 694, 695manager’s responsibilities, 687, 692National Labor Relations Act, 707new employee orientation, 697number of employees, 692orientation, new employees, 697paper screening, 694performance evaluation, 698–700personnel records, 706policies, employer, 697, 703probationary period, 697problem employees, 701profile, qualifications, 693protected groups, 694qualifications profile, 693retaliation, 705
884 Treatment Plants
Staffing (continued)selection process, 694sexual harassment, 702, 703training, 697unions, 706
Standard deviation, 651Standard operating procedures (SOPs), 728Standard rate, anaerobic digester, 148Standard solution, 487, 488Standardization of equipment, 479Standards
effluent quality, 241treatment efficiency, 243
Starters, 394–399Start-up
activated sludge, 48aeration tanks, 48aerobic digestion, 218anaerobic digestion, 183assistance, 48blowers, 40, 45, 47, 48chemical addition, 49compressors, 45digester, 183digester foaming, 187effluent discharge, reclamation, and reuse, 244help, 48inspecting new facilities, 42pumps, 345, 360, 367, 368, 370safety hazards, 290water level controls, 424
State revolving fund (SRF), 716Stator, 355, 356, 371, 427Step-feed aeration, activated sludge, 44, 53, 88, 89, 112, 113Sterilization, 552Stethoscope, 425Steward, shop, 706Stock inventory, 669Stopcock, buret, 485Storage
bins, 266chemicals, 301, 481, 494containers, 296, 298samples, 252, 253, 500, 502
Storage of chemicals, 301, 481, 494Stored energy, 274Storm flows, 21, 61, 62, 70, 88Storms, 676Straightedge, alignment, 431Strikes, 676Struvite control, 188Stuck digester, 183, 184, 186, 191, 523Stuffing box, valve, 434, 435, 436Stuffing boxes, pump, 344, 347, 415Submersible pump, 345, 350Suction, pump, 340, 342, 345, 367, 368, 369, 371Suffocating gases or vapors, 267, 268, 271, 272, 298, 299,
301, 336, 493, 496, 505Sulfate test, 502, 605Sulfur dioxide, 268, 296, 317, 337Summators, 454Supernatant
activated sludge, 22, 70, 87, 188control, 188definition, 22disposal, 194operation, 188quality, 194, 202return, 22, 70, 87
solids, 194, 202tests, 194, 534tubes, 153–156, 194, 200, 201
Supernatant test, 194, 534Supervision, 698Supervisors, safety, 306, 725, 726, 727, 733, 735Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems
applications, 627, 720communications, 627, 719description, 627, 719wastewater treatment systems, 628
Supervisory controls, 386Surface aerators, 23, 24, 26, 40, 77, 78, 79Surface-active agents, safety, 299Surfactants, 299, 499Surfactants, test, 605Suspended solids
in aerator, test, 520test, 507
Switch gear, electrical, 380Switches, level control, 361, 415, 424Systems monitoring, 620, 624
T
TDH (total dynamic head), 417TOC (total organic carbon), 64TOC (total organic carbon) test, 502, 606TWA (time weighted average), 277Tailgate safety meetings, 305, 735Tanks, maintenance, 335Tare weight, 508Target audience, 708, 709, 711Techniques, laboratory, 495Telephone contacts, 712Television, 711Temperature
anaerobic digester, 148, 151, 191, 199, 202, 204, 211test in digester, 535test in wastewater, 605wastewater characteristics, 605
Temperature effectactivated sludge, 21, 54, 64, 70aerobic digestion, 218anaerobic digestion, 148, 151, 191, 199, 202, 204, 211effluent discharge, reclamation, and reuse, 245, 246, 247monitoring, 245plugging pipelines, 449receiving water, 245–251sludge drying beds, 221
Temperature limits, motors, 391Tertiary treatment
See ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENTTest tubes, 481Testers, electrical, 376–380Tetanus, 266, 492, 493Thermal valve, 162, 164Thermometer, 482Thermophilic bacteria, 151Thick foam, activated sludge, 53Thickness gauge, alignment, 431Thief hole, 166, 173, 523Thirty-minute settleability test, activated sludge, 49, 50Thrust block, 105Time weighted average (TWA), 277Titration, laboratory, 480, 487, 488Tongs, safety, 483Total coliform, test, 551, 553, 561, 566Total dynamic head (TDH), 417
Index 885
Total organic carbon (TOC), 64Total organic carbon (TOC) test, 502, 606Totalizers, 454, 637Totalizing receiver, 454Tours, plant, 712Toxic chemicals, 271, 493Toxic gases or vapors, 267, 268, 271, 272, 298, 299, 301, 336,
493, 496, 505Toxic wastes
activated sludge, 20, 70, 72, 87anaerobic digestion, 204, 205effluent discharge, reclamation, and reuse, 245, 246gases, 299, 302, 336materials, 299, 302, 493
Traffic control devices, 278, 279–283Traffic hazards, 278Training
administration, 697, 698, 735courses, 307hazard communication, 308–316management planning, 306safety, 304–308, 337, 735
Transmittance, light, 487Transmitters, 454Traps
condensate, 166, 167, 168drip, 166, 167, 168sediment, 162, 167, 168
Treatment efficiency, 243Treatment plant maintenance
Also see Mechanical equipment, Mechanical maintenance, Meter maintenance, and INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT, Volume I, Chapter 12, “Instrumentation,” and Volume II, Chapter 8, “Maintenance”
buildings, 335channels, 335costs, 333general program, 333grounds, 336inspection, 335landscaping, 336library, 337paint, 335preventive maintenance program, 333, 414, 449preventive maintenance records, 333, 669public relations, 335, 336records, 333, 669safety, 290, 335tanks, 335
Treatment plant problems (English System)activated sludge, 785–787effluent disposal, 791–792laboratory, 793–795maintenance, 792–793sludge digestion, 787–791
Treatment plant problems (Metric System)activated sludge, 797–800effluent disposal, 804laboratory, 805–807maintenance, 804–805sludge digestion, 797–800
Treatment plants, safety, 290Trenching, 285, 286, 287, 288Trend analysis, 622, 623Trend chart
activated sludge, 53, 124, 125, 127, 128data, 191, 199, 202, 203, 649
Trends, 655, 657, 658, 659Triangle, lab, 483
Trickling filtersAlso see Volume I, Chapter 6, “Trickling Filters”safety, 295
Tripod, lab, 483Troubleshooting
activated sludge, 70, 74–76, 77aerobic digestion, 219anaerobic digestion, 204blowers, 80chain drive, 429effluent discharge, reclamation, and reuse, 245–247flowmeters, 457gas system, 205meters, 457motors, 404–409pumps, 367surface aerators, 40, 78, 79variable speed AC motors, 362–368water level controls, 424
Tubular markers, traffic control, 279Turbidity
measurement, 502, 606meter, 53, 64units, 128, 606, 607
Turbine aerators, 23Turbine pumps, 345, 353Types of records, 668, 739Types of reports, 673Typhoid fever, 266, 492, 493Typical monthly report, 675
U
Unbalance, voltage, 393, 394Underground discharge, 241Uniforms, 266Unions, 706Unity of command, 689Unplugging pipes, pumps, and valves
costs, 449cutting tools, 450digested sludge lines, 449equipment, 449, 450high-velocity pressure units, 450methods of unplugging, 449, 450pipes, 449pressure clearing methods, 449, 450pumps, 450scum lines, 449sludge lines, 449valves, 449, 450
Unsafe acts, 727Upper explosive limit (UEL), 272, 273Upset digester, 183, 184, 186, 191, 523Use of digester gas, 158, 187Use of lab glassware, 485User fees, 713, 714Utility management, 687
V
Vacuum filtrationAlso see ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENT, Chapter 3,
“Residual Solids Management”blankets, 224cake, 224cycle, 224description, 224elutriation, 224
886 Treatment Plants
Vacuum filtration (continued)odor, 224operation, 224sludge conditioning, 224sludge dewatering, 224
Vacuum pump, 484Vacuum relief valves, 153, 155, 159, 162Valve chamber gaskets, 419Valve parts
bonnet, 439, 441gear, 434, 439gland, 437packing, 434, 435plug, 439, 441rising stem, 434seal, 439seats, 434, 437, 439, 441stuffing box, 434, 435, 436threads, 434
Valvesball valves, 419, 422check valves, 159, 369, 417, 423, 437, 438description, 434, 437foot valves, 417gate valves, 434–437location, 369maintenance, 81, 83, 200, 417, 419, 422, 423, 434, 437,
439–443plug valves, 437, 439–443unplugging, 449, 450
Vanes, pump, 339, 340Vapors, toxic or suffocating, 267, 268, 271, 272, 298, 299, 301,
336, 493, 496, 505Variable speed AC motors
description, 361preventive maintenance, 365troubleshooting, 362–368
Variable speed belt drives, 429Variance, 651Variations in data, causes, 635Velocity head, 452Velocity meter, 451, 452, 456Vendor, 669Ventilation, safety, 267, 270, 273, 291, 293, 296, 298Venturi meters, 451, 452, 456Venturi tube, 451, 452, 456Vertical panels, traffic control, 279Vertical wet well pumps, 345, 353Vibrations
electric motor, 400, 425, 431pump, 368, 370
Violence, 701Viscosity, 297Visual inspection
activated sludge, 60, 67anaerobic digestion, 199, 200blacktop drying beds, 222chain drive, 428effluent discharge, reclamation, and reuse, 244primary clarifier, 67sludge drying beds, 221, 222
V-notch weir, 451, 456Volatile acid/alkalinity, 148, 186, 191, 195, 199, 202, 206, 211Volatile acids, test, 211, 523Volatile liquids, 494Voltage
fluctuations, 636imbalance, 393, 394
Volts, 375Volumetric flask, 480, 486Volumetric pipets, 479, 486Volute, 28, 340, 368, 369, 370, 371Vulnerability assessment, 722
W
WAS (waste activated sludge), 19, 22, 48, 54, 55, 56, 57, 60, 183
Warning tag, 274–277, 291, 373, 374, 415, 416Waste activated sludge (WAS), 19, 22, 48, 54, 55, 56, 57, 60,
183Waste gas burner, 159, 166, 171, 172, 201Wastewater
flows, 498pumps, 339, 345
Wastewater characteristicsacidity, 539alkalinity, 527, 540ammonia, 580biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), 573carbon dioxide, 529chloride, 543chlorine residual, 545clarity, 504coliform group bacteria, 551dissolved oxygen (DO), 570dissolved oxygen in aerator, 519grease, 595hydrogen ion (pH), 579hydrogen sulfide, 505lime analysis, 535mean cell residence time, 522nitrogen
ammonia, 580nitrate, 590nitrate and nitrite, 590total Kjeldahl nitrogen, 586
oil and grease, 595pH, 579phosphorus, 597settleable solids, 506sludge age, 519sludge density index (SDI), 518sludge (digested) dewatering characteristics, 531sludge solids, 512sludge volume index (SVI), 517solids, total (residue), 601specific conductance, 603sulfate, 605supernatant, 534surfactants, 605suspended solids, 507suspended solids in aerator, 520temperature, 605total organic carbon, 606turbidity, 606volatile acids, 523
Wastewater treatment rates, 715Wastewater words, 809Wasting activated sludge (WAS), 19, 22, 48, 54, 55, 56, 57, 60,
183Water
conservation, 711level controls, 361, 424quality criteria, 242quality indicator, 242
Index 887
Water (continued)seal, digester covers, 153, 155, 187, 201supply protection, 304uses, 242
Water column height, 162Water hammer, 419Watts, 376Wearing rings, pump, 343, 347, 367, 370, 417Weirs, 451, 453, 456Wet well pumps, 345, 350, 353, 368, 369Wet wells, 290, 291, 368, 369Whistleblower situations, 748White foam, activated sludge, 44, 49, 53Wildlife, 242Winkler method of DO test, 570Withdrawal of sludge, digester, 188, 191, 204, 223Word processing, 620Words, wastewater, 809Work clothes, 266
Work sheets, laboratory, 489Work stoppages, 676Worker Right-To-Know (RTK) Laws, 308–316, 728Working conditions, 694Writing reports
See Report writingWritten communication, 708–710
X
(NO LISTINGS)
Y
Y-wall, 34, 46
Z
Zoogleal bacteria, 16