Opening Up Development: Towards a More Open, Collaborative and Inclusive

Paradigm

Bjorn-Soren Gigler,

Senior Governance Specialist, World Bank

@bgigler

Context-Driven Technology Choice for Development

ICT and Accountability

January 30, 2015

Open Development : For Whom and for What?

Outline

What is Open Development?

a New Paradigm- or Old Wine in New Bottles?

Towards More Open, Effective and Inclusive

Institutions

Are Innovations in ICTs Transformational?

Case Studies (Mapping for Results, Open Aid

Partnership and ICT-enabled Citizen engagement)

Key Challenges

Early Lessons Learnt

Hypothesis

Increased Government

Openness combined with

improved Citizen

Engagement in service

delivery lead to responsive

and trusted institutions that

lead to better development

outcomes

Open and Collaborative Governance

Towards an Open Development Model

Enabling Environment

Source: Adapted from Gigler, 2013

Open Development: Stages

Transparent

DevelopmentParticipatory

Development

Co-produced

DevelopmentCollaborative

Development

Source: Adapted from the Loch Ness Model by Gigler, Bailur, and Anand (2014)

1. Political

Mandate

2. Policy driven

3. Top-down

4. Hierarchical

5. State Provider

6. Institutionalized

Controls

7. Linear

8. Closed

1. Efficiency

2. Expert-driven

3. Outsourced

4. Diffused

5. State Regulator/

Private Providers

6. Market principles

7. Distributed

8. Closed

•Clients as

RecipientsCitizen as

Co-creators

Citizens as

Beneficiaries

Executive-Driven Service-Driven Citizen-Centered

1. Inclusiveness

2. Demand-driven

3. Collaborative

4. Community

Networked

5. Co-Production

6. Citizen Oversight

7. Lateral

8. Open & Accountable

Towards A Citizen-Centered Paradigm Towards a Citizen Centered Paradigm

Technology: Enabling Factor

Is technology an

enabling factor?

What is the role of

technology in

Open

Development?

To what extent can

technology be

transformational?

Source: Gigler, 2012

Can Innovations in ICTs be transformational?

Democratizing Information

Collaboration

Networking

Empowerment

Visualization

Near real time feedback

Facilitates horizontal and vertical exchange

Collective Action (Crowdsourcing)

International Transparency Initiatives

Source, Development Gateway, 2012

Collaborative Governance in Practice

Step 1

Step 2

Step 3

Political Commitment to

Core Principles of

Openness and

Transparency

Multi-stakeholder

Coalitions

Gradual

Institutional &

Cultural and

Behavioral

Change

Citizen

Engagement

though

Crowdsourcing

Pre-Conditions and Enabling Factors

Challenges: Inclusive Institutions

Case Studies:

Mapping for Results

Kenya Open Data Initiative

Open Budget

Open Aid Partnership (OAP)

Malawi

Nepal

Citizen

Engagement/Feedback

Check My School

“Government Asks”

ICT4Gov

OnTrack

Poverty and WB projects

Public Expenditures

Bolivia: Poverty

concentration & geo-

mapping aid projects

1) Openness: Mapping for Results

1) Openness at different levels

Source: Gigler, 2011

Improved Budget

Transparency &

Accountability

Open Access to

Public Expenditure

Data

at national/ local

level

Open Data

Free, open and

easy access to

Census and Socio-

Economic

Indicator Data

ICT for Social

Accountability

Enabling Citizen

Feedback on Donor-

funded programs

1) Kenya Open Data Initiative

Mapping Public

Expenditure/Poverty

BOOST: Uganda: Value for money in education

2) Effectiveness: Open Budgets

www. maps.worldbank.org

2) Enhanced Effectiveness:

Are we targeting the poorest regions within a country?

2) Aid Effectiveness

Open Aid Partnership:

Source: aidData

2) From Open Aid to Fiscal

Transparency

Source: Gigler, 2011

2) Citizen-Centered Aid Effectiveness

The Accountability Triangle

THE GOVERNOR ASKS

Multi-Channel Health Policy

Crowdsourcing

Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

ICT-MEDIATED

PARTCIPATORY BUDGETING

South Kivu, DR Congo

5

3) Enhance Inclusiveness in Public Policy Making

Project Statistics

PAR I Loan: $28.4 million

Beneficiaries: 29,351 rural households

771 alliances (organizations of small producers)

110 out of the 350 municipalities

PAR II Loan:$50 million

Beneficiaries: 285,060 rural households

120 municipalities

Project Components

1. Institutional Strengthening

2. Implementation of Rural Alliances

3. Project Management

Implementing Agency

Ministry of Rural Development and Land through EMPODERAR (Empowering), decentralized unit with operational autonomy that has been built around PAR I

3) Enhance Responsiveness in Delivery of ServicesRural Alliances Project Bolivia

http://empoderar.gob.bo/

Some Lessons Learnt

Accountability part of broader political economy

reforms

Local Economic, Social, Political and Cultural

Context is critical

Bringing Supply Side and Demand side of Social

Accountability together is critical

Aid Transparency can complement enhanced

government transparency

Closing the Feedback Loop is key (governments &

donors need to be responsive and have capacity

to respond to feedback

Some Lessons Learnt

Move from Citizen Feedback to Inclusive Institutions requires institutional, cultural and behavioral changes

Governments & Donors are heterogeneous- strengthen Reform-Minded Policymakers

Form Multi-stakeholder Coalitions to enhance both horizontal and vertical accountability

CSOs, Parliamentarians and the Media play a key role to enhance accountability

Social Sustainability is a challenge

ICTs can play under certain conditions a critical role however are not a panacea

More rigorous Evaluations needed

Knowledge Products

Gigler (March2015) Development as

Freedom in Digital Age- Experiences from

Bolivia

MOOC on Citizen Engagement

https://www.coursera.org/course/engagecitizen