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1 Foreword, “Harm Reduction and Human Rights: The Global Response to Drug Related HIV Epidemics,” http://www.ihra.net/GlobalResponse.
2 Mathers B, Degenhardt L, Phillips B, Wiessing L, Hickman M, Strathdee S, Wodak A, Panda S, Tyndall M, Toufik A, Mattick RP and the
Reference Group to the United Nations on HIV and injecting drug use, “The global epidemiology of injecting drug use and HIV among people
who inject drugs: a systematic review,” The Lancet, 2008, vol. 372.
3 “Global State of Harm Reduction,” p. 12. 4 Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS and World Health Organization, “AIDS epidemic update,” 2007. 5 “The global epidemiology of injecting drug use and HIV among people who inject drugs: a systematic review.” 6 http://www.ihra.net/Whatisharmreduction. 7 [®()Ò?õö÷øs´u}A(^��beféW()[®XY,**+, ³�[®)�ðYV:WÒ?,*A©�^
Gl!ýþ Des Jarlais, D.C., Casriel, C., Friedman, S.R. & Rosenblum, A., “AIDS and the transition to illicit drug injection: results of a
randomized trial prevention program,” Addiction, 1992, vol. 87, pp. 493-498; Hunt, N., Preston, A. & Stillwell, G., "A Guide to Assessing 'Route
Transitions' and Developing Interventions that Promote Safer Drug Use,” 2005, Dorchester: Exchange Supplies; Pizzey, R. & Hunt, N. (2008). Distributing foil from needle and syringe programmes (NSPs) to promote transitions from heroin injecting to chasing: an evaluation. Harm Reduction Journal, 5:24; Southwell, M., “Transitions to and from injecting. In R. Pates, A. McBride & K. Arnold (Eds),” Injecting Illicit Drugs, (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 2005), pp.118-134.
8 http://www.unaids.org/en/PolicyAndPractice/KeyPopulations/InjectDrugUsers/default.asp. 9 http://www.ihra.net/GlobalStateofHarmReduction. 10 International Harm Reduction Association, “Three Cents a Day is Not Enough: Resourcing HIV harm reduction on a global basis,”
(forthcoming) 2010. 11 ýþ, further, Human Rights Watch and IHRA, “Building Consensus: A reference guide to drug policy and human rights,” 2008,
http://www.ihra.net/BookofAuthorities. 12 ýþ , for example, U.S. Institute of Medicine, “Preventing HIV Infection among Injecting Drug Users in High Risk Countries: An
Assessment of the Evidence,” September 2006, http://books.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=11731#toc;
Hunt N, “A review of the evidence-base for harm reduction approaches to drug use,” 2003, (Report commissioned by Forward Thinking on Drugs – A Release Initiative, London), http://www.ihra.net/uploads/downloads/50best/HIVPrevention/HIVTop50Documents1.1.pdf; World Health Organization, “Evidence for Action Technical Papers: Effectiveness of Sterile Needle and Syringe Programming in Reducing
HIV/AIDS among Injecting Drug Users,” (Geneva, World Health Organization, 2004); http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/prev_care/effectivenesssterileneedle.pdf; Canadian HIV-AIDS Legal Network, “Prison Needle Exchange: Lessons from a Comprehensive Review of International Evidence and Experience,” 2004, http://www.ihra.net/uploads/downloads/50best/HIVPrevention/HIVTop50Documents8.5.pdf;
World Health Organization, “Evidence for Action Technical Papers, Interventions to Address HIV in Prisons: Needle and Syringe Programmes and Decontamination Strategies,” WHO/UNODC/UNAIDS, 2007, http://www.who.int/hiv/idu/oms_%20ea_nsp_df.pdf; World Health Organization, “Evidence for Action Technical Papers, Interventions to Address HIV in Prisons: Drug Dependence Treatment,s” WHO/UNODC/UNAIDS, 2007
http://www.who.int/hiv/idu/EADrugTreatment.pdf.
13 ýþ http://data.unaids.org/pub/Report/2006/20060615_HLM_PoliticalDeclaration_ARES60262_en.pdf (para 22);
http://data.unaids.org/pub/BaseDocument/2009/20090724_e2009l23_en.pdf (para 19); and Human Rights Council resolution 27/12, “ The
protection of human rights in the context of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS),” GH>
A/HRC/RES/12/27 rs(h5´), http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G09/168/42/PDF/G0916842.pdf?OpenElement.
14 ýþ , for example, World Health Organization, “Evidence for Action Technical Papers: Effectiveness of Sterile Needle and Syringe
Programming in Reducing HIV/AIDS among Injecting Drug Users,” (Geneva: World Health Organization, 2004), http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/prev_care/effectivenesssterileneedle.pdf; World Health Organization, “Evidence for Action Technical Papers:
Effectiveness of drug dependence treatment in HIV prevention,” (Geneva, World Health Organization: 2004), http://www.emro.who.int/aiecf/web203.pdf; World Health Organization, “Evidence for Action Technical Papers, Interventions to Address HIV in Prisons: Needle and Syringe Programmes and Decontamination Strategies,” WHO/UNODC/UNAIDS, 2007, http://www.who.int/hiv/idu/oms_%20ea_nsp_df.pdf; World Health Organization, “Evidence for Action Technical Papers, Interventions to
Address HIV in Prisons: Drug Dependence Treatments,” WHO/UNODC/UNAIDS, 2007. 15 High Commissioner calls for focus on human rights and harm reduction in international drug policy, Press release, 10 March 2009,
http://www.unhchr.ch/huricane/huricane.nsf/view01/3A5B668A4EE1BBC2C12575750055262E?opendocument
16 GH> E/C.12/UKR/CO/5rs,28@51´. 17 GH> E/C.12/TJK/CO/1rs h70´. 18 ýþ Report of the Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental
health, Paul Hunt, Mission to Sweden’ (28 February 2007) GH> A/HRC/4/28/Add.2 para 60; Anand Grover, Foreword, “Harm Reduction
and Human Rights, The Global Response to Drug Related HIV Epidemics, International Harm Reduction Association,” 2009. 19 Foreword, “Global State of Harm Reduction 2008: Mapping the Response to Drug-Related HIV and Hepatitis C Epidemics, International
Harm Reduction Association,” 2008, http://www.ihra.net/GlobalState2008. 20 GH> A/HRC/10/44 rsh55±62´! 21 UN Human Rights Council, Report of the Special Rapporteur on Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment,
Manfred Nowak, 14 January 2009, A/HRC/10/44, para. 57. 22 UN Human Rights Council, Report of the Special Rapporteur on Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment,
Manfred Nowak, 14 January 2009, A/HRC/10/44, para. 71. 23 UN Human Rights Council, Report of the Special Rapporteur on Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment,
Manfred Nowak, 14 January 2009, A/HRC/10/44, para. 79. 24 UN Human Rights Council, Report of the Special Rapporteur on Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment,
Manfred Nowak, 14 January 2009, A/HRC/10/44, para. 71.
25 UN Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC), CRC General Comment No. 3: HIV/AIDS and the Rights of the Child, 17 March
2003, CRC/GC/2003/3, para. 35 26 GH>CRC/C/SWE/CO/4rs,h49´.
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1 High Commissioner calls for focus on human rights and harm reduction in international drug policy, Press release, 10 March 2009,
http://www.unhchr.ch/huricane/huricane.nsf/view01/3A5B668 A4EE1BBC2C12575750055262E?opendocument
2 A survey of drug users in ive Russian cities, for example, found that 40 percent routinely did not carry injection equipment, in part out of fear of attracting
police attention. Jean-Paul C. Grund, ùCentral and Eastern Europe’, in HIV AND AIDS: A GLOBAL VIEW, Karen McElrath, (ed) (Westport,
Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2002), pp. 41-67.
3 Young people and injecting drug use in selected countries of central and eastern Europe, Eurasian Harm Reduction Network, 2009, pp. 62-65.
4 Õâ ibid pp. 28-31.
5 The Effects of Drug User Registration Laws on People’s Rights and Health, Key Findings from Russia, Georgia, and Ukraine, Open Society Institute,
October 2009http://www.soros.org/ initiatives/health/focus/ihrd/articles_publications/publications/drugreg_20091001/drugreg_20091001.pdf.
6 Human Rights Watch, “Deadly Denial, Barriers to HIV/AIDS Treatment for People Who Use Drugs in Thailand,” 2007, p. 20
7 Human Rights Watch, “Rehabilitation Required: Russia’s Human Rights Obligation to Provide Evidence-Based Drug Treatment,” Vol. 19, No. 7(D),
November 2007.
8 Õâ also studies cited in the Human Rights Watch reports: “Rhetoric and Risk: Human Rights Abuses Impeding Ukraine’s Fight Against AIDS,” Vol. 18, No.
2(D), pp. 34-40; “Lessons Not Learned: Human Rights Abuses and HIV/AIDS in the Russian Federation,” Vol. 16, No. 5(D), April 2004 pp. 28-31;
“Fanning the Flames: How Human Rights Abuses Are Fuelling the AIDS Epidemic in Kazakhstan”, vol. 15, No. 4(D), June 2003, pp. 32-34; “Not
Enough Graves: The War on Drugs, HIV/AIDS, and Violations of Human Rights,” vol. 16, No. 8(C) (June 2004), pp.36-42.
9 Human Rights Watch, “Rhetoric and Risk: Human Rights Abuses Impeding Ukraine’s Fight Against HIV/AIDS.”
10 Otiashvili, D., “Georgian Drug War – Ignoring Evidences, Neglecting Human Rights.” Presented at the International Harm Reduction Association’s 19 th
Annual conference in Barcelona, Spain, May 14 th , 2008.
11=Not Enough Graves,” pp. 36-37. Researchers have also found that the government crackdown on drug users was likely to discourage drug users from
obtaining HIV testing and other medical services. Tassanai Vongchak et al., “The inluence of Thailand’s 2003 ‘war on drugs’ policy on self-reported drug
use among injection drug users in Chiang Mai, Thailand,” International Journal of Drug Policy, No. 16 (2005), pp. 115–121.
12 Human Rights Watch and Thai AIDS Treatment Action Group, “Deadly Denial: Barriers to HIV/AIDS Treatment for People Who Use Drugs in Thailand”,
November 2007, pp. 20-24.
13 Amnesty International, Mexico: New Reports of Human Rights Violations by the Military, 8 December 2009, AMR 41/058/2009
14 Õâ for example, Justice Policy Institute, “Still Striking Out: Ten years of California’s three strikes policy”, 2004,
http://www.justicepolicy.org/images/upload/04-03_REP_CAStillStrikingOut_ AC.pdf; and Justice Policy Institute, ‘Three Strikes and You’re Out: An
examination of the impact of 3-strike laws 10 years after their enactment’, 2004, http://www.soros.org/initiatives/justice/
articles_publications/publications/threestrikes_20040923/three_strikes.pdf .
15 =Ý�E¾¡44ÎÏÐ,$z85��%Dk<=�{$K�$z_L6"$z"ü�aC>¢»u ®¯>�{¬>aC,i��>�|>»u®¯>�{aC8Då>ú0_`v�
µ¶>§]D .” kHxy>12û~üÕâ Rick Lines ‘The Death Penalty for Drug Offences: A Violation of International Human Rights Law’International
Harm Reduction Association, 2007.
16 The Commission on Human Rights, Human Rights Resolution 2005/59 (20 April 2005) para. 6.
17 Human Rights Committee, Lubuto v. Zambia, No. 390/1990 (1995)
18 The Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Hilaire, Constantine, Benjamin, et al. v. Trinidad and Tobago Series C, No. 94 (21 June 2002)
19 Õâ, T Gabor and N Crutcher ‘Mandatory minimum penalties: Their effects on crime, sentencing disparities, and justice system expenditures’. Ottawa:
Justice Canada (Research and Statistics Division), January 2002.
20 Õâ Human Rights Watch, “Decades of Disparity: Drug Arrests and Race in the United States,” 2009; Human Rights Watch, “Targeting Blacks: Drug Law
Enforcement and Race in the United States,” 2008; American Civil Liberties Union, “Break the Chains,” and the Brennan Center at NYU School of Law,
“Caught in the net: The impact of drug policies on women and families,” New York, 2006.
21 ANCED and Forum DCA, ‘Report of Civil Society on the Rights of the Child and the Adolescent in Brazil, Alternative Report Submitted to the Committee
on the Rights of the Child’, 2004, p. 76. (On ile with the authors); Õâ also Luke Dowdney, ‘Children of the Drug Trade: a case study of children in
organised armed violence in Rio de Janeiro’, 7 Letras, 2003, p. 167
22 Report of the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention , Visit to the Islamic Republic of Iran, (27 June 2003) E/CN.4/2004/3/Add.2
23 United Kingdom: Home Ofice, Country of Origin Information Report - Iran, 28 April 2006, page 23
24 UN Human Rights Council, Report of the Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions, Philip Alston, 27 May 2009,
A/HRC/11/2,
25 UN Human Rights Council, Report of the Report of the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment,
Manfred Nowak, 10 March 2008, A/ HRC/7/3/Add.7
26 UN Human Rights Council, Summary prepared by the Ofice of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, in accordance with paragraph 15(c) of the
Annex to Human Rights Council Resolution 5/1 - Malaysia, 27 October 2008, A/HRC/WG.6/4/MYS/3, page 6.
27 US Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, 2008 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, (25 February 2009)
28 UN Human Rights Council, Summary prepared by the Ofice of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, in accordance with paragraph 15(c) of the
Annex to Human Rights Council Resolution 5/1 - Malaysia, 27 October 2008, A/HRC/WG.6/4/MYS/3, page 6; US Department of State, Bureau of
Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, 2008 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, (25 February 2009)
29 US Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, 2008 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, (25 February 2009)
30 Human Rights Watch, Convicted Before Trial: Indeinite Detention Under Malaysia’s Emergency Ordinance, 24 August 2006, C1809; US Department of
State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, 2008 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, (25 February 2009)
31 US Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, 2008 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, (25 February 2009)
32 Õâ Human Rights Watch, International Harm Reduction Association and Asia Catalyst submission to the UN Committee against Torture 30 September
2008, http://www2.ohchr.org/english/ bodies/cat/docs/ngos/HRW_IHRA_AC_China_41.pdf
33 Õâ Scott Burris et al., ‘Addressing the ‘Risk Environment’ for Injection Drug Users: The Mysterious Case of the Missing Cop’, The Milbank Quarterly,
vol. 82, no. 1 (2004), pp. 131-35 (reviewing studies); R. Pollini et al., ‘Syringe Possession Arrests are Associated with Receptive Sharing in Two Mexico-
US Border Cities’, Addiction (2007), vol. 103, pp. 101-108; Joanne Csete ‘Do Not Cross: Policing and HIV Risk Faced by People Who Use Drugs’,
Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network, 2007, http://www.aidslaw.ca/publications/interfaces/downloadFile.php?ref=1080
34 Guideline 4, International Guidelines on HIV and Human Rights, http://data.unaids.org/Publications/IRC-pub07/jc1252-internguidelines_en.pdf.
35 Aceijas et al ‘Antiretroviral treatment for injecting drug users in developing and transitional countries one year before the end of the ‘Treating 3 million by
2005. Making it happen. The WHO Strategy (3x5)’ Addiction (2006), vol. 101(9), pp. 1246-1253.
36 Annemarie Bollerup, M Donoghoe, J Lazarus & SVMatic, ‘Access to HAART for injecting drug users in the WHO European Region 2002–2005’,
summary available at http://www.euro.who.int/ Document/SHA/ACCESS_TO_HART.pdf.
37 Õâ Glenn Greenwald, Drug decriminalization in Portugal: Lessons for creating fair and successful drug policies, CATO Institute, April 2009
http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_ id=10080; Martin Jelsma, Legislative Innovation in Drug Policy, Transnational Institute, Nov. 2009.
38=Drugs and Democracy: Towards and paradigm shift,” Final report of the Latin American Commission on Drugs and Democracy, 2008
http://www.drogasedemocracia.org/Arquivos/declaracao_ ingles_site.pdf.
39 Õâ “Drug decriminalization in Portugal: Lessons for creating fair and successful drug policies,” CATO Institute, April 2009
http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=10080
40 Õâ, for example, Roe v. City of New York, 232 F. Supp.2d 240 (U.S. DCt, SDNY) (barring arrest of needle exchange program participants based on
residue in used syringes); Doe v. Bridgeport Police Department, 198 F.R.D. 325 (U.S. DCt., SDCT) (same); Los Angeles County Police Order (directing
police to refrain from targeting or conducting observation in syringe exchange locations to identify, detain, or arrest persons for narcotics-related offenses).
41 In Vancouver, Canada, for example, drug users are covered by a provision of the federal Controlled Drugs and Substances Act that exempts any person or
class of persons from the application
of the Act if, in the opinion of the Minister of Health, “the exemption is necessary for a medical or scientiic purpose or is otherwise in the public interest.”
Controlled Drugs and Substances Act, Section 56. For further information on safe injection sites, Õâ Richard Elliott et al., Establishing Safe Injection
Facilities in Canada: Legal and Ethical Issues (Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network, 2002), [online]
http://www.aidslaw.ca/Maincontent/issues/druglaws/safeinjectionfacilities/safeinjectionfacilities.pdf; and City of Vancouver, “Supervised Injection Sites
(SISs): Frequently Asked Questions,” [online] www.city.vancouver.bc.ca/fourpillars (retrieved January 4, 2006).
42 Õâ Harm Reduction Policy and Practice Global State of Harm Reduction 2008, International Harm Reduction Association,
http://www.ihra.net/GlobalStateofHarmReduction.
43 The treaty-based drug control system is based on three international drug conventions: the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs (1961) as amended by the
1972 Protocol Amending the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs; the Convention on Psychotropic Substances (1971), and the Convention Against the
Illicit Trafic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (1988). The 1961 and 1971 treaties require governments “to take all practicable measures” for
the prevention of drug abuse, and “for the early identiication, treatment, education, after-care, rehabilitation and social reintegration” of people who use
drugs.” While all three treaties require governments to criminalize possession other than for medical or scientiic purposes, they state that governments
may provide measures for “treatment, education, aftercare, rehabilitation and social reintegration”, “either as an alternative to conviction or punishment or
in addition to conviction or punishment.”
44 INCB Annual Report for 2001, http://www.incb.org/incb/en/annual_report_2001.html, para. 211. Õâ also Commentary on the United Nations Convention
Against Illicit Trafic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (1988), UN Doc. E/CN.7/590 (noting lexibility with respect to criminal penalties, and
that “as with the 1961 and 1971 Conventions, paragraph 2 does not require drug consumption as such to be established as a punishable offence. Rather, it
approaches the issue of non-medical consumption indirectly by referring to the intentional possession, purchase or cultivation of controlled substances for
personal consumption.(…)”).
45 INCB, Report of the International Narcotics Control Board for 2004, New York: 2005, para. 538. Portugal’s 2001 drug law “decriminalized, but did not
“legalize” drugs, meaning that while drug
possession and drug use are still legally prohibited, violations are considered exclusively administrative and exempt from criminal sanction.
46 UNODC, World Drug Report 2009, pp. 163ff.
47 Õâ., Decision 74/10, Flexibility of Treaty Provisions as Regards Harm Reduction Approaches, prepared by UNDCP ’s Legal Affairs Section,
E/INCB/2002/W.13/SS.5, 30 September 2002.
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1 UNODC, WHO & UNAIDS, HIV/AIDS Prevention, Care, Treatment and Support in Prison Settings: A Framework for an Effective National
Response, 2006, p.11.
2 R Walmsley, World Prison Population List, 6th ed., International Centre for Prison Studies, 2005, p.1.
3 Open Society Justice Initiative and the Open Society Institute "Why We Need a global Campaign for Justice," Justice Fact sheet, September
2009.
4 World Health Organization Europe Status Paper of Prison, Drugs and Harm Reduction (WHO Regional Office for Europe Copenhagen
2005) Doc No EUR/05/5049062, 3.
5 WHO, UNODC & UNAIDS, Effectiveness of interventions to address HIV in prisons, 2007.
6 R Jürgens, “HIV/AIDS in Prisons: Recent Developments,” Canadian HIV/AIDS Policy and Law Review , 2002, vol. 13, no. 19.
7 KC Goyer, HIV/AIDS in Prison: Problems, Policies and Potential (February 2003), in Monographs of the African Human Securities Initiative,
No 79, ch 1.
8 Ibid.
9 WHO, UNODC & UNAIDS, Effectiveness of interventions to address HIV in prisons, 2007.
10 �� International Harm Reduction Association, “Global State of Harm Reduction 2008” http://www.ihra.net/GlobalStateofHarmReduction.
11 WHO, UNODC & UNAIDS, Effectiveness of interventions to address HIV in prisons, 2007.
12 Cabal and Pasini v Australia (7 August 2003) UN Doc CCPR/C/78/D/1020/2002, para 7(7).
13 Human Rights Committee, “General Comment No. 6: The Right to Life Article 6” (30 April 1982) UN Doc HRI\GEN\1\Rev.1 para 5.
14 Human Rights Committee ‘‘General Comment 21: Humane treatment of persons deprived of liberty (Art. 10)’’ (10 April 1992) Compilation of
General Comments and General Recommendations Adopted by Human Rights Treaty Bodies UN Doc.HRI/GEN/1/Rev.6 para 3.
15 Committee on Economic Social and Cultural Rights, “General Comment No. 14: The right to the highest attainable standard of health,”
August 11, 2000, UN Doc E/C.12/2000/4, para 34, emphasis in original.
16 Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights “Concluding Observations: Russian Federation,” 1997, UN Doc E/1998/22 para 112.
17 Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights “Concluding Observations: Russian Federation,” 2003, UN Doc E/2004/22 64 para
33.
18 Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (n 16) para 61; Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (n 17) para 47.
19 UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights “Concluding Observations: Tajikistan,” 24 November 2006, UN Doc. No.
E/C.12/TJK/CO/1 para 70.
20 UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights “Concluding Observations: Ukraine,” 4 January 2008, UN Doc. No.
E/C.12/UKR/CO/5 para 51. 21 UN Human Rights Council, Report of the Special Rapporteur on Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment,
Manfred Nowak, 14 January 2009, A/HRC/10/44, para. 74
22 UN Human Rights Council, Report of the Special Rapporteur on Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment,
Manfred Nowak, 14 January 2009, A/HRC/10/44, para. 57.
23 UN Human Rights Council, Report of the Special Rapporteur on Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment,
Manfred Nowak, 14 January 2009, A/HRC/10/44, para. 71.
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1 Letter from Manfred Nowak, Special Rapporteur on Torture, and Anand Grover, Special Rapporteur on the right to the highest attainable standard of health, to Her Excellency
Ms Selma Ashipala-Musavyi, Chairperson of the 52nd Session of the Commission on Narcotic Drugs, December 10, 2008,
http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/related_material/12.10.2008%20Letter%20to%20CND%20fromSpecial%20Rapporteurs.pdf (accessed November 6, 2009), p. 4.
2 Statement by Professor Sevil Atasoy, President of the International Narcotics Control Board, to the Economic and Social Council, 30 July 2009,
http://www.incb.org/documents/President_statements_09/2009_ECOSOC_Substantive_Session_published.pdf (accessed November 6, 2009).
3 WHO, Model List of Essential Medicines, 15th List, March 2007, http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/essentialmedicines/en/index.html (accessed August 5, 2009);
Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961, adopted March 30, 1961, 520 U.N.T.S. 151, entered into force December 13, 1964; Convention on Psychotropic Substances, 1971
adopted February 21, 1971, 1019 U.N.T.S. 175, entered into force August 16, 1976.
4 WHO, “WHO Briefing Note: Access to Controlled Medications Programme,” February, 2009,
https://intranet.hrw.org/Program%20Central%20Style%20Guide%20Documents/citationstyle.pdf (accessed August 24, 2009), p.1.
5 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961; Convention on Psychotropic Substances, 1971; Human Rights Watch, “Please, Do Not Make Us Suffer Any More…”: Access to
pain treatment as a human right, March, 2009, http://www.hrw.org/en/reports/2009/03/02/please-do-not-make-us-suffer-any-more, pp. 26-35.
6 �I WHO, “Achieving Balance in National Opioids Control Policy: Guidelines for Assessment,” (Geneva: WHO, 2000) WHO/EDM/QSM/2000.4,
http://www.painpolicy.wisc.edu/publicat/00whoabi/00whoabi.pdf (accessed November 9, 2009); The international drug conventions recognize the need for balance between
ensuring medical access to controlled narcotic and preventing diversion to illicit use. The Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961 states that “the medical use of narcotic
drugs continues to be indispensable for the relief of pain and suffering and that adequate provision must be made to ensure the availability of narcotic drugs for such purposes,”
preamble, and the Convention on Psychotropic Substances, 1971 similarly states that “that the use of psychotropic substances for medical and scientific purposes is
indispensable and that their availability for such purposes should not be unduly restricted,” preamble.
7 International Narcotics Review Board, Report of the International Narcotics Control Board for 2008, (New York: United Nations, 2009),
http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/health1009web.pdf (accessed November 6, 2009), p. iii; Human Rights Watch, “Please, Do Not Make Us Suffer Any More…”:
Access to pain treatment as a human right, March, 2009, http://www.hrw.org/en/reports/2009/03/02/please-do-not-make-us-suffer-any-more, 26-35.
8 Human Rights Watch, “Please, Do Not Make Us Suffer Any More…”, 25-26.
9 Ibid, pp. 33-35.
10 Ibid, pp. 18-25. Palliative care �Iks to improve the quality of life of patients with life-limiting illness, by assessing and treating pain and other physical symptoms and
providing psychosocial and spiritual care to the patient and their family: �I WHO, “WHO Definition of Palliative Care,” http://www.who.int/cancer/palliative/definition/en/,
(accessed October 23, 2009).
11 Human Rights Watch, “Please, Do Not Make Us Suffer Any More…”, 35-37.
12 Ibid, p. 36; E. D. Bruera and L. De Lima, “Opioid cost: a global problem,” Palliative Medicine, vol. 19 no. 6, 2005, p. 504; Email from Liliana De Lima, September 10, 2009.
13 International Harm Reduction Development Program. Barriers to Access: Medication-Assisted Treatment and Injection-Driven ��� Epidemics. New York: Open Society
Institute; 2008; Human Rights Watch, “Rehabilitation Required: Russia’s Human Rights Obligation to Provide Evidence-based Drug Dependence Treatment,” vol. 19, no. 7(D)
(2007); �I also International Harm Reduction Association, The Global State of Harm Reduction, 2008
14 Human Rights Watch, Unbearable Pain: India's Obligation to Ensure Palliative Care, 28 October 2009, 1-56432-555-5
15 Human Rights Council, Access to medicine in the context of the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health,
A/HRC/RES/12/24, 12 October 2009
16 UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Fact Sheet No. 31, The Right to Health, June 2008, No. 31, page 21.
17 Ban Ki-Moon (2008) Message on the International Day against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking, 26 June 2008.
18 UN Economic and Social Council, “Treatment of pain using opioid analgesics,” ECOSOC 2005/25, E/2005/INF/2/Add.1, p. 70.
19 UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, “Substantive Issues Arising in the Implementation of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural
Rights,” General Comment No. 14, The right to the highest attainable standard of health, E/C.12/2000/4 (2000), para. 12(a), 17, 34, 25 and 43(d).
20 UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, “Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 16 and 17 of the Covenant, Ukraine,
Concluding Observations of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights,” E/C.12/UKR/CO/5, January 4, 2008,
www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cescr/docs/.../E.C.12.UKR.CO.5.doc (accessed 9 November, 2009), para. 28, 51.
21 International Harm Reduction Development Program. Women, Harm Reduction, and ��� Key Findings from Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, and Ukraine. New
York: Open Society Institute; 2009.
22 Letter from Manfred Nowak and Anand Grover to Special Rapporteur to Her Excellency Ms Selma Ashipala-Musavyi, p. 4.
23 Human Rights Council, Report of the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, Manfred Nowak, A/HRC.10/44, January
14, 2009, http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/10session/A.HRC.10.44AEV.pdf, (accessed November 10, 2009), para. 74(e).
24 ICCPR, Art. 19(2)
25 CESCR, General Comment 14, para 34.
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1 P Hunt, Oral Remarks to the Press, Friday 21 September 2007, Bogota, Colombia (21 September 2007),
http://www.hchr.org.co/documentoseinformes/documentos/relatoresespeciales/2007/ruedadeprensaingles.pdf. 2 UN Committee on the Rights of the Child, Concluding observations, Colombia, 8 June 2006, UN Doc No CRC/C/COL/CO/3 para 72.
3 Rodolfo Stavenhagen, following his mission to Colombia, UN Doc No E/CN.4/2005/88/Add.2, para 106 “Except where expressly requested
by an indigenous community which has been fully apprised of the implications, no aerial spraying of illicit crops should take place near indigenous settlements or sources of provisions.” 4 Witness for Peace and Association Minga, “Forced manual eradication: The wrong solution to the failed US counter-narcotics policy in
Colombia,” September 2008. 5 Martin Jelsma and Tom Kramer, “Withdrawal Symptoms, Changes in the Southeast Asian drugs market,” Transnational Institute, August
2008, p 19. 6 Damon Barrett, Rick Lines, Rebecca Schleifer, Richard Elliot and Dave Bewley-Taylor, “Recalibrating the Regime: The Need for a Human
Rights-Based Approach to International Drug Policy,” The Beckley Foundation Drug Policy Programme, March 2008, Sec. 1:5. 7 Martin Jelsma and Tom Kramer, “Withdrawal Symptoms, Changes in the Southeast Asian drugs market,” Transnational Institute, August
2008 p 2. 8 “Withdrawal symptoms,” p 18.
9 “Withdrawal Symptoms,” p 19.
10 Transnational Institute, “Missing Targets, Counterproductive drug control efforts in Afghanistan,” Drug Policy Briefing N. 24, September
2004 page 4. 11
D. Buddenberg and W.A. Byrd, “Afghanistan’s Drug Industry,” UNODC/World Bank, November 2006 . 12
Transnational Institute, “Missing Targets, Counterproductive drug control efforts in Afghanistan,” Drug Policy Briefing N. 24, September
2007, page 4. 13
Transnational Institute, “Missing Targets, Counterproductive drug control efforts in Afghanistan,” Drug Policy Briefing N. 24, September
2007 page 5. 14
Vanda Felbab-Brown, “U.S. Counternarcotics Strategy in Afghanistan,” Testimony before the U.S. Senate Caucus on International Narcotics
Control, 21 October 2009. 15
Sanho Tree, Director of the presentation at Bogota University, September 2009. 16
“An exercise in futility: Nine years of fumigation in Colombia,” Witness for Peace, Fundacion Minga and Institute for Policy Studies, 2007 p.
1. 17
“US changes course on Afghan opium,” Christian Science Monitor, 28 June 2009, http://www.csmonitor.com/2009/0628/p99s01-duts.html. 18
“An exercise in futility,” p. 5. 19
Vanda Felbab-Brown, “U.S. Counternarcotics Strategy in Afghanistan,” Testimony before the U.S. Senate Caucus on International Narcotics
Control, 21 October 2009. 20
Transnational Institute, “Missing Targets, Counterproductive drug control efforts in Afghanistan,” Drug Policy Briefing N. 24, September
2007, page 4. 21
“Making Drug Control Fit for Purpose: Building on the UNGASS Decade,” UN Doc No E/CN.7/2008/CRP.17, March 7, 2008. 22
“An exercise in futility,” p. 2.
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