Open Science activities with ICSU‐World Data System, International Enterprise of 

Long Term Data Preservation

Dr. Yasuhiro Murayama

Member of Cabinet Office Expert Panel of Open Science 

Associate member, Science Council of Japan

ICSU‐World Data System  Scientific Committee ex officio

Natl. Inst. Information & Communications Technology

1

International Programme Office Hosted by

Based in Tokyo, Japan

Data Sharing Symposiumas a side event of RDA‐P7 meeting, Tokyo 29 February 2016

What to discuss about data?

• Data issue – Relation with Society, and Mutual Trustworthiness

– Accelerate Science (and Social Activity)

• Data Driven Innovation

• New era of digital information vs. printed records

• What we need to discuss?– We already have TCP/IP, Internet, Web, XML, RDF…

– Is anything else necessary for Information Society & Data Driven Innovation?

• Issue has multi‐facets. One is Open Science.

Shared in the research community

Open discussion and criticism

Paper

Data

Conclusion

Analysis/Discussion

Experiment/Observatoin

Hypothesis

Question

Conventional Science Method

Science and Society: research papers and data

Community consensus

General Society/political decision making

Who does? Immediately? Mandatory?

An article is not sufficient for validating results.Reproducibility issueResearch integrity issue

Data as 1st‐class research outputSocial information asset, provided to the general society

Essential for “irreproducible” natural phenomenaGlobal change, space, living organisms, health . . .

Mutual trust between Science and Society

e.g., IPCC report by >3000 scientists  policy makers

［IPCC, 2013］

Approx. 1,300 scientists worked for the IPCC  WG1.(3,000‐4,000 scientists for all WG1‐3?)

IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change)

WG1 “Physical Science Basis”

Climate Change Knowledge with Thousands of Scientists

What to discuss about data?

• Data issue – Relation and Trustworthiness with Society

• Data Driven Innovation

• New era of digital information vs. printed records

• What we need to discuss?– We already have technology of Internet, Web, XML, RDF…

– Is anything else necessary for Information Society & Data Driven Innovation?

• Issue has multi‐facets. One is Open Science.

An analogy: distance from technology to service

• For Users

• Application

• Usage Policy

• Professional Use Techniques

• Technology Basis

Weather Radar System

Radar echo from rain

Radar echo data  uncorrected

rainfall data 

Noise reduction, data cleansingTransform: time  distance 

Calibrating estimated rainfall data

Visualization

Rainfall Map

http://www.jmbsc.or.jp/hp/offline/sanpl/radar_amedas.png

Persistent Identifier

Data = Digital Object 

DOI Metadata, Domain metadata,Data granularityDynamic data…

DOI (Digital Object Identifier)

Value AddedServices

Brokering, Aggregation,managementinfrastructure

Search, analytics

[Kathleen Fontaine, 2015]

“Data and Science”

• RDA Community Capability Model Interest Group – Secretary: Univ. of Bath & Microsoft Research Connections

↑https://www.rd‐alliance.org/filedepot_download/383/230

データポリシーData policy,

Data sharing principles

E‐インフラストラクチャE‐infrastructure,

メータデータ, 識別子、オントロジmetadata, PIDs, 

ontology…

データパブリケーション

Data publication‐Cost Recovery 

Model

データ引用、被引用度、「データ業績」

Data citation, credit…

研究職採用、昇進評価

Scholar position,evaluation

データマネジメントプラン

Data Management Plan （DMP)

Data repository,Long‐term preservation

Print & Electronic Technologies as Social Info. Infrastructures‐‐‐ 百年の印刷文化の基礎支えと、成長途中のディジタル・サイエンス

351 years

70 years

Public library (paper media) ：8c

Printing press/Gutenberg: 1445

First scientific journal: 1665

Intl. Assoc. Academies: 1899

ICSU established: 1931

World Data Center system : 1957

ENIAC, von Neumann: 1946

Hard Disk Drive: 1956

TCP/IP, dial‐up (64kbps): 1982

WWW (CERN): 1991

Broadband internet(>1Mbps)：～2000

New global data initiatives: ICSU‐WDS, RDA etc.：2008～2013

Print MediaElectronicMedia

9

Creation of ICSU‐World Data Systemon ICSU 29th General Assembly decision (October 28, 2008):

10

PAST(since 1950’s)

PRESENT(2008~)

ICSU International Scientific Unions data bodiesICSU National Members data bodiesICSU Interdisciplinary Bodies data activities

WDC (World Data Center) : 50 WDSs at max.

FAGS (Federation of Astronomical and Geophysical Data Analysis Services)

60 Regular Data curation & data analysis services

10 Network Networks of Regular Members & umbrella organizations

4 Partner Do not deal directly with data stewardship, but support to ICSU-WDS

18 Associate Organizations interested in the WDS endeavour

92 Members (June 2015)

Toward “Global Community of Trusted Science Data Repository/Services for Long Term Preservation”

supported by

Opening Ceremony of WDS International Programme Office

[Y. Murayama, 2012]

ICSU (Intl. Council for Science) has established ICSU‐WDS (October 2008).

Science Council of Japan (SCJ) cooperated hosting WDS Intl. 

Programme Office at NICT, Japan.

ICSU President Prof. Y.T.Lee(2012)

SCJ President Prof. Ohnishi

SCJ former Vice President Prof. Doi

[F. Kasuga, 2013]

May 2012)

WDS‐IPO Executive Director: Dr. Mustapha Mokrane

Scientific Committee

Minister of Internal Affairs & Communications Vice Minister

of MEXT

NICT President Prof. Miyahara

ICSU‐WDS Objectives

• Enable universal and equitable access to quality‐assured multi‐disciplinary scientific data;

• Ensure long term data preservation/ stewardship; 

• Foster compliance to agreed‐upon datastandards and conventions; 

• Provide mechanisms to facilitate and improve access to data and data products. 

12

In harmony with GEOSS open data policy (ICSU/CODATA contirubted to)

Population data

Income data

Health insurance articles

(d) Referential context

How datasets are cited by articles

Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR)

(http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/)115 154 citations from OAI PMH

(a) Data collection community

Australian Data Archive (ADA)(http://www.ada.edu.au/)

(b) Data sharing community

Working

Inequality

Attitudes

National SocialScience Survey

Article Data

Pangaea(http://www.pangaea.de/)

384,815 citations from OAI-PMH

Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project

Physical properties of Hole ##

[Zettsu et al., 2014]

Dynamics of InfrastructureEdwards, et al. 2007 Understanding Infrastructure: Dynamics, Tensions, andDesign.

• Infrastructures become “ubiquitous, accessible, reliable, andtransparent” as they mature.

• Systems Networks Inter-networks

• “system-building, characterized by the deliberate and successful design of technology-based services.”

• “technology transfer across domains and locations results invariations on the original design, as well as the emergence ofcompeting systems.”

• Finally, “a process of consolidation characterized by gateways thatallow dissimilar systems to be linked into networks.”

オープンサイエンスとデータ出版・引用

15http://www.ands.org.au/cite‐data/index.html

“Research Data Sharing” Today •Data sharing practices in past

• Earth science, high energy physics, genomics,…

• Why is it a topic to discuss, in WDS、G8、RDA、etc.?

• Some thoughts in context of Open Science

– Example of past practices

• Sharing in a specific community or domain: its background culture/knowledge are already shared in the community.

• “Metadata” (data attribution, credit, licensing…) can be minimum. Data reuse culture is based on & depends on  the community’s own norm. 

– Example of discussion in context of Open Science

• Data: 1st class output of research (cf. research papers)

• Wish Data be findable, citable, and reusable by anybody in future (like research papers)  Info. Management as “Information Asset”

• Metadata (data provenance, identifier , etc.) is increasingly important.

• “Information Organization” should the key.16

Landscape of Open Science/Research Data  Sharing (from my viewpoint)

17

Earth, Space,Physics, Informatics,…

Space Sci.Computer Sci.Physics

Seismology

LinguisticsHistoryPsychology

日本学術会議

Science Council of Japan

DIAS w/GEOSS（U Tokyo, JAXA、

JAMSTEC, NIES etc）

Future Earth(ICSU, UNESCO, UNEP, 

UNU,  Belmont Forum,…)

RDA(Research Data Alliance)

G8 Science Minister Meeting (2013.6)

…etc.(96 Member Bodies)

Linguistics

2008‐

2012‐

OECD  Open Science WG etc.

文部科学省

Ministry of Education, Science…

科学技術振興機構Japan Sci. &Tech Agency

総合科学技術・イノベーション会議

Council for Sci. Tech. & Innovation

Cabinet Office of JapanSocial Science

IonosphereSpace Weather

WDS Intl. Program Office, Tokyo

UNESCO Ocean Data Exchange

European Open Science Cloud

PLEASE KEEP IN MIND:

• The objective is to promote science and social activity.– Any rules or regulations should not discourage scientists/researchers.

• DON’T regulate what we don’t yet understand.(“The Data Harvest”, RDA Europe, December 2014)

12-16 September 2016in

Denver, Colorado, USA

FIN.

• “Science is built of facts the way a house is built of bricks” （Henri Poincare, 1902）

家がレンガから建てられるように科学は事実から作られる

• “Facts”: Data

• ”…but an accumulation of facts is no more science than a pile of bricks is a house”

しかしレンガの山が家でないように、事実の積み上げだけでは科学でない

• Today’s Science tends to be advanced, specialized, far from what is sensed in your daily life.  Fact as basis of science is increasingly important.

Examples of “what is going about scientific data in Japan”

1965~

2006~ 2007~

1958~

1957~

ICSU 29th General Assembly decision (October 28, 2008):

23

PAST(since 1950’s)

PRESENT(2008~) ICSU International Scientific Unions data 

bodiesICSU National Members data bodiesICSU Interdisciplinary Bodies data activities

WDC (World Data Center) : 50 WDSs at max.

FAGS (Federation of Astronomical and Geophysical Data Analysis Services)

Opening Ceremony of WDS Intl. Programme Office (May 2012,  Tokyo)

WDS‐IPO Hosted by

Based in Tokyo, Japan

ICSU President

Sci. Council Of JapanPresident

Ministers for ICT, Education & Science

ICSU‐World Data SystemAcademic enterprise for long term data preservation

G8 2013 Science Ministers’ Agreement of Open Research Data

“Open Government Data”

Open Access to Open Data and Open ScienceOverview example

Open Access Open Science

Open Data(Open gov.)

Open Research Data

Creative Commons

Open Source

2000’s 2010’s

Science 2.0+

Citizen Science

Self Archiving

Science Commons

Institutional Repository Full OA (mega) journal

Article Research Outputs

Database, Repository

Research ActivityAccess ReUse

Data Sharing

Data journal

Open Innovation

Improve,Incremental

Redesign,Disruptive?

(Scholarly activity)

(Common activity)

Code for X

25

[K. Hayashi, 2015]

Expert Panel on Open Science based on Global Perspectives (Cabinet Office, Japan)

26

Promoting Open Science in Japan Opening up a new era for the advancement of science Report by the Expert Panel on Open Science, based on Global Perspectives Cabinet Office, Government of Japan March 30, 2015

[H. Manago, 2015]

Cabinet Office/CSTI：National Principle of Open ScienceCabinet Office “Expert Panel of Open Science” （Dec, ‘14 ‐‐‐March ‘15)

http://www8.cao.go.jp/cstp/sonota/openscience/

= Final Report was published at the Web site 30 March 2015.

Input to the 5th National Basic S&T Plan

[H. Manago, 2015]

Policy map for Promotion of Open Science

04/03/2015

[H. Manago, 2015]

28

Example of STI Infrastructure in Japan• University‐based Institutional Repository network over the nation

– For Articles– Pilot project for research data started.– JAIRO: Japan Institutional Repositories Online Online Cloud

[K. Yamaji (NII), 2015]

“JAIRO” Cloud service

University On‐premise          

Cloud Services for Open Science

SINET

research groupsuniversities

cloud cloudcloud

thesespapersthesespapers

class

Inter-Cloud

openscience/data

researchdata

researchdata

researchlogs

researchlogs

openscience/data

educationdata/logseducationdata/logs

openeducation

cloudproviders

universities

GakuNinCloudresearch

data as evidence

support for procurement

repository hosting support for multi-cloud

Direct Connect Direct Connect high-speed & secure comm.

30[K. Yamaji (NII), 2015]

Visit Tokyo 29 February‐3 March!

Openness is not a final destination, but be interoperable.

Fin.

http://www.icsu‐wds.org/community/webinars/webinar‐2/RDAWDSPublishingDataIGWebinarIntro.pdf

Data Sharing, the Informatics Way:DOI (Digital Object Identifier) for Research Data

[Adapted from Hideaki Takeda （2015) ]

IdentifiersIdentifiers

Domain Science Contents

Domain Science Contents

MetadataMetadata

Identifier’s MetadataIdentifier’s Metadata

DomainMetadataDomainMetadata

ProduceProduce PreservePreserve PublishPublish ReviseRevise DiscardDiscard

ResgisterResgister

ResgisterResgister

ResgisterResgister

ReviseRevise

ReviseReviseProduceProduce

ProduceProduce

LibraryLibraryResearchInstituteResearchInstitute

ResearchProjectResearchProject

ResearchersResearchers

Data Life Cycle, Its Steps,  and Its StakeholdersData Life Cycle, Its Steps,  and Its Stakeholders

Japanese Metadata framework “IUGONET” (inter‐univ. upper atmos. obs. network)

IUGONET Metadata Databaseand search system

NASA’s Metadata Schema “SPASE”

MD Schema ExtensionFor GroundbasedObservations

MD Schema Partnership

EU‐ESPAS Project Ontology & MD

Japan Link Center’s Experimental Project for minting/registration of dataset’s DOI

• DOI (Digital Object Identifier) for citing an object digitally.

– DOI is managed by “Intl. DOI Foundation” (IDF). 

– DOI can be given only by Registration Agency (RA) under IDF.

– Japan Link Center (JaLC) is only a RA in Japan.

• JaLC experiment project: Japan’s first attempt to register dataset’s DOI

• Project steering committee: universities, natl. research institutes, & NDL.

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DOI SystemJapanese Data Centers

Assign DOI prefix

Register DOI‐URL mapping

9 RAs

doi:10.xxxx (DOI prefix)

Web Interface

[Nose et a., 2014]