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Related contentFOREST FIRE NEAR MT. HAMILTON,AUGUST, 1891

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FOREST FIRES AT MOUNT HAMILTON,JULY 29 TO AUGUST 3, 1894E. S. Holden

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Vulnerability of carbon stocks in tropicalforestsRuth DeFries

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SDGT 2017 IOP Publishing

IOP Conf. Series: Journal of Physics: Conf. Series 989 (2018) 012016 doi :10.1088/1742-6596/989/1/012016

Layout Guide for Burnt and Un-burnt Tropical Forest: The

Diversity of Forest Plants and Insetcs for Sustainable

Environmental

N L Watiniasih1, J Tambunan

1, I M Merdana

2 and I N G Antara

3

1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematic and Basic Sciences, Udayana

University, Bali, Indonesia 2

Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia 3 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Udayana University,

Bali. Indonesia

E-mail: luhwatiniasih@unud.ac.id

Abstract. Forest fire is a common phenomenon in tropical forest likes in Indonesia. Beside the

effect of soaring heat and lack of rain during dry season due to the tropical climate, farming

system is also reported as one reason of forest fire in Indonesia. People of surrounding areas

and neighbouring countries are suffering from the effect of forest fire. Plants and animals are

the most suffer from this occurrence that they cannot escape. This study aimed to investigate

the effect of previously burnt and un-burnt tropical forest in Borneo Island on the plant and

insect diversity of the tropical forest. The result of the study found that the plants in previously

burnt forest area was dominated by one species, while higher and more stable plant diversity

was found in un-burnt forest. Although the number of individual insects was higher in

previously burnt tropical forest, but the insects was more diverse in un-burnt tropical forest.

The alteration of environmental conditions in previously burnt and un-burnt forest indicate that

the energy held in natural forest support higher number and more stable insects than previously

burnt forest.

1. Introduction

Indonesia has been well known as a country with megabiodiversity, that supported by the tropical rain

forest. Forest is a germ source that has many beneficial [1]. Ecologically, forest is a storehouse of

biological diversity, habitat of high number of animal species. It prevents soil erosion, stabilize and

fertilize the soil. Economically, forest is a source of carbon stock, water resources, provides a source

of non-timber products, and has been quite famous for sustainable ecotourism. Ethnologically, forest

and its diversity are source of herbal or traditional medicine [2].

Indonesian government has been dependent on the forest since long time. Part of the forest has been

cleared out for plantation. The cleared forest was planted with rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) and

palm oil plants (Elaeis sp). Forest clearance using firing technique was commonly reported, as it

causes devastated forest fire. This action has been banned by the Indonesian government. However,

during the dry season in Indonesia, many part of forest are still burning. It was reported due to natural

causes or human activities. The natural cause of the forest fire can be due to the effect of soaring heat

and lack of rain during dry season. This resulted in heavy smoke around the burning forest as well as

to the neighboring countries [3].

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SDGT 2017 IOP Publishing

IOP Conf. Series: Journal of Physics: Conf. Series 989 (2018) 012016 doi :10.1088/1742-6596/989/1/012016

Forest or Ecosystem Restoration (ER) has been proposed by the Indonesian government since 2003 [1].

Operationally, to comply and develop comprehensive with the regulation, study has to be conducted to

understand the first state of the forest condition. This was suggested by Heriansyah [1] that to develop

comprehensive regulation, study can be start by collecting a basic data such as inventory of plant and

animal at a site in order to know its ecological value of each species in the ecosystem. Many studies

have been conducted on diversity of plant and insect, but most of the data was collected form

temperate area [4]. This study aimed to investigate the diversity of insect in forest that has previously

burnt in comparison to the forest that is still intact or has never been burnt. There was no data

available for in regard yet..

2. Materials and methods

Research was conducted at Palangkaraya, West Kalimantan Island (Borneo Island, Indonesia), from

July to August 2016. Sites were divided into two: ‘un-burnt’ peat forest sites, which the site has never

been on fire, located in Bukit Batu Natural Park (2°16'29.7"S - 113°59'59.5"E), and ‘burnt’ peat forest

sites, which the site has previously been burnt, but at the time of study the plant has been growing,

located at Kalampangan Community Forest (2°02'11.2"S - 113°46'26.2"E) adjacent to community

farm. In each site samples were collected by beating and aerial sweeping techniques. The beating

technique was conducted by choosing a plant in site, then a branch as long as 0.5m was beaten for 30

second. Three branches were beaten from each plant for 5 plants in each site. Aerial sweeping was

conducted by swinging the insect net for 2 minutes every time. Samples then transported to the Lab for

further identification and examination.

3. Result and discussion

The forest area, at both sites, was damp peat forest with the soil pH of 4.5 – 5.0. Thirty six known

species plants have been described at the study site (around 2000m2). Most of them (25 species) was

woody tall plant as commonly found in tropical rain forest, 11 plants were shrub and ferns. The

diversity of plant at un-burnt forest site was higher than that of burnt forest site (Table 1). All 31

described plant species was found at un-burnt forest site compared to that of 6 at previously burnt

forest site.

Table 1. Plant species found at both study sites (un-burnt and burnt forest sites)

No. Plant spesies Un-burnt Forest

site

Burned forest

site

1 Koompassia malaccensis √

2 Syzygium cuneatum √

3 Palaquium sp √

4 Syzygium spp √

5 Dyera lowii √

6 Shorea balangeran √

7 Calophyllum spp √

8 Lophopetalum javanicum √

9 Tetramerista glabra √

10 Diospyros spp √

11 Macaranga rhizinoides √

12 Myristica maxima √

13 Elaeocarpus malacensis √

14 Shorea leprosula √

15 Shorea johorensis √

16 Lithocarpus conocarpa √ √

17 Alstonia pneumatophora √

18 Xylopia fusca √

3

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SDGT 2017 IOP Publishing

IOP Conf. Series: Journal of Physics: Conf. Series 989 (2018) 012016 doi :10.1088/1742-6596/989/1/012016

19 Gonystylus bancanus √

20 Campnosperma auriculata √

21 Combretocarpus rotundatus √

22 Melastoma malabatrichum √ √

23 Acacia auriculiformis √ √

24 Acacia mangium √ √

25 Stenochlaena sp √ √

26 Mimosa pudica* √ √

27 Uncaria sp* √

28 Arcangelisia flava* √

29 Vitex pinnata* √

30 Pandanus helicopus* √

31 Nephrolepis bisserata* √

32 Rhodomyrtus tomentosa* √

33 Ilex samosa* √

34 Calophyllum exceltum* √

35 Dicranopteris linearis* √

36 Baccaurea bracteate* √

The result show that the total number of insect collected was higher in un-burnt forest (258 individuals)

compared to burnt forest (225 individuals). The order of Hymenoptera particularly the family of

Formicidae (ants) contributed to the largest number of individual insets found, which 89 individuals at

un-burnt forest site compared to 160 individuals at burnt forest site. This number may not be as high

as it was predicted due to the sampling technique employed that most of the ant study using pitfall,

litter sampling [5] or baiting [6] As this study concern of the diversity of all type of insects in the two

sites, the pitfall sampling was not highly considered. High number of insect order was found only at

un-burnt forest site such as Odonata and Coleoptera. Other insect order such Blattoedea was also

found at un-burnt forest site, while Mantodea at burnt forest site (figure 1). Coleoptera was found in

high number in un-burnt forest site as they are most of the species are herbivore [7] .

Figure 1. Number of individual insects of different order collected from un-burnt and burnt forest

sites.

The high number family was from the order of Coleoptera (12 families) followed by Hemiptera and

Hymnoptera (8 families each) (table 2). Many studied such as (Novotny, 2014 and Rinker 200) found

4

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SDGT 2017 IOP Publishing

IOP Conf. Series: Journal of Physics: Conf. Series 989 (2018) 012016 doi :10.1088/1742-6596/989/1/012016

out that apart from Coleoptera, Lepidoptera was commonly found in tropical forest. However, in this

study there was no Lepidopteran found. There was not many flowering plants found during sample

collection, therefore may not attract the Lepidopteran visiting the site. The hemipteran families were

quite common found in the study sites, which also 4 families out of 8 families were found at burnt

forest, namely the family of Coreidae, Miridae, Reduviidae and Cicadellidae. Reduviidae, the assassin

bugs, was more commonly found in burnt forest site, three times compared to that of in un-burnt forest

site.

Table 2. The number of individual insects collected from un-burnt and burnt forest sites in different

order and families

Order Family

Number of individual of un-burnt

forest site

Number of individual of burnt

forest site

Coleoptera Cicindelidae 8 1

Miridae 2 0

Tessaratomidae 1 0

Chrysomelidae 6 0

Leiodidae 3 0

Curculionidae 9 0

Coccinellidae 2 0

Anthicidae 1 0

Tenebrionidae 2 0

Cantharidae 3 0

Cerambycidae 3 0

Scirtidae 1 0

Hemiptera Coreidae 5 1

Alydidae 7 0

Miridae 1 2

Pentatomidae 1 0

Reduviidae 7 21

Cicadellidae 5 5

Aphrophoridae 4 0

Mesoveliidae 1 0

Hymenoptera Vespidae 10 10

Mutillidae 1 0

Formicidae 75 136

Ichneumonidae 2 1

Sphecidae 1 0

Argidae 1 0

Braconidae 1 0

Figitidae 11 0

Diptera Culicidae 4 8

Muscidae 5 10

Drosophilidae 4 0

Odonata Libellulidae 22 1

Gomphidae 7 4

Coenagrionidae 12 6

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SDGT 2017 IOP Publishing

IOP Conf. Series: Journal of Physics: Conf. Series 989 (2018) 012016 doi :10.1088/1742-6596/989/1/012016

Orthoptera Acrididae 12 3

Gryllidae 5 4

Tettigoniidae 1 5

Blattodea Blattidae 3 0

Blaberidae 4 4

Phasmatodea Phasmatidae 1 0

Mecoptera Panorpidae 4 0

Mantodea Mantidae 0 3

Total number of individuals 258 225

The high diversity of insect collected in tropical forest was well known. Rinker and Lowman [7]

states that the historical hypothesis focusing on long-term environmental stability may affect the

higher present of species specialist in tropical area. There number of families present the forest that

has never been burnt was three times higher compared to forest that has previously been burnt. One

family only found at previously burnt forest site out of 12 families present during studies. Lower

number of insect diversity was found in previously burnt sites may correspond with the lower number

of plant diversity on this site. The higher temperature on the treetop stimulate foraging and

ovipositioning of insects [8]. The abundance of young leaves provided at the un-burnt forest attracts

more leaf feeding insect, in that younger leaves has less physical or chemical defense [7] It has been

predicted that plant species richness can precisely predict and highly correlated to the insect species

richness in tropical forest [9].

4. References

[1] Heriansyah I 2017 Forestry Research, Development and Innovation Agency (FORDIA)

Ministry of Environment and Forestry Embassy of Republic of Indonesia, Tokyo

[2] Rates S M K Toxicon 39 603

[3] Harrison M E, Page S E, Limin S H 2009 Biologist 56 156

[4] Nair K S S S 2007 Tropical Forest Insect Pest: Ecology, Impact and Managing (Cambridge

University Press) p 393

[5] Ulysséa M A and Brandão C R F 2014 Rev. Brasil. de Entomol. 57 217

[6] Dunn R R, Sanders N J, Fitzpatrick M C, Laurent E, LessardJ-P, Agosti D, Andersen A N,

Bruhl C, Cerda X, Ellison A M, Fisher B L, Gibb H, Gotelli N J, Gove A, Guenard B, Janda M,

Kaspari M, Longino J T, Majer J, McGlinn T P, Menke S B, Parr C L, Philpott S M, Pfeiffer M,

Retana J, Suarez A V and Vas concelos H L 2007 Myrmecol. News 10 77

[7] Rinker H B and Lowman M D 2000 Insect Ecology: An Ecosystem Approach Insect Herbivory

in Tropical Forests ed T D Schowalter

[8] Basset Y, Novotny V. Miller S E and Kitching R L 2003 Arthropods of Tropical Forests

(Cambridge University Press) p 469

[9] Basset Y, Cizek L, Cuénoud P, Didham R K , Guilhaumon F, Missa O, Novotny V, Ødegaard F,

Roslin T, Schmidl J, et al 2012 Arthropod diversity in a tropical forest Science, Am. Assoc.

Advan. of Sci. 338 1481

Acknowledgments

Thanks to Institute of Research and Community Service, Udayana University for the encouragement

that this manuscript can be made. The cooperation of the member of IMEET group was tremendous,

so thank for that.

Journal of Physics: Conference Series

PAPER • OPEN ACCESS

Layout Guide for Burnt and Un-burnt TropicalForest: The Diversity of Forest Plants and Insetcsfor Sustainable EnvironmentalTo cite this article: N L Watiniasih et al 2018 J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 989 012016

 

View the article online for updates and enhancements.

Related contentFOREST FIRE NEAR MT. HAMILTON,AUGUST, 1891

-

FOREST FIRES AT MOUNT HAMILTON,JULY 29 TO AUGUST 3, 1894E. S. Holden

-

Vulnerability of carbon stocks in tropicalforestsRuth DeFries

-

This content was downloaded from IP address 180.252.52.175 on 16/05/2018 at 03:12

Burnt forestby Ni Watiniasih

Submission date: 28-Jul-2018 05:18PM (UTC+0700)Submission ID: 985796434File name: Turnit in_Paper_Proceeding_J_Physic_Conf _Series_Burnt_Forest.pdf (823.06K)Word count: 3498Character count: 18203

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