Open Access Movement and Open Access Movement and DataData

Jeff BullingtonJeff BullingtonData Services and U.S. Government Data Services and U.S. Government

Information LibrarianInformation LibrarianUniversity of Kansas LibrariesUniversity of Kansas Libraries

Opening disclaimersOpening disclaimers– This is a 50,000 foot view of topicThis is a 50,000 foot view of topic

Covering lots of ground, working to provide Covering lots of ground, working to provide perspective on a broad, multi-faceted issueperspective on a broad, multi-faceted issue

– Like an onion – the more I peeled away, the Like an onion – the more I peeled away, the more I foundmore I found

What is the OA Movement?What is the OA Movement?– Several variations on definition out thereSeveral variations on definition out there– One used here from “Open Access Overview” One used here from “Open Access Overview”

by Peter Suberby Peter Suber ““Open Access (OA) literature is digital, online, free of Open Access (OA) literature is digital, online, free of

charge, and free of most copyright and licensing charge, and free of most copyright and licensing restrictions.”restrictions.”

http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/overview.htmhttp://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/overview.htm Highly recommended as good resource for this topicHighly recommended as good resource for this topic

Drivers for OA Movement as I see them:Drivers for OA Movement as I see them:– Scholarly Communications CrisisScholarly Communications Crisis

Libraries and their parent organizations faced with Libraries and their parent organizations faced with rising costs to re-acquire knowledge largely created rising costs to re-acquire knowledge largely created by themselvesby themselves

General academic values – open sharing of General academic values – open sharing of knowledge gained through research encourages knowledge gained through research encourages testing and validation of research, and extension of testing and validation of research, and extension of knowledgeknowledge

– My take for this presentation: My take for this presentation: Public Knowledge for the Public GoodPublic Knowledge for the Public Good

Why would this be important to this Why would this be important to this audience?audience?

– Data Culture in forefront of responsible creation, Data Culture in forefront of responsible creation, dissemination, use (and re-use), and dissemination, use (and re-use), and preservation of data for knowledge creationpreservation of data for knowledge creation

World-wide Research & Scholarship community World-wide Research & Scholarship community now better equipped to support OA environmentnow better equipped to support OA environment– $6 Million Dollar Man$6 Million Dollar Man

From opening sequence From opening sequence " " Oscar GoldmanOscar Goldman:: ""Gentlemen, we can rebuild him. We have the Gentlemen, we can rebuild him. We have the technology. We have the capability to make the technology. We have the capability to make the world's first bionic man. Steve Austin will be that world's first bionic man. Steve Austin will be that man. Better than he was before. Better... stronger... man. Better than he was before. Better... stronger... faster.faster.““

– http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Six_Million_Dollar_Man http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Six_Million_Dollar_Man

– OK, maybe not better, but at least as goodOK, maybe not better, but at least as good

OA Movement to date has largely been OA Movement to date has largely been focused on the synthesized end-product of focused on the synthesized end-product of the research process. (i.e. article, report, the research process. (i.e. article, report, monograph)monograph)

But, much of that (and particularly in Social But, much of that (and particularly in Social Sciences and Sciences) is built upon data Sciences and Sciences) is built upon data and data analysisand data analysis– Need to make certain that the OA Movement Need to make certain that the OA Movement

moves forward with this in mindmoves forward with this in mind

Why me? Why do I think this is important?Why me? Why do I think this is important?– Scholarly Communication a topic of discussion Scholarly Communication a topic of discussion

and action at University of Kansasand action at University of Kansas Provost an advocate - Repurchasing the knowledge Provost an advocate - Repurchasing the knowledge

that we created to begin with is unsustainable and that we created to begin with is unsustainable and unacceptableunacceptable

Assistant Dean of Libraries for Scholarly Assistant Dean of Libraries for Scholarly CommunicationCommunication

KU Information Services – combined KU Information Services – combined organization of:organization of:– LibrariesLibraries– Information TechnologyInformation Technology– Networking and Telecommunication ServicesNetworking and Telecommunication Services– All working very closely with each other to All working very closely with each other to

support teaching, learning, and research in a support teaching, learning, and research in a networked worldnetworked world

Libraries and LibrariansLibraries and Librarians– Our core professional values center on Our core professional values center on

identifying, preserving, and helping others make identifying, preserving, and helping others make use of information, now and for the futureuse of information, now and for the future

– I’m a U.S. Government Information Librarian – I’m a U.S. Government Information Librarian – core values here are that information created by core values here are that information created by government is a public good for all, and should government is a public good for all, and should be offered in true Open Access fashionbe offered in true Open Access fashion

Open Access Movement revisitedOpen Access Movement revisited– Again, working metaphor as relates to this Again, working metaphor as relates to this

audienceaudience Public Knowledge for the Public GoodPublic Knowledge for the Public Good Concerned with the research that emerges from Concerned with the research that emerges from

public funding – research programs, grant programs, public funding – research programs, grant programs, of governmental and quasi-governmental of governmental and quasi-governmental organizationsorganizations

– US and other national governmentsUS and other national governments– IGO’s, NGO’s (OECD, UN, etc.) IGO’s, NGO’s (OECD, UN, etc.)

Reality Check:Reality Check:

– Open Access Information is NOT ‘Free’Open Access Information is NOT ‘Free’

– Rather, public good model – payment up front Rather, public good model – payment up front by creators or others, not consumersby creators or others, not consumers

– Still requires resources of money and other Still requires resources of money and other goods to creategoods to create

Will discuss three distinct classes of entities Will discuss three distinct classes of entities involved in the OA Movement hereinvolved in the OA Movement here

– Producers/Funders/Sponsors of Public ResearchProducers/Funders/Sponsors of Public Research– Advocacy Organizations influencing funding Advocacy Organizations influencing funding

organizations to encourage OA treatment of researchorganizations to encourage OA treatment of research– Service Organizations/Intermediaries who provide the Service Organizations/Intermediaries who provide the

infrastructure (IT, services, staff, equipment) for using infrastructure (IT, services, staff, equipment) for using OA knowledge as well as other knowledgeOA knowledge as well as other knowledge

ProducersProducers– National Institutes of HealthNational Institutes of Health

Primary US Agency for conducting and supporting medical Primary US Agency for conducting and supporting medical researchresearch

In 2005, re-wrote funding guidelines to request that funded In 2005, re-wrote funding guidelines to request that funded research output (final author manuscript version) be deposited research output (final author manuscript version) be deposited in PubMed Central within 12 months of official publicationin PubMed Central within 12 months of official publication

One year out, results are decidedly mixed. To date, only 4% One year out, results are decidedly mixed. To date, only 4% (~1,600) of eligible publications emanating from NIH funding in (~1,600) of eligible publications emanating from NIH funding in year were processed through system for public deposit into year were processed through system for public deposit into PMCPMC

Newest development in US Government funded Newest development in US Government funded researchresearch– Early May 2006, Senators John Cornyn (R-TX) and Early May 2006, Senators John Cornyn (R-TX) and

Joseph Lieberman (D-Conn) introduced S. 2695 bill Joseph Lieberman (D-Conn) introduced S. 2695 bill ‘Federal Research Public Access Act of 2006’‘Federal Research Public Access Act of 2006’ All US Government Agencies with extramural research All US Government Agencies with extramural research

expenditures in excess of $100 Million to make journal articles expenditures in excess of $100 Million to make journal articles emanating from funded research available publicly on Internet emanating from funded research available publicly on Internet within 6 months of initial publication.within 6 months of initial publication.

To date, bill has been endorsed by the major library To date, bill has been endorsed by the major library associations in USassociations in US

Would extend OA access to Federally funded research into Would extend OA access to Federally funded research into areas far beyond medical research covered by NIH guidelinesareas far beyond medical research covered by NIH guidelines

Wellcome Trust (UK)Wellcome Trust (UK)– Independent foundation funding research into Independent foundation funding research into

human and animal healthhuman and animal health– ~£400 million research funding annually~£400 million research funding annually– As of October 1, 2005, funding guidelines As of October 1, 2005, funding guidelines

revised to revised to requirerequire deposit of authors final work deposit of authors final work in PubMed Central within 6 months of in PubMed Central within 6 months of publicationpublication

– Stronger teeth than the NIH guidelinesStronger teeth than the NIH guidelines

Organization for Economic Co-Operation Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD)and Development (OECD)– 30 nation organization promoting democratic 30 nation organization promoting democratic

government and market economygovernment and market economy– Linked with 70 additional national governments Linked with 70 additional national governments

as well as other Non-Governmental as well as other Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)Organizations (NGOs)

OECD Declaration on Access to Research Data OECD Declaration on Access to Research Data from Public Funding (2004)from Public Funding (2004)– Recognizing that open sharing and use of research will Recognizing that open sharing and use of research will

enhance productivity and developments in science, 34 enhance productivity and developments in science, 34 nations sign declaration to encourage OA practices for nations sign declaration to encourage OA practices for publicly funded researchpublicly funded research Science, Technology and Innovation for the 21st Century. Science, Technology and Innovation for the 21st Century.

Meeting of the OECD Committee for Scientific and Meeting of the OECD Committee for Scientific and Technological Policy at Ministerial Level, 29-30 January 2004 - Technological Policy at Ministerial Level, 29-30 January 2004 - Final Communique Final Communique

http://www.oecd.org/document/http://www.oecd.org/document/0,2340,en_2649_34487_25998799_1_1_1_1,00.html0,2340,en_2649_34487_25998799_1_1_1_1,00.html

OECD and the UN World Summit on the OECD and the UN World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS)Information Society (WSIS)– OECD recognizes a commonality with WSIS in OECD recognizes a commonality with WSIS in

values of economic and development values of economic and development cooperationcooperation Has collaborated with WSIS on measuring and Has collaborated with WSIS on measuring and

assessing impacts and potentials of Information assessing impacts and potentials of Information Communication and Technology (ICT) for sustainable Communication and Technology (ICT) for sustainable developmentdevelopment

OECD and WSISOECD and WSIS– OECD Development and Assistance Committee (DAC) OECD Development and Assistance Committee (DAC)

‘Good Practices Paper on ICTs for Economic Growth ‘Good Practices Paper on ICTs for Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction’ as quoted in OECD and WSIS and Poverty Reduction’ as quoted in OECD and WSIS overview pageoverview page

‘‘A core message of the paper is that pro-poor growth will be A core message of the paper is that pro-poor growth will be enabled by the ICT sector not when the poor have access to enabled by the ICT sector not when the poor have access to technology, but when the poor have access to useful content technology, but when the poor have access to useful content through ICT...’through ICT...’

http://www.oecd.org/document/http://www.oecd.org/document/21/0,2340,en_21571361_34590630_35282901_1_1_1_1,00.ht21/0,2340,en_21571361_34590630_35282901_1_1_1_1,00.htmm

UN World Summit on the Information SocietyUN World Summit on the Information Society– Under aegis of International Telecommunications Union Under aegis of International Telecommunications Union

(component of UN)(component of UN)– One of chief aims to bridge the ‘digital divide’ separating One of chief aims to bridge the ‘digital divide’ separating

rich and poor countries through extending Internet into rich and poor countries through extending Internet into developing worlddeveloping world

– Two major summitsTwo major summits Geneva (2003)Geneva (2003) Tunis (2005)Tunis (2005)

– Declaration of Principles from 2003 Summit, with Declaration of Principles from 2003 Summit, with specific points re-affirmed at 2005 Summitspecific points re-affirmed at 2005 Summit

UN World Summit on the Information Society UN World Summit on the Information Society Declaration of Principles (2003)Declaration of Principles (2003)– Section 3, paragraph 26Section 3, paragraph 26– ““Information in the public domain should be easily

accessible to support the Information Society, and protected from misappropriation. Public institutions...should be strengthened so as to promote the preservation of documentary records and free and equitable access to information.““ http://www.itu.int/wsis/documents/doc_multi.asp?http://www.itu.int/wsis/documents/doc_multi.asp?

lang=en&id=1161|0 (link leads to variant language and format lang=en&id=1161|0 (link leads to variant language and format versions)versions)

UN World Summit on the Information UN World Summit on the Information Society Declaration of Principles (2003)Society Declaration of Principles (2003)– Section 9, Paragraph 55Section 9, Paragraph 55

““Freedom to seek, receive, impart and use information for the creation, accumulation and dissemination of knowledge are important to the Information Society.”

WSIS Tunis CommitmentWSIS Tunis Commitment– Point 4Point 4– ‘‘We reaffirmWe reaffirm paragraphs 4, 5 and 55 of the paragraphs 4, 5 and 55 of the

Geneva Declaration of Principles. Geneva Declaration of Principles. We We recognizerecognize that freedom of expression and the that freedom of expression and the free flow of information, ideas, and knowledge, free flow of information, ideas, and knowledge, are essential for the Information Society and are essential for the Information Society and beneficial to development.’beneficial to development.’ http://www.itu.int/wsis/docs2/tunis/off/7.htmlhttp://www.itu.int/wsis/docs2/tunis/off/7.html

Advocacy Actors: Speakers for public interests in furthering Advocacy Actors: Speakers for public interests in furthering OA environmentOA environment

– Alliance for Taxpayer Access (ATA) – NIH advocateAlliance for Taxpayer Access (ATA) – NIH advocate http://www.taxpayeraccess.orghttp://www.taxpayeraccess.org

Statement of Principles: Statement of Principles: – American taxpayers are entitled to open access on the Internet to the peer-American taxpayers are entitled to open access on the Internet to the peer-

reviewed scientific articles on research funded by the U.S. Government. reviewed scientific articles on research funded by the U.S. Government.

– Widespread access to the information contained in these articles is an Widespread access to the information contained in these articles is an essential, inseparable component of our nation’s investment in science. essential, inseparable component of our nation’s investment in science.

ATA supports furthering the principles and practices as articulated in ATA supports furthering the principles and practices as articulated in the Budapest Open Access Initiative (2002)the Budapest Open Access Initiative (2002)

Advocacy ActorsAdvocacy Actors– Scholarly Publication and Research Coalition (SPARC) Scholarly Publication and Research Coalition (SPARC)

http://www.arl.org/sparc/index.htmlhttp://www.arl.org/sparc/index.html Under aegis of Association for Research Libraries (ARL), has been Under aegis of Association for Research Libraries (ARL), has been

promoting re-conceptions of scholarly publishing since 1997promoting re-conceptions of scholarly publishing since 1997 How?How?

– Incubation – developing new cost-effective publishing venues for scholarly Incubation – developing new cost-effective publishing venues for scholarly literatureliterature

– Advocacy – endorsements of NIH guidelines and recently introduced Advocacy – endorsements of NIH guidelines and recently introduced Cornyn legislationCornyn legislation

– Education – raising awareness of scholarly communications crisis and Education – raising awareness of scholarly communications crisis and alternative approachesalternative approaches

Open Data is newest initiativeOpen Data is newest initiative– Focus of SPARC Forum at American Library Association Annual Focus of SPARC Forum at American Library Association Annual

Conference, June 24-25, 2006 in New OrleansConference, June 24-25, 2006 in New Orleans http://www.arl.org/sparc/announce/060511.htmlhttp://www.arl.org/sparc/announce/060511.html

Advocacy ActorsAdvocacy Actors– Open Society InstituteOpen Society Institute

Facilitated the Budapest Open Access InitiativeFacilitated the Budapest Open Access Initiative Information ProgramInformation Program

– http://www.soros.org/initiatives/informationhttp://www.soros.org/initiatives/information

Intermediaries/’Store Fronts’Intermediaries/’Store Fronts’– LibrariesLibraries– Research Institutes & Education SectorsResearch Institutes & Education Sectors– Institutional and Other RepositoriesInstitutional and Other Repositories– Other Cultural Memory OrganizationsOther Cultural Memory Organizations

Arguably, will end up with task to provide the Arguably, will end up with task to provide the infrastructure (IT, services, staff, tools, infrastructure (IT, services, staff, tools, curation, and space) for using OA (and curation, and space) for using OA (and other) knowledgeother) knowledge

Intermediaries/’Store Fronts’Intermediaries/’Store Fronts’

– Won’t say much more on this set of actors – has Won’t say much more on this set of actors – has been a dominant theme in conference and we been a dominant theme in conference and we know much about the challenges ahead... know much about the challenges ahead...

– Now we need to figure out ‘what’s next’Now we need to figure out ‘what’s next’

So what is next?So what is next?– A question I have for this groupA question I have for this group

In looking at all of these actors, and their position In looking at all of these actors, and their position statements on OA Knowledge, I have to ask...statements on OA Knowledge, I have to ask...

Where’s the Data?Where’s the Data?

I see ‘data’ as language used (sometimes), I see ‘data’ as language used (sometimes), interchangeably with:interchangeably with:– ‘‘information’information’– ‘‘content’content’– ‘‘knowledge’knowledge’

What is meant or implied in this language?What is meant or implied in this language?– Is ‘data’ (as Is ‘data’ (as WeWe mean it) implicitly included as mean it) implicitly included as

part of the equation?part of the equation?– Or, is ‘data’ being overlooked?Or, is ‘data’ being overlooked?

Is this a ‘Big D’, ‘little d’ situation?Is this a ‘Big D’, ‘little d’ situation?– Is ‘Data’ construed as any form of knowledge or Is ‘Data’ construed as any form of knowledge or

information, not just ‘Data’ as we think of it in information, not just ‘Data’ as we think of it in this sub-set of the Information Professions?this sub-set of the Information Professions? Which is the ‘Big D’ and which is the ‘little d’?Which is the ‘Big D’ and which is the ‘little d’?

– Do we (or should we) care?Do we (or should we) care?– Should we be working to influence OA Should we be working to influence OA

movement to be more explicit about ‘data’ or movement to be more explicit about ‘data’ or ‘Data’?‘Data’?

Further challenges/opportunities for data in Further challenges/opportunities for data in the OA worldthe OA world– Clear action could be – get even more involved Clear action could be – get even more involved

in conversations and various arenas around OA in conversations and various arenas around OA knowledge, both as professional associations knowledge, both as professional associations (IASSIST & others), and as individuals in our (IASSIST & others), and as individuals in our associations and as citizensassociations and as citizens

Further challenges continued:Further challenges continued:– Continue work at developing standards and Continue work at developing standards and

best practices at the ‘care and feeding’ of data best practices at the ‘care and feeding’ of data for present and for the futurefor present and for the future As we know, ‘Data’ is a different sort of information, As we know, ‘Data’ is a different sort of information,

with particular requirements for adequate curationwith particular requirements for adequate curation– Metadata description standards (DDI and others)Metadata description standards (DDI and others)– Packaging, serving of data – appropriate tools, formats, etc.Packaging, serving of data – appropriate tools, formats, etc.– Frameworks for using data – codebooks, etc.Frameworks for using data – codebooks, etc.– Other use issues (confidentiality, anonymity, restricted use)Other use issues (confidentiality, anonymity, restricted use)

Conclusion:Conclusion:– Admittedly, this is a pretty high-level, and fairly Admittedly, this is a pretty high-level, and fairly

surface level overviewsurface level overview What started as foundation in principles of ‘Public What started as foundation in principles of ‘Public

Knowledge for the Public Good’ (Government Knowledge for the Public Good’ (Government Information), and discovery of OECD Declaration, Information), and discovery of OECD Declaration, has certainly developed ‘numerous’ legshas certainly developed ‘numerous’ legs

Keep finding that the actors I have identified in Keep finding that the actors I have identified in presentation have deep back histories in this areapresentation have deep back histories in this area

Keep identifying new actors with connectionsKeep identifying new actors with connections So, this may just be a start to answering the questionSo, this may just be a start to answering the question

Personal Thought:Personal Thought:

– OA Movement is not just about the capabilities OA Movement is not just about the capabilities of IT, nor solely about the provision of content.of IT, nor solely about the provision of content.

– It is also about the values and intent behind the It is also about the values and intent behind the use of IT and the provision of content, e.g. use of IT and the provision of content, e.g. Public Knowledge for the Public GoodPublic Knowledge for the Public Good

Thanks for your time and attention!Thanks for your time and attention!

Questions?Questions?

– Jsbullington@ku.eduJsbullington@ku.edu

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The things that keep me burning the midnight oilThe things that keep me burning the midnight oil– KGSR, KBCO, KSYM, and WNCW – phenomenal radio KGSR, KBCO, KSYM, and WNCW – phenomenal radio

stations (all of which stream on the web)stations (all of which stream on the web)– Live music – watching performers play, and audiences Live music – watching performers play, and audiences

interact with the musicinteract with the music– Science Fiction Literature – particularly short storiesScience Fiction Literature – particularly short stories– Dogs and cats – what a joy in lifeDogs and cats – what a joy in life– People learning, growing, interacting with ideas – what People learning, growing, interacting with ideas – what

it’s all about (IMHO)it’s all about (IMHO)– Friends/FamilyFriends/Family