Open Access in Singaporedrivers & trends; players & progress

Choy Fatt Cheong & Dianne Cmor

Nanyang Technological University

Outline

• Impetus for Open Access in Singapore

• Beginnings and current landscape

• Platforms, deposits, usage

• Policies, mandates, routes

• Obstacles to implementation

• Strategies for adoption

Singapore Basics

Physical Land Area: 715.8 sq km

Population: 5.3 million

3.8 million (71.9%)

Singapore Residents

Literacy Rate: 96.4% (Aged 15 & above)

74.1% of those aged 25-34 years

have tertiary qualifications

2013 GDP S$370.1bn (US$295.7bn)

Real Growth : 4.1%

Per Capita GDP: S$68,541

(US$54,776)

Sources: Singapore in Brief 2013 published by Department of Statistics, MTI’s Economic Survey of Singapore 2013

Growth of Research Activities in Singapore

Compound annual growth

rate 2002 to 2012:

R&D$ - > 7.8%

(excludes postgrad students)

Researchers -> 6.2%

Gross Expenditure on R&D and GDP Growth (1990-2012)

Source: National Survey of Research and Development in Singapore 2012. Agency for Science, Technology and

Research Singapore, Dec 2013. < http://www.a-star.edu.sg/Portals/0/media/RnD_Survey/RnD_2012.pdf>

-

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

300,000

350,000

400,000

-

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

1990 … 1995 … 2000 … 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

GD

P $

m

GE

RD

$m

GERD GDP ($m)

Institutions Included in this Report

Singapore Universities

• Nanyang Technological University (NTU)

• National University of Singapore (NUS)

• Singapore Management University (SMU)

Singapore Research Funding Agencies

• Agency for Science, Technology and

Research (A*STAR)

• National Research Foundation (NRF)

Singapore OA Beginnings

2007 – Discussions beginning at universities

2008 – First requests from faculty for APC funding

2009 – First institutional repository

2011 – First university open access mandate/policy

2013 – First funder open access policy adopted (following Obama administration OSTP memorandum)

Institutional Repositories

IR Platform Content Types

DR-NTU(Digital Repository-NTU)

Dspace

(Open Source)

articles, conference papers, theses, books, book

chapters, commentaries, selected student

research papers/posters, working papers, briefs,

teaching cases

ScholarBank@NUS Dspace

(Open Source)

articles, conference papers, editorials, patents,

reviews, sound recordings, theses, video

recordings

InK(Institutional Knowledge at

SMU)

BePress

(Hosted

Solution)

articles, conference papers, books, book

chapters, reports, working papers, magazines,

dissertations, theses, teaching cases, videos,

transcripts, photos

A*OAR(A*STAR Open Access

Repository)

Dspace

(Open Source)

articles, conference proceedings

Repository “Items”

• Institutional repositories have more than one

purpose

– To capture and showcase the research output of

the institution

– To provide open access articles, theses, etc.

• As such, repositories can be a combination of

citation only (metadata) and full text

• Statistics from repositories must be considered

with this is mind – not all items are OA full text

DR-NTU - Items

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

18000

Before 2010 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

No

. o

f it

em

s

Year

Total No. of items in DR-NTU

16,259 (+ 2341 theses)

DR-NTU - Usage

172,530

357,815

450,630

583,533559,541

366,502

Before 2010 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Year

DR-NTU Full-text downloads 2,490,551 total

ScholarBank@NUS - Deposits

3956

5910

10740

15052

23075

29558

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

Apr 2010

(Launch)

Feb 2011

(Added Scopus

Data)

Sep 2011

(Added YSTCM

Recordings)

May 2012

(Added

Patents)

Jul 2013

(Added SciVAL

Data)

Apr-2014

(Current)

Total No. of Items

Total No. of Items

ScholarBank@NUS - Usage

0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

140,000

160,000

180,000

May-13 Jun-13 Jul-13 Aug-13 Sep-13 Oct-13 Nov-13 Dec-13 Jan-14 Feb-14 Mar-14 Apr-14

Views

Item views Bitstream views

SMU InK - Items

8000

9000

10000

11000

12000

13000

14000

Jan

-12

Feb

-12

Ma

r-1

2

Ap

r-1

2

Ma

y-1

2

Jun

-12

Jul-

12

Au

g-1

2

Sep

-12

Oct

-12

No

v-1

2

De

c-1

2

Jan

-13

Feb

-13

Ma

r-1

3

Ap

r-1

3

Ma

y-1

3

Jun

-13

Jul-

13

Au

g-1

3

Sep

-13

Oct

-13

No

v-1

3

De

c-1

3

Jan

-14

Feb

-14

Ma

r-1

4

Cumulative Number of Items (Metadata and Full Text)

InK launched in Jan-11 with 8,000 items, growing to 13,000 items in Mar-14

SMU InK - Usage

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

350000

400000

450000

Number of Full Text Downloads

A*OAR - Items

3923 29

75

4

94

251

3240

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Aug-13 Sep-13 Oct-13 Nov-13 Dec-13 Jan-14 Feb-14 Mar-14 Apr-14

No

. o

f P

ub

lica

tio

ns

Arc

hiv

ed

A*STAR - Usage

241 223

513

1543

1712

2468 2451

2980

4032

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

Aug-13 Sep-13 Oct-13 Nov-13 Dec-13 Jan-14 Feb-14 Mar-14 Apr-14

No

. o

f V

iew

s

How Much OA Full Text?

Total Deposits Total

Full Text

FT Researcher

Submissions

(articles,

conferences, etc)

FT Theses

Submissions

NTU 18,600 13,335 (72%)

10,994(59%)

2,341 (13%)

NUS 28,133 9,284 (33%)

1,008(4%)

8,434(29%)

SMU 13,209 3,045 (23%)

2,740(22%)

122(1%)

A*STAR 550 550(100%)

550(100%)

--

Singapore

TOTALS 60,492 26,214 15,292 10,897

Institutional Policies/Mandates

• NTU OA Mandate 2011 - requiring deposit of fulltext

of all staff publications and higher degree theses

• SMU OA Policy 2013 - requiring deposit for all

publications, giving faculty choice of access level:

open, SMU only, abstract only

• NUS does not have a mandate or policy of its own,

but encourages OA and will comply with funder

mandates

A*STAR Mandate

• A*STAR is a publicly funded agency that promotes and funds R&D to create economic growth, industry development and positive societal outcomes

• August 2013 – Green (self-archiving) Open Access mandate

• All peer-reviewed publications generated from A*STAR funding must be deposited in an open access repository no later than 12 months after publication

• Can deposit in A*OAR or any other repository of the researcher’s choice

National Mandate - NRF

• Singapore National Research Foundation (NRF) is a department within the Prime Minister’s Office set up in 2006

• As a national funder of Research, Innovation and Enterprise, it funds strategic initiatives and builds R&D capabilities

• NRF requires research-performing institutions to have open access policies, in order for their researchers to tap on their grants (effective July 2014)

• Promotion, compliance and enforcement to be done by the research performing institutions

Green or Gold Route?

• Generally, institutions are following and promoting

Green OA (self archiving)

• No universities providing funds for Gold OA, though

individual researchers may choose to do so

• A*STAR and NRF allow for use of grant money to pay

for Gold Article Processing Charges (APC)

• A*STAR supports Green, allows funds to be used to

pay for APC in Gold OA journals, but cautions against

publishing in hybrid journals at this time

Obstacles to Implementation

• Lack of knowledge about OA

• Concern about copyright, lack of understanding

• Lack of interest/concern for OA

• Cannot locate final manuscript versions

• Extra work for researchers for green OA – not well integrated into workflow, some institutions providing support for this extra work but variable

• Need to publish in high impact journals, so fully OA journals rarely a top choice

• No university funding for gold OA, though researchers can budget for it in grant applications

Strategies for Adoption

• Mandates not strictly enforced at this time,

preference is for researchers to see merits and

willingly comply

• Strong focus on education and promotion

• Deposit services range from assistance in helping

researchers to deposit to full deposit services

• Some integration between repositories and other

research reporting platforms, but needs

improvement to facilitate easy deposit

NTU Strategies for Adoption

• Researchers able to submit in 3 ways – Email manuscript to Library

– Deposit manuscript via RIMS when updating (Research Information Management System)

– Deposit directly into DR-NTU

• “OA Blitz” saw personalized outreach to all faculty by subject librarians resulting in 800 full text deposits in one semester (Fall 2013)

• Academic Publishing series of talks for postgraduates and early career researchers highlights Open Access

• OA and mandates discussed in new faculty/ researcher orientations

NUS Strategies for Adoption

• Library partnering with Faculty of Arts and Social

Sciences to promote direct submission to

ScholarBank@NUS

• Workshops highlighting how faculty will benefit from

participation, showing connection between Google

Scholar and ScholarBank@NUS

• Library assists researchers with full-text submission

while working on improving submission process

SMU Strategies for Adoption

• Promote InK and OA during faculty orientation

• Follow up by research librarians with individual faculty to encourage full text deposits

• Presentations made at school meetings

• Work with Provost, Deans, Associate Deans to promote and garner wider support

• Pull data from Research Publication System which has option to upload full text

• Plan to replace RPS with new integrated system with workflows, easy to use, automatically push items to InK

A*STAR Strategies for Adoption

• Organize workshops and talks to educate researchers

about open access

• Roadshow to introduce the 2013 OA Policy/mandate

as well as discuss copyright and OA in general

• Individual visits to A*STAR research institutes, and

talks at staff townhalls with Q&A

General Messages for Researchers

• Permanent archive/URL of publications

• Wider audience

• Increased visibility

• Easily retrievable via search engines

• Use statistics for your publications

• Possible increase in downloads of your publications

• Possible increase in citations to your publications

• Comply with funder and university mandates

Thank you!

And many thanks to the following colleagues for their input:

Kan Sok Cheng, NUSYeo Pin Pin, SMUKostas Repanas, A*STARKaren Tan, NRF