ONLINE ASSIGNMENT TOPIC: BOTANICAL GARDENS

SUBMITTED BY ARYA DEVI. R. S

NATURAL SCIENCE

REG NO:18114386004

ST. THOMAS TRAINING COLLEGE

                                                                                        

TOPIC: BOTANICAL GARDENS

                                                                                        

INDEX

SL NO CONTENTS PAGE NO

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

INTRODUCTION

HISTORY OF BOTANICAL GARDENS

ROLE OF BOTANICAL GARDENS

ROYAL BOTANICAL GARDEN ,KEW

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TROPICAL BOTANICAL GARDEN, KERALA

LLOYD BOTANICAL GARDEN ,DARJEELING

LIST OF BOTANICAL GARDENS IN INDIA

LIST OF BOTANICAL GARDENS IN KERALA

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

1

2

2-3

4

5-6

6

6-7

7

8

9

                                                                                        

INTRODUCTION

A botanical garden is essentially a collection of living plants maintained for pure and applied studies. The botanical garden is a man made resource. Worldwide there are now about 1800botanical gardens and about 150 million visitors in a year. There are about 30 botanical gardens in India and about 3 botanical gardens in Kerala. Botanical gardens are often run by universities or other scientific research organizations, and often have associated herbaria and research programs in plant taxonomy or some other aspect of botanical science. Nowadays, most botanical gardens display a mix of the themes mentioned and more; having a strong connection with the general public, there is the opportunity to provide visitors with information relating to the environmental issues being faced at the start of the 21st century, especially those relating to plant conservation and sustainability. Botanical gardens, in the modern sense, developed from physic gardens, and its main purpose was to cultivate herbs for medical use as well as research and experimentation. Each botanical garden naturally develops its own special fields of interests depending on its personnel, location, extent, available funds, and the terms of its charter. Botanical gardens in India are Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanical Garden and Research Institute (TBGRI), Trivandrum, Kerala (Biggest in India and conserves the largest number of plant species in Asia),Malampuzha Garden, Palakkad, Kerala, Jhansi Botanical Garden, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh,Odisha State Botanical Garden Nandankanan, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, Aligarh Fort (maintained by the Department of Botany, AMU ), Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, Lalbagh , Bangalore, Karnataka, The Mysore Zoo, in Mysore, Karnataka is also a botanical garden etc.

1

                                                                                        

BOTANICAL GARDENS

A botanical garden or botanic garden is a garden dedicated to the collection, cultivation and display of a wide range of plants labeled with their botanical names. It may contain specialist plant collections such as cacti and succulent plants, herb gardens, plants from particular parts of the world, and so on; there may be green houses, shade houses, again with special collections such as tropical plants, alpine plants, or other exotic plants. Visitor services at a botanical garden might include tours, educational displays, art exhibitions, book rooms, open-air theatrical and musical performances, and other entertainment. Botanical gardens are often run by universities or other scientific research organizations, and often have associated herbaria and research programs in plant taxonomy or some other aspect of botanical science. Nowadays, most botanical gardens were having a strong connection with the general public; there is the opportunity to provide visitors with information relating to the environmental issues being faced at the start of the 21st century, especially those relating to plant conservation and sustainability.

History of botanical gardens

The history of botanical gardens is closely linked to the history of botany itself. The botanical gardens of the 16th and 17th centuries were medicinal gardens, but the idea of a botanical garden changed to encompass displays of the beautiful, strange, new and sometimes economically important plant trophies being returned from the European colonies and other distant lands. Later, in the 18th century, they became more educational in function, demonstrating the latest plant classification systems devised by botanists working in the associated herbaria as they tried to order these new treasures. Then, in the 19th and 20th centuries, the trend was towards a combination of specialist and eclectic collections demonstrating many aspects of both horticulture and botany. Botanical gardens, in the modern sense, developed from physic gardens, whose main purpose was to cultivate herbs for medical use as well as research and experimentation.

Role of botanical gardens.

A botanical garden is a controlled and staffed institution for the maintenance of a living collection of plants under scientific management for purposes of education and research, together with such libraries, herbaria, laboratories, and museums as are essential to its particular undertakings.

2

                                                                                        

Each botanical garden naturally develops its own special fields of interests depending on its personnel, location, extent, available funds, and the terms of its charter. It may include greenhouses, test grounds, a herbarium, an arboretum, and other departments. It maintains a scientific as well as a plant-growing staff, and publication is one of its major modes of expression.

• In a remarkable paper on the role of botanical gardens, Ferdinand Mueller (1825–1896), the director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Melbourne (1852–1873), stated, "in all cases the objects [of a botanical garden] must be mainly scientific and predominantly instructive". He then detailed many of the objectives being pursued by the world's botanical gardens in the middle of the 19th century, when European gardens were at their height. availability of plants for scientific research

• display of plant diversity in form and use • display of plants of particular regions (including local) • plants sometimes grown within their particular families • plants grown for their seed or rarity • major timber trees • plants of economic significance • glasshouse plants of different climates • all plants accurately labelled • records kept of plants and their performance

catalogues of holdings published periodically

• research facilities utilising the living collections • studies in plant taxonomy • examples of different vegetation types • student education • a herbarium • selection and introduction of ornamental and other plants to commerce • studies of plant chemistry (phytochemistry) • report on the effects of plants on livestock

The International Association of Botanic Gardens was formed in 1954 as a worldwide organisation affiliated to the International Union of Biological Sciences.

3

                                                                                        

More recently, coordination has also been provided by Botanical Gardens Conservation International (BGCI), which has the mission "To mobilise botanic gardens and engage partners in securing plant diversity for the well-being of people and the planet". BGCI has over 700 members – mostly botanic gardens – in 118 countries, and strongly supports the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation by producing a range resources and publications, and by organizing international conferences and conservation programs.

Royal Botanic Garden, Kew.

The Royal Garden at Kew were founded in 1759, initially as part of the Royal Garden set aside as a physic garden. William Aiton (1741–1793), the first curator, was taught by garden chronicler Philip Miller of the Chelsea Physic Garden whose son Charles became first curator of the original Cambridge Botanic Garden (1762). In 1759, the "Physic Garden" was planted, and by 1767, it was claimed that "the Exotic Garden is by far the richest in Europe". The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (1759) was set up to cultivate new species returned from expeditions to the tropics; they also helped found new tropical botanical gardens. At this time, England was importing many woody plants from North America, and the popularity of horticulture had increased enormously, encouraged by the horticultural and botanical collecting expeditions overseas fostered by the directorship of Sir William Hooker and his keen interest in economic botany. At present it is under the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food and has increased to 300 acres.The herbarium contains 5,000,000 specimens; the arboretum 700 species. And varieties; about 13,000 .And varieties under glass, while 8,000 herbaceous sp. Are grown outdoor.The important publications are Kew Bulletin and Index Kewensis.

4

                                                                                        

Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute,Palode, Thiruvananthapuram.

Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute (formerly Tropical Botanical Garden and Research Institute) renamed in the fond memory of visionary Prime Minister of India Shri Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru is an autonomous Institute established by the Government of Kerala on 17 November 1979 at Thiruvananthapuram, the capital city of Kerala. It functions under the umbrella of the Kerala State Council for Science, Technology & Environment (KSCSTE), Government of Kerala. The Royal Botanic Gardens (RBG), Kew played an exemplary and significant role in shaping and designing the layout of the JNTBGRI garden in its formative stages. It is one of the biggest botanical garden in India and have largest collection of species in Asia.

The Institute undertakes research in conservation biology, Biotechnology, plant taxonomy, microbiology, phytochemistry, ethnomedicine and ethnophamacology, which are the main areas considered to have immediate relevance to the development of the garden. While taxonomists prepared a flora of the garden documenting the native plant wealth before mass introduction and face lift which subsequently followed, the bio-technologists mass multiplied plants of commercial importance, especially orchids for cultivation and distribution to the public.

5

                                                                                        

JNTBGRI makes a comprehensive survey of the economic plant wealth of Kerala, to conserve, preserve and sustainably utilize the plant wealth. The institute carries out botanical, horticultural and chemical research for plant improvement and utilization; and offers facilities for the improvement of ornamental plants and propagation in the larger context of the establishment of nursery and flower trade. Activities which help botanical teaching and to create public understanding of the value of plant research is initiated by JNTBGRI. JNTBGRI gardens medicinal plants, ornamental plants and various introduced plants of economic or aesthetic value. JNTBGRI also serves as a source of supply of improved plants which are not readily available from other agencies.

Lloyd Botanic Garden,Darjeeling.

In 1878 William Lloyd donated a piece of beautiful land with an area full of 40 acres which was developed as a branch establishment of the Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta. There is good collection of exotic species from China and Japan and representative plants from North Western India, Burma and Nilgiris.

List of Botanical Gardens in India.

• Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden, Shibpur, Kolkata • Agri Horticultural Society of India, Alipore, Kolkata • Assam State Zoo-cum-Botanical Garden, Guwahati • Botanical Garden, Near Sarangpur, Chandigarh • Empress Garden, Pune • Garden of Medicinal Plants, North Bengal University, West Bengal

Government Botanical Gardens, Ootacamund, Nilgiris district, Tamil Nadu.

6

                                                                                        

• Botanic Gardens - Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore • IFGTB Botanical Garden - The Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree

Breeding (IFGTB), Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu • Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanical Garden and Research Institute

(TBGRI), Trivandrum, Kerala (Biggest in India and conserves the largest number of plant species in Asia).

• Malampuzha Garden, Palakkad, Kerala • Jhansi Botanical Garden, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh • Odisha State Botanical Garden Nandankanan, Bhubaneswar, Odisha • Aligarh Fort (maintained by the Department of Botany, AMU ), Aligarh,

Uttar Pradesh. • Lalbagh, Bangalore, Karnataka • The Mysore Zoo, in Mysore, Karnataka is also a botanical garden. • Regional Museum of Natural History Mysore, Mysore, Karnataka • University of Mysore Botanic Garden, Mysore, Karnataka • Curzon Park, Mysore, Karnataka • Pilikula Arboretum (Pilikula Botanical Garden) at Pilikula Nisargadhama

near Mangalore, Karnataka • Botanical Garden of the Department of Applied Botany at Mangalore

University, Karnataka • Lloyd's Botanical Garden, Darjeeling, West Bengal • Saharanpur Botanical Garden, Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh • Semmozhi Poonga, Chennai, Tamil Nadu • R. B. Botanical Garden and Amusement Park, Gujarat Technological

University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat • Vellayani Agricultural College, Trivandrum, Kerala • The Garça Branca Ayurvedic Botanical Garden, Loutolim, Goa. • Narendra Narayan Park at Cooch Behar, West Bengal. • Botanical Garden of India Republic, Noida, Uttar Pradesh.

List of Botanical gardens in Kerala.

• Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanical Garden and Research Institute (TBGRI), Trivandrum, Kerala (Biggest in India and conserves the largest number of plant species in word).

• Malampuzha Garden, Palakkad, Kerala . • Vellayani Agricultural College, Trivandrum, Kerala.

7

                                                                                        

CONCLUSION

A botanical garden or botanic garden is a garden dedicated to the collection, cultivation and display of a wide range of plants labeled with their botanical names. It may contain specialist plant collections such as cacti and succulent plants, herb gardens, plants from particular parts of the world, and so on; there may be green houses, shade houses, again with special collections such as tropical plants, alpine plants, or other exotic plants. A botanical garden is a controlled and staffed institution for the maintenance of a living collection of plants under scientific management for purposes of education and research, together with such libraries, herbaria, laboratories, and museums as are essential to its particular undertakings. Each botanical garden naturally develops its own special fields of interests depending on its personnel, location, extent, available funds, and the terms of its charter. It may include greenhouses, test grounds, a herbarium, an arboretum, and other departments. It maintains a scientific as well as a plant-growing staff, and publication is one of its major modes of expression.

8

                                                                                        

                                                                                        

REFERENCES 1. B.P. Pandey. Taxonomy of angiosperms. S. Chand and company.

2.Botanical gardens ,en.wikipedia.org.

9