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Ongoing research @ NIOSH
• Laboratory investigations of emissions• Characterization • Rates• Factors
• Commercially available printers• Cost ~ $500 to 2500 dollars• “desktop” scale devices
Laboratory investigations
• Material extrusion printers• Fused deposition modeling (FDM™)
Filament
Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)Poly lactic acid (PLA)Polycarbonate (PC)
Filament
Heatednozzle
Base plate
Laboratory investigations
• Performed in chamber• Controlled environment (temperature, RH)• Clean air (filtered)
Inlet
Filter
3D printer
ELPI
SMPS
Filter
Pressure
NanoScan
Data Acquisition
O2 & CO2
Dust Trak
PID/Canister
P-Trak
GRIMMOzone
Emissions characterization
Particle measurement• Real-time
• Number concentration from 0.02 to 1 µm • PM10 mass concentration• Surface area concentration• Size distribution from 0.01 to 0.66 µm • Size distribution from 0.3 to >20 µm
• Time integrated• Track -etched filter
• Scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive x-ray detector (SEM-EDX)
Vapor and gas measurement• Real-time
• Ozone sensor• TVOC concentration
• Time integrated• 6 L Silonite®-coated canisters: individual VOCs
• Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)
Particle emissions profile• Real-time number concentration
0.E+00
3.E+04
5.E+04
8.E+04
1.E+05
1.E+05
0 25 50 75 100 125
Num
ber c
once
ntra
tion
[#/c
m3 ]
Elapsed time [m]
Blue comb 1
Blue comb 2
1 = Start print 2 = End print
1
2
Particle emissions chemistryAB
S -b
lue
PLA
–oc
ean
blue
Vapor emissions profile• Real-time TVOC concentration
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
0 25 50 75 100 125
TVO
C co
ncen
trat
ion
[ppb
]
Elapsed time [m]
Blue comb 1
Blue comb 2
1 = Start print2 = End print
1
2
Vapor emissions chemistry
Stefaniak et al. J Occup Environ Hyg. (2017)
Emission rates• Real-time particle number (#/min)
Stefaniak et al. J Occup Environ Hyg. (2017)
Emission rates• Real-time TVOC (µg/hr)
Stefaniak et al. J Occup Environ Hyg. (2017)
Factors influencing emissions• Filament type – particle size
Yi et al. J Toxicol Environ Health. Part A (2016)
red ABS > red PLA
Factors influencing emissions• Filament color – particle number
Yi et al. J Toxicol Environ Health. Part A (2016)
red > natural > blue ≈ black
Factors influencing emissions• Print failure – particle number
Yi et al. J Toxicol Environ Health. Part A (2016)
Effects of Malfunction (Ocean blue PLA)
Time (hr:mm:sec)
08:00:00 10:00:00 12:00:00 14:00:00 16:00:00
Con
cent
ratio
n (p
artic
les/
cm3 )
0
5e+4
1e+5
2e+5
2e+5
3e+5
3e+5
MalfunctionNormal operation
Ongoing research @ NIOSHLaboratory investigationsSlide Number 3Laboratory investigationsEmissions characterizationParticle measurementVapor and gas measurementParticle emissions profileParticle emissions chemistryVapor emissions profileVapor emissions chemistryEmission ratesEmission ratesFactors influencing emissionsFactors influencing emissionsFactors influencing emissions