ongc report

REPORT ON SATELLITE COMMUNICATION

Oil and Natural Gas Corporation

Limited (ONGC)

Project Report

SATELLITE COMMUNICATION

Submitted By

Vinayak Garg (VIT University Chennai campus)

BTech4th Semester

Summer Training( 2016 )

Under the supervision of

Mr R Ravichandran CE(EampT)

ONGC Dehradun

ONGC DEHRADUN

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report on ldquoSATELLITE COMMUNICATIONrdquo is the

bonafide work of ldquoVINAYAK GARGrdquo who has carried out the project work

under my supervision

SIGNATURE

Mr R Ravichandran

Mentor (Chief Engineer )

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING

ONGC DEHRADUN

Dehradun Uttarakhand INDIA 248009

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I feel much honored in presenting this dissertation report in such an

authenticable form of sheer endurance and continual efforts of inspiring excellence

from various coordinating factor of cooperation and sincere efforts drawn from all

sources of knowledge I express my sincere gratitude to Mr R Ravichandran

Chief Engineer Satellite Earth Station ONGC Dehradun

I wish to express my profound gratitude to him for his support and

providing all the facilities which would have made it possible for me to complete

the dissertation report The cooperation he gave is greatly appreciated

Place DEHRADUN VINAYAK GARG

Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited (ONGC) is an

Indian multinational oil and gas company headquartered in Dehradun India It is

a Public Sector Undertaking(PSU) of the Government of India under the

administrative control of the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas It is Indias

largest oil and gas exploration and production company It produces around 69 of

Indias crude oil (equivalent to around 30 of the countrys total demand) and

around 62 of its natural gas

On 31 March 2013 its market capitalisation was INR 26 trillion making it

Indias second largest publicly traded companyIn a government survey for FY

2011-12 it was ranked as the largest profit making PSU in IndiaONGC has been

ranked 357th in the Fortune Global 500 list of the worlds biggest corporations for

the year 2012It is ranked 22nd among the Top 250 Global Energy Companies

by Platts

ONGC was founded on 14 August 1956 by Government of India which

currently holds a 6894 equity stake It is involved in exploring for and exploiting

hydrocarbons in 26 sedimentary basins of India and owns and operates over

11000 kilometers of pipelines in the country Its international subsidiary ONGC

Videsh currently has projects in 15 countries ONGC has discovered 6 of the 7

commercially producing Indian Basins in the last 50 years adding over 71

billion tonnes of In-place Oil amp Gas volume of hydrocarbons in Indian basins

Against a global decline of production from matured fields ONGC has maintained

production from its brownfields like Mumbai High with the help of aggressive

investments in various IOR (Improved Oil Recovery) and EOR (Enhanced Oil

Recovery) schemes ONGC has many matured fields with a current recovery factor

of 25-33Its Reserve Replacement Ratio for between 2005 and 2013 has been

more than one During FY 2012-13 ONGC had to share the highest ever under-

recovery of INR 4942 million (an increase of INR 496 million over the previous

financial year) towards the under-recoveries of Oil Marketing Companies

(IOCBPCL and HPCL)

ONGC HISTORY

Before the independence of India the Assam Oil Company in the north-

eastern and Attock Oil company in north-western part of the undivided India were

the only oil producing companies with minimal exploration input The major part

of Indian sedimentary basins was deemed to be unfit for development of oil and

gas resources

After independence the Central Government of India realized the

importance of oil and gas for rapid industrial development and its strategic role in

defense Consequently while framing the Industrial Policy Statement of 1948 the

development of petroleum industry in the country was considered to be of utmost

necessity

Until 1955 private oil companies mainly carried out exploration of

hydrocarbon resources of India In Assam the Assam Oil Company was producing

oil at Digboi (discovered in 1889) and Oil India Ltd (a 50 joint venture between

Government of India and Burmah Oil Company) was engaged in developing two

newly discovered large fields Naharkatiya and Moraan in Assam In West Bengal

the Indo-Stanvac Petroleum project (a joint venture between Government of

India and Standard Vacuum Oil Company of USA) was engaged in exploration

work The vast sedimentary tract in other parts of India and adjoining offshore

remained largely unexplored

In 1955 Government of India decided to develop the oil and natural gas

resources in the various regions of the country as part of the Public Sector

development With this objective an Oil and Natural Gas Directorate was set up

towards the end of 1955 as a subordinate office under the then Ministry of Natural

Resources and Scientific Research The department was constituted with a nucleus

of geoscientists from the Geological Survey of India

A delegation under the leadership of the Minister of Natural Resources

visited several European countries to study the status of oil industry in those

countries and to facilitate the training of Indian professionals for exploring

potential oil and gas reserves Experts from Romania the Soviet Union the United

States and West Germany subsequently visited India and helped the government

with their expertise Soviet experts later drew up a detailed plan

for geological and geophysical surveys and drilling operations to be carried out in

the 2nd Five Year Plan (1956-61)

In April 1956 the Government of India adopted the Industrial Policy

Resolution which placed Mineral Oil Industry among the schedule A industries

the future development of which was to be the sole and exclusive responsibility of

the state

Soon after the formation of the Oil and Natural Gas Directorate it became

apparent that it would not be possible for the Directorate with its limited financial

and administrative powers as subordinate office of the Government to function

efficiently So in August 1956 the Directorate was raised to the status of a

commission with enhanced powers although it continued to be under the

government In October 1959 the Commission was converted into a statutory body

by an act of the Indian Parliament which enhanced powers of the commission

further The main functions of the Oil and Natural Gas Commission subject to the

provisions of the Act were to plan promote organize and implement programs

for development of Petroleum Resources and the production and sale of petroleum

and petroleum products produced by it and to perform such other functions as the

Central Government may from time to time assign to it The act further outlined

the activities and steps to be taken by ONGC in fulfilling its mandate

Vision

To be the premier company providing biotechnological solutions by harnessing the capability of microbes for the production of energy and controlling environment pollution

Mission

Attain the highest standards of business ethics and organizational values

To rapidly stride ahead with discoveries and innovations in the field of biotechnology

Strive for customer satisfaction through quality products and services

Foster a sense of trust and mutual concern to make working an inspiring and challenging experience of our people

Objectives

To give best quality of products and services to customers

Satisfy customers need

Benefits our shareholders

Deliver structural cost reductions

Quality Policy

ONGC TERI Biotech Ltd is committed to give best quality of products and services to our customers to their entire satisfaction

ONGC Group of Companies

INTRODUCTION

A satellite is an object which has been placed into orbit by human endeavour

Such objects are sometimes called artificial satellites to distinguish them from

natural satellites such as the moon Satellites are used for a large number of

purposes The worldrsquos first artificial satellite the Sputnik 1 was launched by the

Soviet Union In 1957 Since then Thousands of satellites have been launched into

orbit around the Earth Common types include military and civilian Earth

observation satellites communication satellites navigation satellite weather

satellite amp research satellites As per the latest estimates the total number of

artificial satellites orbiting the Earth capital today is around 8300 Of these about

3000 are not operational having lived out their useful life and are part of the

space debris

Satellites are usually semi-independent computer-controlled systems

Satellites sub-systems attend many tasks such as power generation thermal

control telemetry attitude control and orbit control

Satellites can genrally be regarded as spacecrafts that receive signals and

send them back to Earth However these space crafts are extremely complexand

expensive-each one costs millions of Euros-because they have to work and survive

in space for periods of up to 15 years

A satellite has to manoeuvre using its own small rocket engines

It also has to maintain its orientation using thrusters or gyroscopes

otherwise it will tumble along its orbit and its antenna will drift out of allingment

with the Earth Space is not a friendly environment either Satellites have to

survive temperature variations of more than 200 degree C

Once in Orbit a satellite usually carries out multiple functions with

different payloads or instruments It then sends information to a ground station

about the condition of its payloads and its systems and it receives instructions

back from the ground operators

BASICS OF SATELLITE COMMUNICATION

Satellites are able fulfill a number of roles One of the major roles is for

satellite communications Here the satellite enables communications to be

established over large distances - well beyond the line of sight Communications

satellites may be used for many applications including relaying telephone calls

providing communications to remote areas of the Earth providing satellite

communications to ships aircraft and other mobile vehicles and there are many

more ways in which communications satellites can be used

Satellites orbit around the Earth Depending on the application these orbits

can be circular or elliptical Satellites in circular orbits always keep the same

distance to the Earthrsquos surface following a simple law

The attractive force Fg of the Earth due to gravity equals mg(Rr)^2 The

centrifugal force Fc trying to pull the satellite away equals mrω2

The variables have the following meaning

M is the mass of the satellite

Ris the radius of earth with R= 6370km

ris the distance of satellite to the centre of the earth

g is the acceleration of gravity with g=981ms2

ω is the angular velocity with ω=2prodf

fis the frequency of the rotation

To keep the satellite in a stable circular orbit the following equation must

hold Fg=Fc

CLASSIFICATIONS

CENTRIC CLASSIFICATIONS

Geocentric orbit An orbit around the planet Earth such as that of

the Moon or of artificial satellites

Heliocentric orbit An orbit around the Sun In the Solar System

all planets comets and asteroids are in such orbits as are many artificial

satellites and pieces of space debris Moons by contrast are not in

a heliocentric orbit but rather orbit their parent object

Areocentric orbit An orbit around the planet Mars such as that

of its moons or artificial satellites

Galactocentric orbit An orbit about the center of a galaxy

The Sun follows this type of orbit about the galactic center of the Milky

Lunar orbit (also selenocentric orbit) An orbit around the

Earths moon

Hermocentric orbit An orbit around the planet Mercury

Aphrodiocentric orbit (also cytheriocentric orbit) An orbit around

the planet Venus

Jovicentric orbit (also zeocentric orbit) An orbit around the

planet Jupiter

Cronocentric orbit (also saturnocentric orbit) An orbit around the

planet Saturn

Uranocentric orbit An orbit around the planet Uranus

Neptunocentric orbit An orbit around the planet Neptune

ALTITUDE CLASSIFATIONS FOR GEOCENTRIC

ORBITS

Low Earth orbit (LEO) Geocentric orbits with altitudes up to

2000 km (0ndash1240 miles)

Medium Earth orbit (MEO) Geocentric orbits ranging in altitude from

2000 km (1240 miles) to just below geosynchronous orbit at 35786 kilometers

(22236 mi) Also known as an intermediate circular orbit These are most

commonly at 20200 kilometers (12600 mi) or 20650 kilometers (12830 mi)

with an orbital period of 12 hours[2]

Both Geosynchronous orbit (GSO) and Geostationary orbit (GEO) are

orbits around Earth matching Earths sidereal rotation period All geosynchronous

and geostationary orbits have a semi-major axis of 42164 km (26199 mi)All

geostationary orbits are also geosynchronous but not all geosynchronous orbits are

geostationary A geostationary orbit stays exactly above the equator whereas a

geosynchronous orbit may swing north and south to cover more of the Earths

surface Both complete one full orbit of Earth per sidereal day (relative to the stars

not the Sun)

High Earth orbit Geocentric orbits above the altitude of geosynchronous

orbit 35786 km (22240 miles)

Orbit Altitude Range (Km) Period ( Hrs )

LEO 150 to 1000 15 to 18

MEO 5000 to 10000 35 to 6

Geosynchronous 36000 mean altitude 24

GEO 36000 Precisely in 24

plane of the equator

INCLINATION CLASSIFICATION

Inclined orbit An orbit whose inclination in reference to the equatorial

plane is not 0

Polar orbit An orbit that passes above or nearly above both poles of the

planet on each revolution Therefore it has an inclination of (or very close to)

90 degrees

Polar Sun-synchronous orbit (SSO) A nearly polar orbit that passes

the equator at the same local solar time on every pass Useful for imagetaking

satellites because shadows will be the same on every pass

Non-inclined orbit An orbit whose inclination is equal to zero with respect to

some plane of reference

Ecliptic orbit A non-inclined orbit with respect to the ecliptic

Equatorial orbit A non-inclined orbit with respect to the equator

Near equatorial orbit An orbit whose inclination with respect to

the equatorial plane is nearly zero This orbit allows for rapid revisit times

for a single orbiting spacecraft) of near equatorial ground sites

Satellites are able fulfil a number of roles One of the major roles is for satellite

communications Here the satellite enables communications to be established over

large distances - well beyond the line of sight Communications satellites may be

used for many applications including relaying telephone calls providing

communications to remote areas of the Earth providing satellite communications

to ships aircraft and other mobile vehicles and there are many more ways in

which communications satellites can be used

Satellite communications basics

When used for communications a satellite acts as a repeater Its height above the

Earth means that signals can be transmitted over distances that are very much

greater than the line of sight An earth station transmits the signal up to the satellite

This is called the up-link and is transmitted on one frequency The satellite

receives the signal and retransmits it on what is termed the down link which is on

another frequency

Using a satellite for long distance communications

The circuitry in the satellite that acts as the receiver frequency changer and

transmitter is called a transponder This basically consists of a low noise amplifier

a frequency changer consisting a mixer and local oscillator and then a high power

amplifier The filter on the input is used to make sure that any out of band signals

such as the transponder output are reduced to acceptable levels so that the amplifier

is not overloaded Similarly the output from the amplifiers is filtered to make sure

that spurious signals are reduced to acceptable levels Figures used in here are the

same as those mentioned earlier and are only given as an example The signal is

received and amplified to a suitable level It is then applied to the mixer to change

the frequency in the same way that occurs in a superheterodyne radio receiver As

a result the communications satellite receives in one band of frequencies and

transmits in another

In view of the fact that the receiver and transmitter are operating at the same

time and in close proximity care has to be taken in the design of the satellite that

the transmitter does not interfere with the receiver This might result from spurious

signals arising from the transmitter or the receiver may become de-sensitised by

the strong signal being received from the transmitter The filters already mentioned

are used to reduce these effects

Block diagram of a basic satellite transponder

Signals transmitted to satellites usually consist of a large number of signals

multiplexed onto a main transmission In this way one transmission from the

ground can carry a large number of telephone circuits or even a number of

television signals This approach is operationally far more effective than having a

large number of individual transmitters

Obviously one satellite will be unable to carry all the traffic across the

Atlantic Further capacity can be achieved using several satellites on different

bands or by physically separating them apart from one another In this way the

beamwidth of the antenna can be used to distinguish between different satellites

Normally antennas with very high gains are used and these have very narrow

beamwidths allowing satellites to be separated by just a few degrees

Separating satellites by position

Frequency Bands For Satellite Communication

C- Band

UL 5925 ndash 6425 GHz

DL 37 ndash 42 G Hz Total 500 M Hz BW

Extended C- Band

DL 45 ndash 48 G Hz Additional 300 MHz BW

Ku band

UL 140 - 145 G Hz

DL 1095 ndash 112 and 1145 - 117 GHz

A total of 500 MHz BW in Ku band

COMMUNICATIONSATELLITEADVANTAGES ampDISADVANTAGES

Satellites are able to provide communications in many instances where other forms

of communications technology may not provide a feasible alternative

Communications satellites provide a number of advantages

Flexibility Satellite systems are able to provide communications in a

variety of ways without the need to install nw fixed assets

Mobility Satellite communications are able to reach all areas of the globe

dependent upon the type of satellite system in use and the ground stations do not

need to be in any one given location For this reason many ships use satellite

communications

Speedy deployment Deployment of a satellite communications system

can be very speedy No ground infrastructure may be required as terrestrial lines

or wireless base stations are not needed Therefore many remote areas satellite

communications systems provide an ideal solution

Provides coverage over the globe Dependent upon the type of satellite

communications system and the orbits used it is possible to provide complete

global coverage As a result satellite communications systems are sued for

providing communications capabilities in many remote areas where other

technologies would not be viable

When considering the use of a satellite some disadvantages also need to be taken

into consideration

Cost Satellites are not cheap to build place in orbit and then maintain

This means that the operational costs are high and therefore the cost of renting or

buying space on the satellite will also not be cheap

Propagation delay As distances are very much greater than those

involved with terrestrial systems propagation delay can be an issue especially for

satellites using geostationary orbits Here the round trip from the ground to the

satellite and back can be of the order of a quarter of a second

Specialised satellite terminals required Even though the operator will

operate all the required infrastructure the user will still need a specialised terminal

that will communicate with the satellite This is likely to be reasonably costly and

it will only be able to be used with one provider

Telecommunications satellite links

Communications satellites are ideally placed to provide telecommunications links

between different places across the globe Traditional telecommunications links

used direct cables linking different areas As a result of the cost of installation

and maintenance of these cables satellites were seen as an ideal alternative While

still expensive to put in place they provided a high bandwidth and were able to

operate for many years

In recent years the bandwidth that can be offered by cables has increased

considerably and this has negated some of the gains of satellites Additionally the

geostationary satellites used for telecommunications links introduce a significant

time delay in view of the very large distances involved This can be a problem for

normal telephone calls

However satellite communications systems provide significant levels of

flexibility and mobility provide the opportunities for many satellite

communications systems Although the initial infrastructure costs are high often

new remote stations can be added relatively cheaply as new lines do not need to be

installed to provide communication to the new remote station unlike wire based

telecommunications systems or many terrestrial wireless links were repeater

stations may be needed

COMMUNICATION SATELLITE APPLICATIONS

There are many different ways in which communications satellites can be used

Telecommunications Satellite systems have been able to provide data

communications links over large distances They were often used in place of

intercontinental submarine cables which were expensive and unreliable in their

early days Nowadays cable technology has significantly improved to provide

much higher levels of capacity especially as a result of fibre optic technology and

their reliability has also greatly improved As a result satellites are less frequently

used to replace terrestrial cables although in some instances this remains the case

Satellite phones The concept of using a mobile phone from anywhere on

the globe is one that has many applications Although the terrestrial cellular

network is widely available there are still very many areas where coverage is not

available In these situations satellite phones are of great use

As an example satellite phones are widely used by the emergency services

for situations when they are in remote areas even of countries that might have a

good cellular network but not in remote areas They may also be for

communications in rural areas where no cellular coverage may be available They

also find uses at sea and in developing countries or in uninhabited areas of the

Direct broadcast While terrestrial broadcasting is well established it has

a number of limitations namely the coverage especially in hilly areas where the

hills may shade the signals from receivers and also the bandwidth which is prime

spectrum in the lower end of the UHF portion of the spectrum

Direct broadcast satellite DBS technology enables both these issues to be

overcome The high angle of the satellites means that for most latitudes a high

angle of signal direction means that hills do not provide a major coverage issue

Also operating around 12 GHz more bandwidth is generally available enabling

more stations - both television and radio - to be accommodated

COMMUNICATION SATELLITE SUBSYSTEMS

Communications satellites comprise a number of elements Typically they

incorporate the following main elements

Communication Payload This could be considered to be the main

element of the communications satellite It consists of transponders antenna and

switching systems

Engines These are used to bring the satellite to its required

Station Keeping Tracking This subsystem incorporates a stabilisation

system and small propulsion system to maintain the orientation and correct orbit

during the operational life of the satellite

Power subsystem The power subsystem of the communications satellite

is used to power the satellite systems It normally contains two elements

o Solar cells These are used to provide power when the satellite is in

sunlight These normally consist of large arrays of solar cells often on

extended arms Some satellites may just be covered in solar cells to

reduce the overall footprint of the satellite

o Batteries Batteries are required to power the satellite when it is in an

area of darkness such as when it passes the dark side of the earth or

during solar eclipses

Command amp Control This sub-system maintains communications with ground

control stations The ground earth stations continually monitor the satellite state

and health and control its functionality This will vary over different phases of its

life-cycle At end of life it may be necessary to place the satellite into a different

orbit or even send it into outer space where it will not clutter the orbit

SATELLITE COMMUNICATION CHANNEL CHARACTERISTICS

Satellite communications links need to be designed to enable the inherent link

characteristics to be accommodated

Propagation delay - latency In view of the altitude of many satellites -

those in geostationary orbit - there are significant propagation delays This can

affect signalling and extended timeout windows may be required to accommodate

the latency of the system

Limited bandwidth Bandwidth is an issue for all users of the radio

spectrum Some satellites are affected more than others Accordingly many

systems will require to use the available bandwidth very effectively Data

compression schemes are normally used

Noise The path length and the fact that power levels are limited

especially on the satellite means that signals do not operate with a large margins

To overcome this directive antennas are normally employed However in addition

to this robust error correction techniques are normally required for data

transmission

SATELLITE PHONES

With the success of mobile phone systems it was believed that satellite phone

systems and satellite technology would be able to provide phone access in areas of

the world that were not at that time accessible to terrestrial mobile phone systems

As a result satellite based phone systems were conceived and have been set up The

three satellite systems were Iridium Globalstar and Iridium Satellites for the three

systems were launched and they entered service in the mid to late 1990s

Although the satellite phone systems have been proven technically satellite

phone technology has not taken off as originally conceived The take up of mobile

phone systems was more rapid than originally expected and their coverage is

greater Nevertheless satellite phones and satellite phone systems are in use and

provide essential communications in several applications

Satellite phone basics

When devising a satellite phone system there are a number of technical challenges

that need to be addressed The path length between the earth and the satellite

introduces significant losses much greater than those encountered with terrestrial

systems It is for this reason that most of the systems use low Earth orbiting

satellite systems Geostationary satellites are usually considered too high and result

in much greater levels of path loss

Additionally the fact that the satellites are moving (in most systems) means that

signals are Doppler shifted and the technology needs to take account of this

With the satellites in a low Earth orbit and moving across the sky each satellite will

be in view for a certain amount of time It is therefore necessary even for a

stationary phone to be able to handover from one satellite to another

Phones used for satellites are often larger in size than those used for terrestrial

applications The antenna is often larger to provide to ensure the required level of

efficiency This naturally impacts on the size of the satellite phone

A further challenge for satellite phones arises from what are termed the backhaul

communications and protocol exchanges Any mobile phone requires to quickly

communicate with the network to enable calls to be set up controlled and finished

In view of the altitudes of the satellites the round trip delay from the mobile to the

satellite and back to the earth station are too long to enable rapid communications

and exchanges to take place As a result much of the intelligence of the system has

to be placed within the satellite so that the required protocol exchanges can take

place rapidly

TYPES OF SATELLITES

Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite systems fly very closely to the surface of the Earth up to 1500 kilometers in altitude They deliver more significant voice quality over GEOs and transmit signals with a small margin of delay Some LEO systems are designed for satellite phones or global mobile personal communications systems These can carry voice traffic among other data formats

Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) satellite systems operate at about 10000 kilometers above the Earth making it lower than GEO orbits but higher than LEO orbits They have a larger capacity than LEOs This enables them more flexibility in satisfying shifting market demands for voice

or data services The basic types of satellite systems includegeostationary (GEO)Low Earth Orbit (LEO)Medium Earth Orbit(MEO) and Highly Elliptical Orbit (HEO) satellites There are also public and private satellite systems such as Television Receive Only (TVRO) Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS) Global Positioning System (GPS) and multibeam satellite operations

Geosynchronous satellites orbit the Earth on repeatedly regular points over time Each GEO satellite is stationary over one spot above the equator and therefore does not need any tracking from receiving and transmitting antennas on the Earth GEO satellites enable the coverage of weather events They are especially useful for monitoring severe local storms and tropical cyclones They are best for television transmission and high-speed datatransmission

Highly-elliptical orbit (HEO) satellite systems orbit the Earth in an elliptical path unlike the LEOrsquos and GEOrsquos circular paths Its elliptical orbit allows a wider view of the Earth and maximizes the amount of time each satellite spends in viewing populated areas It therefore requires fewer satellites than LEOs while providing an excellent line of sight

TVRO (Television Receive-Only) and DBS (Direct Broadcast Satellite) are satellite TV systems TVRO relies on unencrypted feeds transmitted using open standards They are also often referred to as C-Band Satellite TV Big Dish TV or Big Ugly Dish (BUD)

DBS works on higher frequencies It is capable of transmitting higher power signals DBS was primarily intended for home reception This is why it is also known as Direct to Home satellite

DBS satellites are owned by satellite TV providers This means it is restricted to provide free channels

A global positioning satellite system receives and compares the signals from orbiting GPS satellites to determine geographic location Each satellite can transmit its exact location with a timed reference signal which the GPS uses to determine the distance between satellites The location can be marked by calculating the point at which all distances cross The information can be displayed in latitude or longitude format or as a position on a computer map

The multibeam satellite operation uses Spatial Division Multiple Access (SDMA) technology This allows a single satellite to simultaneously communicate to 2 different satellites using several directional antennas

MEOLEOGEO SATELLITES

ADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL COMMUNICATION

It is fast and easier

No paper is wasted

The messages can be stored in the device for longer times without being

damaged unlike paper files that easily get damages or attacked by insects

Digital communication can be done over large distances through internet

and other things

It is comparatively cheaper and the work which requires a lot of people

can be done simply by one person as folders and other such facilities can be

maintained

It removes semantic barriers because the written data can be easily

changed to different languages using software

It provides facilities like video conferencing which save a lot of time

money and effort

SPACE SEGMENT

The space segment of an artificial satellite system is one of its three operational

components (the others being the user and control segments) It comprises the

satellite or satellite constellation and the uplink and downlink satellite links

Geostationary earth orbit (GEO) supports major businesses in satellite video and

radio broadcasting as well as data and mobile communications The medium earth

orbit (MEO) and low earth orbit (LEO) configurations can also be used for various

applications ATSI is very familiar with all of the elements and subsystems that

comprise modern satellites used to develop and operate them

Any communications satellite(VVK EXTC) is composed of a

communications payload (repeater and antenna system) and its supporting

spacecraft bus (solar array and batteries attitude and orbit control system structure

and thermal control system) and is placed in orbit by a launch vehicle The Space

Segment also includes the tracking telemetry and command (TTampC) station or

stations and a satellite control center A successful in the satellite operator needs

the right orbit slots or constellation and satellites that deliver effective power and

bandwidth to desirable regions and markets (those with growing demand for space

segment services)

Mobile satellite communications are now a proven performer in terms of

versatility and business development Satellite radio (SDARS) now serves nearly 5

million subscribers and satellite mobile telephone and data operators offer

unrivaled connectivity throughout the globe The GEO Mobile satellite at your left

supports hand-held phones and its repeater contains a digital on-board processor

An updated course on mobile satellite is described on our Education and Training

page Some applications will benefit from this technology while others will work

adequately using the much simpler bent-pipe repeater Applications rely on a space

segment of high performance and dependability which is complicated by its

remoteness from the ground Broadband mobile terminals now provide improved

access to the Internet for the full range of applications including videoconferencing

Satellite System Engineering and Program Management With over forty

years of experience in communications satellite program management engineering

and operations we are in a unique position to assist buyers of satellites and satellite

capacity We know both sides of this equation (eg the buyer of the satellite and

transponder and the seller of bandwidth) from having lived it ourselves and we

can therefore guide the program or business in the following areas

An architecture for the space segment considering the capabilities of

modern satellite systems and user terminals Communications payload requirements

definition design and detailed specification Spacecraft vehicle and bus subsystems

and how these are meshed with the payload to meet mission requirements Overall

satellite definition and technical specification (system and subsystem) Procurement

and implementation management Negotiation of specifications statement of work

and contractual terms and conditions Satellite capacity identification planning and

acquisition Satellite system design and management RF link analysis transponder

utilization and throughput optimization Technology assessment and insertion Due

diligence of a particular technology and acquisition target International frequency

coordination and spectrum management Download article on program

management of satellite communications technology

The overall design of the payload satellite ground segment and end-to-end

system is a complex task involving all of the areas cited above and several others

of a highly technical nature ATSI provides know-how relative to each of the

primary contributors to the performance reliability and cost of the satellite and

resulting service Satellite communications payload design must be properly

coupled with the capabilities and interaction with the spacecraft bus that provides

power stability and environmental support to the payload

TRANSPONDERS

In telecommunication a transponder is one of two types of devices In air

navigation or radio frequency identification a flight transponder is a device that

emits an identifying signal in response to an interrogating received signal In a

communications satellite a transponder gathers signals over a range of uplink

frequencies and re-transmits them on a different set of downlink frequencies to

receivers on Earth often without changing the content of the received signal or

signals

The term is a portmanteau for transmitter-responder It is variously abbreviated as

XPDR XPNDR TPDR or TP

SATCOM amp BROADCAST

Satellite communications seems to be the natural solution for true global reach

from mobile connections for low level data logging to immediate feeds of HD

video from harsh enviroments Applications challenges are driving new technology

to increase data-rates increase mobility of delivery (satcom on the move) and

improve inter-operability to other networks

Satellite communications seem to be the natural solution for true global

reach from mobile connections for low level data logging to immediate feeds of

HD video from harsh environments Applications challenges are driving new

technology to increase data-rates increase mobility of delivery (satcom on the

move) and improve inter-operability to other networks

For Maritime Communications to a remote naval environment there would

seem no alternative - satellite is a key component to keeping cruise ships tankers

platforms and other vessels connected

In remote applications or those changing location ndash IT delivery is difficult to

plan and achieve whether it be remote geological surveying or a mobile news

team ndash access to network capability is vital

Satcom has a wide role in completing network connectivity across financial

markets ndash from banking and ATMs to POS at petrol stations ndash the advantage of a

secure private network is well established

Our component and module suppliers support a wide number of Systems

suppliers around the world

CONVERTERS

Linwave Technology supply special to type BUCs (block up converters) and BDCs

(block down converters) maximising customers performance efficiency and space

envelope requirements Uniquely working from UHF applications for Tacsat up to

high data rate Ka band they have the ability to shrink space envelopes using die

level components and high dielectric ccts

Performance advantages for combination of multiple band integrated

solutions such as X and Ku or X and Ka band modules can also be demonstrated

Product solutions aso encompass Amplifiers for gain equalisation and

compensation switch matrixes and control electronics

Integration of functionality for small aperture fly away packs highlights Linwave

capability well ndash combination of BUC and 20W SSPA ( solid state power amplifier)

with power conditioning in reduced space envelope

INTERFERENCE MITIGATION amp BAND SHAPING

BSC Filters are Specialists in interference mitigation for optimum system

performance BSC have products working from IF frequencies in L band to over

50GHz Solutions are found in high power Txrx Isolation for feed

assemblies Interference reduction against co-sited emitters such as X band radar or

Wifi Patented ldquoEllipticrdquo technology for filter design allows utilisation of reduced

physical space envelope for maximum rejection attenuation

Further developments of waveguide to coax short transition (USELT) and

waveguide to coax pin connection (NaNo) have greatly assisted system architects

maximise design efficiency

From a wide range of frequency and technology solutions examples include

Receive Reject Filters Transmit Reject FiltersTransitions Harmonic Filters

Loads Diplexers Multiplexers CouplersFeed systems

APPLICATIONS

Satellite navigation

The Global Positioning System carriers are in the L band centered at

117645 MHz (L5) 122760 MHz (L2) 138105 MHz (L3) and 157542 MHz (L1)

frequencies

The Galileo Navigation System uses the L-band similarly to GPS The GLONASS System uses the L-band similarly to GPSs

Telecommunications use

GSM mobile phones operate at 800ndash900 and 1800ndash1900 MHz Iridium Satellite

LLC phones use frequencies between 1616 and 16265 MHzto communicate with

the satellites Inmarsat and LightSquared terminals use frequencies between 1525

and 16465 MHz to communicate with the satellites Thuraya satellite phones use

frequencies between 1525 and 1661 MHz to communicate with the satellites

Aircraft surveillance

Aircraft can use Automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast (ADS-B) equipment

at 1090 MHz to communicate position information to the ground as well as

between them for traffic information and avoidance The 1090 MHz frequency (in

pair with 1030 MHz frequency) is also used by Mode S transponders which ADS-

B extends when operated at this frequency ADS-B information can also be

broadcast just outside the L band range at 978 MHz

Amateur radio

The Radio Regulations of the International Telecommunication

Union allow amateur radio operations in the frequency range 1240 to 1300 MHz

and amateur satellite up-links are allowed in the range 1260 to 1270 MHz This is

known as the 23-centimeter band by radio amateurs and the L-band by AMSAT

Digital Audio Broadcasting

In the United States and overseas territories the L band is held by

the military for telemetry thereby forcing digital radio to in-band on-

channel (IBOC) solutions Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) is typically done in

the 1452ndash1492-MHz range as in most of the world but other countries also

use VHF and UHF bands

WorldSpace satellite radio broadcasts in the 1467ndash1492 MHz L sub-band

Astronomy

The band also contains the hyperfine transition of neutral hydrogen (the hydrogen

line 1420 MHz) which is of great astronomical interest as a means of imaging the

normally invisible neutral atomic hydrogen in interstellar space Consequently

parts of the L-band are protected radio astronomy allocations worldwide

MODULATION TECHNIQUES

Fundamental to all wireless communications is modulation the process of impressing the data to be transmitted on the radio carrier Most wireless transmissions today are digital and with the limited spectrum available the type of modulation is more critical than it has ever been

The main goal of modulation today is to squeeze as much data into the least amount of spectrum possible That objective known as spectral efficiency measures how quickly data can be transmitted in an assigned bandwidth The unit of measurement is bits per second per Hz (bsHz) Multiple techniques have emerged to achieve and improve spectral efficiency

Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) And Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)

A very popular digital modulation scheme binary phase shift keying (BPSK) shifts the carrier sine wave 180deg for each change in binary state (Fig 2) BPSK is coherent as the phase transitions occur at the zero crossing points The proper demodulation of BPSK requires the signal to be compared to a sine carrier of the same phase This involves carrier recovery and other complex circuitry

In binary phase shift keying note how a binary 0 is 0deg while a binary 1 is 180deg The phase

changes when the binary state switches so the signal is coherent

A simpler version is differential BPSK or DPSK where the received bit phase is compared to the phase of the previous bit signal BPSK is very spectrally efficient in that you can transmit at a data rate equal to the bandwidth or 1 bitHz

In a popular variation of BPSK quadrature PSK (QPSK) the modulator produces two sine carriers 90deg apart The binary data modulates each phase producing four unique sine signals shifted by 45deg from one another The two phases are added together to produce the final signal Each unique pair of bits generates a carrier with a different phase

QPSK MODULATED WAVEFORM

illustrates QPSK with a phasor diagram where the phasor represents the

carrier sine amplitude peak and its position indicates the phase A

constellation diagram inFigureshows the same information QPSK is very

spectrally efficient since each carrier phase represents two bits of data The

spectral efficiency is 2 bitsHz meaning twice the data rate can be achieved

in the same bandwidth as BPSK

Modulation can be represented without time domain waveforms For example QPSK can be represented

with a phasor diagram (a) or a constellation diagram (b) both of which indicate phase and amplitude

magnitudes

Data Rate And Baud Rate

The maximum theoretical data rate or channel capacity (C) in bitss is a function of the channel bandwidth (B) channel in Hz and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)

C = B log2 (1 + SNR)

This is called the Shannon-Hartley law The maximum data rate is directly proportional to the bandwidth and logarithmically proportional the SNR Noise greatly diminishes the data rate for a given bit error rate (BER)

Another key factor is the baud rate or the number of modulation symbols transmitted per second The term symbol in modulation refers to one specific state of a sine carrier signal It can be an amplitude a frequency a phase or some combination of them Basic binary transmission uses one bit per symbol

In ASK a binary 0 is one amplitude and a binary 1 is another amplitude In FSK a binary 0 is one carrier frequency and a binary 1 is another frequency BPSK uses a 0deg shift for a binary 0 and a 180deg shift for a binary 1 In each of these cases there is one bit per symbol

Data rate in bitss is calculated as the reciprocal of the bit time (tb)

bitss = 1tb

With one symbol per bit the baud rate is the same as the bit rate However if you transmit more bits per symbol the baud rate is slower than the bit rate by a factor equal to the number of bits per symbol For example if 2 bits per symbol are transmitted the baud rate is the bit rate divided by 2 For instance with QPSK a 70 Mbs data stream is transmitted at a baud rate of 35 symbolssecond

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)

The creation of symbols that are some combination of amplitude and phase can carry the concept of transmitting more bits per symbol further This method is called quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) For example 8QAM uses four carrier phases plus two amplitude levels to transmit 3 bits per symbol Other popular variations are 16QAM 64QAM and 256QAM which transmit 4 6 and 8 bits per symbol respectively

While QAM is enormously efficient of spectrum it is more difficult to

demodulate in the presence of noise which is mostly random amplitude

variations Linear power amplification is also required QAM is very widely

used in cable TV Wi-Fi wireless local-area networks (LANs) satellites and

cellular telephone systems to produce maximum data rate in limited

bandwidths

Frequency shift keying (FSK) shifts the carrier between two different frequencies called the mark and space frequencies or fm and fsFig FM produces multiple sideband frequencies above and below the carrier frequency The bandwidth produced is a function of the highest modulating frequency including harmonics and the modulation index which is

m = Δf(T)

Δf is the frequency deviation or shift between the mark and space frequencies or

Δf = fs ndash fm

T is the bit time interval of the data or the reciprocal of the data rate (1bits)

Smaller values of m produce fewer sidebands A popular version of FSK called minimum shift keying (MSK) specifies m = 05 Smaller values are also used such as m = 03

Here are two ways to further improve the spectral efficiency for both ASK and FSK First select data rates carrier frequencies and shift frequencies so there are no discontinuities in the sine carrier when changing from one binary state to another These discontinuities produce glitches that increase the harmonic content and the bandwidth

The idea is to synchronize the stop and start times of the binary data with when the sine carrier is transitioning in amplitude or frequency at the zero crossing points This is called continuous phase or coherent operation Both coherent ASKOOK and coherent FSK have fewer harmonics and a narrower bandwidth than non-coherent signals

A second technique is to filter the binary data prior to modulation This rounds the signal off lengthening the rise and fall times and reducing the harmonic content Special Gaussian and raised cosine low pass filters are used for this purpose GSM cell phones widely use a popular combination Gaussian filtered MSK (GMSK) which allows a data rate of 270 kbitss in a 200-kHz channel

MULTIPLE ACCESS STRATEGIES

In telecommunications and computer networks a channel access

method or multiple access method allows several terminals connected to the

same multi-point transmission medium to transmit over it and to share its capacity

Examples of shared physical media are wireless networks bus networks ring

networks and half-duplex point-to-point links

A channel-access scheme is based on a multiplexing method that allows several

data streams or signals to share the same communication channel or physical

medium Multiplexing is in this context provided by thephysical layer Note that

multiplexing also may be used in full-duplex point-to-point communication

between nodes in a switched network which should not be considered as multiple

access

A channel-access scheme is also based on a multiple access protocol and control

mechanism also known as media access control (MAC) This protocol deals with

issues such as addressing assigning multiplex channels to different users and

avoiding collisions The MAC-layer is a sub-layer in Layer 2 (Data Link Layer) of

the OSI model and a component of the Link Layer of the TCPIP model

FUNDAMENTAL TYPES OF CHANNEL ACCESS

SCHEMES

These numerous channel access schemes which generally fall into the following

categories

Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)

The frequency-division multiple access (FDMA) channel-access scheme is based

on the frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) scheme which provides different

frequency bands to different data-streams In the FDMA case the data streams are

allocated to different nodes or devices An example of FDMA systems were the

first-generation (1G) cell-phone systems where each phone call was assigned to a

specific uplink frequency channel and another downlink frequency channel Each

message signal (each phone call) is modulated on a specific carrier frequency

A related technique is wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) based

on wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) where different datastreams get

different colors in fiber-optical communications In the WDMA case different

network nodes in a bus or hub network get a different color

An advanced form of FDMA is the orthogonal frequency-division multiple

access (OFDMA) scheme for example used in 4G cellular communication systems

In OFDMA each node may use several sub-carriers making it possible to provide

different quality of service (different data rates) to different users The assignment

of sub-carriers to users may be changed dynamically based on the current radio

channel conditions and traffic load

Time division multiple access (TDMA)

The time division multiple access (TDMA) channel access scheme is based on

the time-division multiplexing (TDM) scheme which provides different time-slots

to different data-streams (in the TDMA case to different transmitters) in a

cyclically repetitive frame structure For example node 1 may use time slot 1

node 2 time slot 2 etc until the last transmitter Then it starts all over again in a

repetitive pattern until a connection is ended and that slot becomes free or

assigned to another node An advanced form is Dynamic TDMA (DTDMA) where

a scheduling may give different time sometimes but some times node 1 may use

time slot 1 in first frame and use another time slot in next frame

As an example 2G cellular systems are based on a combination of TDMA and

FDMA Each frequency channel is divided into eight timeslots of which seven are

used for seven phone calls and one for signalling data

Statistical time division multiplexing multiple-access is typically also based on

time-domain multiplexing but not in a cyclically repetitive frame structure Due to

its random character it can be categorised as statistical multiplexing methods

making it possible to provide dynamic bandwidth allocation This require a media

access control (MAC) protocol ie a principle for the nodes to take turns on the

channel and to avoid collisions Common examples are CSMACD used

in Ethernet bus networks and hub networks and CSMACA used in wireless

networks such as IEEE 80211

Code division multiple access (CDMA)Spread spectrum multiple access (SSMA)

The code division multiple access (CDMA) scheme is based on spread spectrum

meaning that a wider radio spectrum in Hertz is used than the data rate of each of

the transferred bit streams and several message signals are transferred

simultaneously over the same carrier frequency utilizing different spreading codes

The wide bandwidth makes it possible to send with a very poor signal-to-noise

ratio of much less than 1 (less than 0 dB) according to the Shannon-

Heartly formula meaning that the transmission power can be reduced to a level

below the level of the noise and co-channel interference (cross talk) from other

message signals sharing the same frequency

One form is direct sequence spread spectrum (DS-CDMA) used for

example in 3G cell phone systems Each information bit (or each symbol) is

represented by a long code sequence of several pulses called chips The sequence

is the spreading code and each message signal (for example each phone call) use

different spreading code

Another form is frequency-hopping (FH-CDMA) where the channel

frequency is changing very rapidly according to a sequence that constitutes the

spreading code As an example the Bluetooth communication system is based on a

combination of frequency-hopping and either CSMACA statistical time division

multiplexing communication (for data communication applications) or TDMA (for

audio transmission) All nodes belonging to the same user (to the same virtual

private area network or piconet) use the same frequency hopping sequency

synchronously meaning that they send on the same frequency channel but

CDMACA or TDMA is used to avoid collisions within the VPAN Frequency-

hopping is used to reduce the cross-talk and collision probability between nodes in

different VPANs

Space division multiple access (SDMA)

Space division multiple access (SDMA) transmits different information in different

physical areas Examples include simple cellular radio systems and more advanced

cellular systems which use directional antennas and power modulation to refine

spacial transmission patterns

LIST OF CHANNEL ACCESS METHODS

Circuit mode and channelization methods

The following are common circuit mode and channelization channel access

methods

Frequency-division multiple access (FDMA) based on frequency-division

multiplexing (FDM)

Wavelength division multiple access (WDMA)

Orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) based on Orthogonal

frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM)

Single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) aka linearlyprecoded OFDMA (LP-

OFDMA) based on single-carrier frequency-domain-equalization (SC-FDE)

Time-division multiple access (TDMA) based on time-division

multiplexing (TDM)

Multi-Frequency Time Division Multiple Access (MF-TDMA)

Code division multiple access (CDMA) aka Spread spectrum multiple

access (SSMA)

Direct-sequence CDMA (DS-CDMA) based on Direct-sequence spread

spectrum (DSSS)

Frequency-hopping CDMA (FH-CDMA) based on Frequency-hopping spread

spectrum (FHSS)

Orthogonal frequency-hopping multiple access (OFHMA)

Multi-carrier code division multiple access (MC-CDMA)

ANTENNA

An antenna (or aerial) is an electrical device which converts electric

power into radio waves and vice versa

It is usually used with a radio transmitter or radio receiver In transmission

a radio transmitter supplies an electric current oscillating at radio frequency and

the antenna radiates the energy from the current as electromagnetic waves (radio

waves) In reception an antenna intercepts some of the power of an

electromagnetic wave in order to produce a tiny voltage at its terminals that is

applied to a receiver to be amplified

Typically an antenna consists of an arrangement of

metallic conductors (elements) electrically connected (often through

a transmission line) to the receiver or transmitter

An oscillating current of electrons forced through the antenna by a

transmitter will create an oscillating magnetic field around the antenna elements

while the charge of the electrons also creates an oscillating electric field along the

elements These time-varying fields radiate away from the antenna into space as a

moving transverse electromagnetic field wave Conversely during reception the

oscillating electric and magnetic fields of an incoming radio wave exert force on

the electrons in the antenna elements causing them to move back and forth

creating oscillating currents in the antenna

ANTENNA

TYPES OF ANTENNA

DIPOLE ANTENNA

In radio and telecommunications a dipole antenna or doublet is the simplest and

most widely used class of antenna It consists of two identical conductive

elementssuch as metal wires or rods which are usually bilaterally symmetrical

The driving current from the transmitter is applied or for receiving antennas the

output signal to thereceiver is taken between the two halves of the antenna Each

side of the feedline to the transmitter or receiver is connected to one of the

conductors This contrasts with amonopole antenna which consists of a single rod

or conductor with one side of the feedline connected to it and the other side

connected to some type of ground A common example of a dipole is the rabbit

ears television antenna found on broadcast television sets

The most common form of dipole is two straight rods or wires oriented end to end

on the same axis with the feedline connected to the two adjacent ends Dipoles

are resonant antennas meaning that the elements serve as resonators with standing

waves of radio current flowing back and forth between their ends So the length of

the dipole elements is determined by the wavelength of the radio waves used The

most common form is the half-wave dipole in which each of the two rod elements

is approximately 14 wavelength long so the whole antenna is a half-wavelength

long The radiation pattern of a vertical dipole isomnidirectional it radiates equal

power in all azimuthal directions perpendicular to the axis of the antenna For a

half-wave dipole the radiation is maximum 215 dBi perpendicular to the antenna

axis falling monotonically with elevation angle to zero on the axis off the ends of

the antenna

LOOP ANTENNA

A loop antenna is a radio antenna consisting of a loop (or loops) of wire tubing

or other electrical conductor with its ends connected to a balanced transmission

line Within this physical description there are two very distinct antenna designs

the small loop (or magnetic loop) with a size much smaller than a wavelength and

the resonant loop antenna with a circumference approximately equal to the

wavelength

Small loops have a poor efficiency and are mainly used as receiving antennas at

low frequencies Except for car radios almost every AM broadcast receiver sold

has such an antenna built inside it or directly attached to it These antennas are also

used for radio direction finding In amateur radio loop antennas are often used for

low profile operating where larger antennas would be inconvenient unsightly or

banned Loop antennas are relatively easy to build

Resonant loop antennas are relatively large governed by the intended wavelength

of operation Thus they are typically used at higher frequencies especially VHF

and UHF where their size is manageableThey can be viewed as a folded

dipole deformed into a different shape and have rather similar characteristics such

as a high radiation efficiency

LOOP ANTENNA

PARABOLIC ANTENNA

A parabolic antenna is an antenna that uses a parabolic reflector a curved surface

with the cross-sectional shape of a parabola to direct the radio waves

The most common form is shaped like a dish and is popularly called a dish

antenna or parabolic dish The main advantage of a parabolic antenna is that it

has high directivity It functions similarly to a searchlight or flashlight reflector to

direct the radio waves in a narrow beam or receive radio waves from one

particular direction only Parabolic antennas have some of the highest gains that is

they can produce the narrowest beamwidths of any antenna type In order to

achieve narrow beamwidths the parabolic reflector must be much larger than

the wavelength of the radio waves used so parabolic antennas are used in the high

frequency part of the radio spectrum atUHF and microwave (SHF) frequencies at

which the wavelengths are small enough that conveniently-sizedreflectors can be

The parabolic antenna was invented by German physicist Heinrich Hertz during his

discovery of radio waves in 1887 He used cylindrical parabolic reflectors with

spark-excited dipole antennas at their focus for both transmitting and receiving

during his historic experiments

Wire grid-type parabolic antenna used for MMDS data link at a frequencyof 25-27 GHz

Other types of Antennas are

NFC Antennas

Reflector Antennas

Aperture Antennas

Wire Antennas

Microstrip Antennas

EARTH STATION

The Raisting Satellite Earth Station is the largest satellite

communications facility in Germany

A ground station earth station or earth terminal is a terrestrial radio

station designed for extraplanetarytelecommunication with spacecraft or reception

of radio waves from an astronomical radio source Ground stations are located

either on the surface of the Earth or in its atmosphere[1] Earth stations

communicate with spacecraft by transmitting and receiving radio waves in the

super high frequency or extremely high frequencybands (eg microwaves) When

a ground station successfully transmits radio waves to a spacecraft (or vice versa)

it establishes a telecommunications link A principal telecommunications device of

the ground station is the parabolic antenna

Ground stations may have either a fixed or itinerant position Article 1 sect III of the

ITU Radio Regulations describes various types of stationary and mobile ground

stations and their interrelationships

Specialized satellite earth stations are used to telecommunicate with satellitesmdash

chiefly communications satellites Other ground stations communicate with

manned space stations or unmanned space probes A ground station that primarily

receives telemetry data or that follows a satellite not in geostationary orbit is

called a tracking station

When a satellite is within a ground stations line of sight the station is said to have

a view of the satellite It is possible for a satellite to communicate with more than

one ground station at a time A pair of ground stations are said to have a satellite in

mutual view when the stations share simultaneous unobstructed line-of-sight

contact with the satellite

SATELLITE COMMUNICATION IN ONGC

Downlink and Uplink Frequency Used in ONGC

C band TransmitterReciever( 64 Ghz)

Technical Parameter of C-Band

Satellite (GSAT 10)

Location 83 degree East

Txp no 6

Band width 36 MHz

Polarization Linear

EIRP of Txp 38dbw

Centre frequency of Transponder

Tx frequency - 6050 MHz

Rx Frequency- 3825 MHz

BEACON FREQUENCY

Beacon frequency= 1- 4197504 MHz

PARABOLIC ANTENNA AT ONGC KDMIPE CAMPUS DEHRADUN ( EARTH STATION)

SATELLITE TRANSPONDER AT ONGC

The network operates in C band and utilizes the leased transponder 6 on GSAT

Earth stationVSATs

The network Constitute about 184 satellites VSAT station

Network Operating centre

The network control centre (NCC) have been setup with redundant in 1+1

configuration

Hardware of indoor units comprising of satellite

Modems amp NCCNMS equipments interfacing hardware connector cabel etc

Onshore drilling Rigs- 71

Offshore drilling Rigs- 8

Exploration Field parties- 26

Antenna At ONGC Earth station

MF-TDMA

Leading Technolgy for dynamically showing bandwidth resources in and over the air to communication network

Greatest overall efficiency and service quality

Fewer modems required

Lower Earth station costs

Provides High data bit rate

MF-TDMA RACK AT EARTH STATION ONGC KDMIPE DEHRADUN

A C CODE SIMULATION TO SHOW THE WORKING OF SES

includeltstdiohgt

includeltconiohgt

include ltwindowshgt

int main()

printf(This is an interactive program to demonstrate the working of ONGC

printf(ONGCs communication is based on Digital Satellite

Communicationn)

printf(In this program we will demonstrate the whole process by dividing

the code into two choices 1)Reception 2)Transmissionn)

printf(please enter 1 if you would like to see how a signal is recievedn)

printf(n)

printf(please enter 2 if you would like to see how a signal is

transmittedn)

int ch

float frx

printf(enter your choicen)

scanf(dampch)

if(ch==1)

printf(Signal is being recieved by ONGCs Antenna n)

printf(n)

printf(if you want to know more about the antenna press 1

else press any other numbern)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

ShellExecute(NULL open httpwwwradio-

electronicscominfoantennasparabolicparabolic-reflector-dish-feed-

systemsphp NULL NULL SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(incoming signal bandwidth is 3907MHz - 3943MHz with

a centre frequency of 3925MHzn)

printf(n)

printf(enter your choice of frequency within this range (unit

MHz)n)

scanf(fampfrx)

printf(n)

printf(now this frequency will be redirected to the LNA via

duplexern)

printf(if you want to know more about the duplexer press 1

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

ShellExecute(NULL open

httpwwwradartutorialeu06antennasDuplexerenhtml NULL NULL

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

redirect to corresponding google link

system(pause)

printf(signal has now reached the low noise amplifiern)

printf(n)

printf(LNA CHARARCTERISTICSn)

httpwwwlinearcomproductslow_noise_amplifiers NULL NULL

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

printf(n)

printf(After amplification frequency= n)get data

printf(now we will start with the filtering processn)

printf(here a Band Pass filter will be used to get only the

required band of frequencyn)

get data about filtering process

give filter characteristtics here (calculate L C)

refer to low pass filter code and use this code to calc

filter coefficients

printf(n)

printf(we now have our required frequency which will be

converted to an Intermediate frequencyn)

insert C band Down conversion theory +

givr the oscillator frequencies that has to be mixed with

our recieved frequencies

printf(After C- BAND Down conversion the obtained Fif is

70MHzn)

printf(n)

printf(now our MODULATION PROCESS will begin n)

printf(n)

printf(you will be redirected to a MATLAB code which will

modulate your input signal using PULSE CODE MODULATION techniquen)

printf(The internet explorer link will guide you through the

basic theory of PCMn)

system(pause)

ShellExecute(NULL open simsesm NULL NULL

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

httpwwwtechnologyuknettelecommunicationstelecom_principlespulse_c

ode_modulationshtml NULL NULL SW_SHOWNORMAL)

else if(ch==2)

printf(Signal is being transmitted by ONGCs L3 switch n)

printf(n)

printf(if you want to know more about L3 switches press 1

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

ShellExecute(NULL open insert website here

NULL NULL SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(Signal is converted to its intermediate frequency of 70

printf(n)

printf(entering C-band up convertern)

printf(The frequency of the transmitted signal is now being

converted in the range of 6GHz with centre frequency of 6050 MHzn)

printf(now this frequency will be redirected to the LNAn)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

printf(The signal will be directed to transmission via

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(signal has now reached the Antennan)

printf(n)

int cho

scanf(dampcho)

if(cho==1)

getch()

A MATLAB CODE FOR PULSE CODE MODULATION

close all

clear all

t = 0000018 sampling at niquist rate

c=input(Enter Bit Depth Of PCM Coding)

part = -1011A quantization partition defines

several contiguous nonoverlapping ranges

of values within the set of real numbers

cdebk = -10111A codebook tells the quantizer

which common value to assign to inputs that

fall into each range of the partition

msg = cos(t)

[~quants] = quantiz(msgpartcdebk)

subplot(311)

plot(tmsg)

title(Message Signal)

subplot(312)

plot(tquants)

title(Quantized Signal)

y = uencode(quantsc)

ybin=dec2bin(yc)converting it to final binary form to

make it transmit ready

subplot(313)

plot(ty)

title(PCM PLOT)

OUTPUT

RESOURCES

Wikipedia

httpwwwradio-electronicscominfoantennasparabolicparabolic-reflector-dish-

feed-systems

httpwwwradartutorialeu06antennasDuplexerenhtml

httpwwwlinearcomproductslow_noise_amplifiers

httpwwwtechnologyuknettelecommunicationstelecom_principlespulse_code_

modulationshtml

httpwwwradio-electronicscom

Digital Satellite Communication- Tri T Ha

SATELLITE PHONES


TYPES OF SATELLITES




Amateur radio


Astronomy






ONGC DEHRADUN

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report on ldquoSATELLITE COMMUNICATIONrdquo is the

bonafide work of ldquoVINAYAK GARGrdquo who has carried out the project work

under my supervision

SIGNATURE

Mr R Ravichandran

Mentor (Chief Engineer )

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING

ONGC DEHRADUN

Dehradun Uttarakhand INDIA 248009

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

by Platts

(IOCBPCL and HPCL)

ONGC HISTORY

gas resources

necessity

the state

Vision

Mission

Objectives

Quality Policy

INTRODUCTION

space debris

hold Fg=Fc

CLASSIFICATIONS

Earths moon

the planet Venus

planet Jupiter

planet Saturn

ORBITS

not the Sun)

LEO 150 to 1000 15 to 18

MEO 5000 to 10000 35 to 6

plane is not 0

90 degrees

another frequency

C- Band

Extended C- Band

Ku band

UL 140 - 145 G Hz

DL 1095 ndash 112 and 1145 - 117 GHz

communications

into consideration

switching systems

transmission

SATELLITE PHONES

place rapidly

TYPES OF SATELLITES

No paper is wasted

and other things

maintained

money and effort

SPACE SEGMENT

segment services)

TRANSPONDERS

signals

CONVERTERS

APPLICATIONS

frequencies

Amateur radio

Astronomy

magnitudes

bitss = 1tb

bandwidths

m = Δf(T)

Δf = fs ndash fm

access

SCHEMES

categories

different VPANs

methods

multiplexing (FDM)

multiplexing (TDM)

access (SSMA)

spectrum (DSSS)

spectrum (FHSS)

ANTENNA

TYPES OF ANTENNA

DIPOLE ANTENNA

the antenna

LOOP ANTENNA

wavelength

LOOP ANTENNA

PARABOLIC ANTENNA

NFC Antennas

Reflector Antennas

Aperture Antennas

Wire Antennas

Microstrip Antennas

EARTH STATION

Satellite (GSAT 10)

Txp no 6

Band width 36 MHz

Polarization Linear

EIRP of Txp 38dbw

BEACON FREQUENCY

Earth stationVSATs

configuration

MF-TDMA

includeltstdiohgt

includeltconiohgt

int main()

Communicationn)

printf(n)

transmittedn)

int ch

float frx

scanf(dampch)

if(ch==1)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

MHz)n)

scanf(fampfrx)

printf(n)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

printf(n)

filter coefficients

printf(n)

70MHzn)

printf(n)

system(pause)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

else if(ch==2)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

int cho

scanf(dampcho)

if(cho==1)

getch()

close all

clear all

msg = cos(t)

subplot(311)

plot(tmsg)

subplot(312)

plot(tquants)

subplot(313)

plot(ty)

title(PCM PLOT)

OUTPUT

RESOURCES

Wikipedia

feed-systems

modulationshtml

SATELLITE PHONES


TYPES OF SATELLITES




Amateur radio


Astronomy






ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

by Platts

(IOCBPCL and HPCL)

ONGC HISTORY

gas resources

necessity

the state

Vision

Mission

Objectives

Quality Policy

INTRODUCTION

space debris

hold Fg=Fc

CLASSIFICATIONS

Earths moon

the planet Venus

planet Jupiter

planet Saturn

ORBITS

not the Sun)

LEO 150 to 1000 15 to 18

MEO 5000 to 10000 35 to 6

plane is not 0

90 degrees

another frequency

C- Band

Extended C- Band

Ku band

UL 140 - 145 G Hz

DL 1095 ndash 112 and 1145 - 117 GHz

communications

into consideration

switching systems

transmission

SATELLITE PHONES

place rapidly

TYPES OF SATELLITES

No paper is wasted

and other things

maintained

money and effort

SPACE SEGMENT

segment services)

TRANSPONDERS

signals

CONVERTERS

APPLICATIONS

frequencies

Amateur radio

Astronomy

magnitudes

bitss = 1tb

bandwidths

m = Δf(T)

Δf = fs ndash fm

access

SCHEMES

categories

different VPANs

methods

multiplexing (FDM)

multiplexing (TDM)

access (SSMA)

spectrum (DSSS)

spectrum (FHSS)

ANTENNA

TYPES OF ANTENNA

DIPOLE ANTENNA

the antenna

LOOP ANTENNA

wavelength

LOOP ANTENNA

PARABOLIC ANTENNA

NFC Antennas

Reflector Antennas

Aperture Antennas

Wire Antennas

Microstrip Antennas

EARTH STATION

Satellite (GSAT 10)

Txp no 6

Band width 36 MHz

Polarization Linear

EIRP of Txp 38dbw

BEACON FREQUENCY

Earth stationVSATs

configuration

MF-TDMA

includeltstdiohgt

includeltconiohgt

int main()

Communicationn)

printf(n)

transmittedn)

int ch

float frx

scanf(dampch)

if(ch==1)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

MHz)n)

scanf(fampfrx)

printf(n)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

printf(n)

filter coefficients

printf(n)

70MHzn)

printf(n)

system(pause)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

else if(ch==2)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

int cho

scanf(dampcho)

if(cho==1)

getch()

close all

clear all

msg = cos(t)

subplot(311)

plot(tmsg)

subplot(312)

plot(tquants)

subplot(313)

plot(ty)

title(PCM PLOT)

OUTPUT

RESOURCES

Wikipedia

feed-systems

modulationshtml

SATELLITE PHONES


TYPES OF SATELLITES




Amateur radio


Astronomy






by Platts

(IOCBPCL and HPCL)

ONGC HISTORY

gas resources

necessity

the state

Vision

Mission

Objectives

Quality Policy

INTRODUCTION

space debris

hold Fg=Fc

CLASSIFICATIONS

Earths moon

the planet Venus

planet Jupiter

planet Saturn

ORBITS

not the Sun)

LEO 150 to 1000 15 to 18

MEO 5000 to 10000 35 to 6

plane is not 0

90 degrees

another frequency

C- Band

Extended C- Band

Ku band

UL 140 - 145 G Hz

DL 1095 ndash 112 and 1145 - 117 GHz

communications

into consideration

switching systems

transmission

SATELLITE PHONES

place rapidly

TYPES OF SATELLITES

No paper is wasted

and other things

maintained

money and effort

SPACE SEGMENT

segment services)

TRANSPONDERS

signals

CONVERTERS

APPLICATIONS

frequencies

Amateur radio

Astronomy

magnitudes

bitss = 1tb

bandwidths

m = Δf(T)

Δf = fs ndash fm

access

SCHEMES

categories

different VPANs

methods

multiplexing (FDM)

multiplexing (TDM)

access (SSMA)

spectrum (DSSS)

spectrum (FHSS)

ANTENNA

TYPES OF ANTENNA

DIPOLE ANTENNA

the antenna

LOOP ANTENNA

wavelength

LOOP ANTENNA

PARABOLIC ANTENNA

NFC Antennas

Reflector Antennas

Aperture Antennas

Wire Antennas

Microstrip Antennas

EARTH STATION

Satellite (GSAT 10)

Txp no 6

Band width 36 MHz

Polarization Linear

EIRP of Txp 38dbw

BEACON FREQUENCY

Earth stationVSATs

configuration

MF-TDMA

includeltstdiohgt

includeltconiohgt

int main()

Communicationn)

printf(n)

transmittedn)

int ch

float frx

scanf(dampch)

if(ch==1)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

MHz)n)

scanf(fampfrx)

printf(n)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

printf(n)

filter coefficients

printf(n)

70MHzn)

printf(n)

system(pause)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

else if(ch==2)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

int cho

scanf(dampcho)

if(cho==1)

getch()

close all

clear all

msg = cos(t)

subplot(311)

plot(tmsg)

subplot(312)

plot(tquants)

subplot(313)

plot(ty)

title(PCM PLOT)

OUTPUT

RESOURCES

Wikipedia

feed-systems

modulationshtml

SATELLITE PHONES


TYPES OF SATELLITES




Amateur radio


Astronomy






ONGC HISTORY

gas resources

necessity

the state

Vision

Mission

Objectives

Quality Policy

INTRODUCTION

space debris

hold Fg=Fc

CLASSIFICATIONS

Earths moon

the planet Venus

planet Jupiter

planet Saturn

ORBITS

not the Sun)

LEO 150 to 1000 15 to 18

MEO 5000 to 10000 35 to 6

plane is not 0

90 degrees

another frequency

C- Band

Extended C- Band

Ku band

UL 140 - 145 G Hz

DL 1095 ndash 112 and 1145 - 117 GHz

communications

into consideration

switching systems

transmission

SATELLITE PHONES

place rapidly

TYPES OF SATELLITES

No paper is wasted

and other things

maintained

money and effort

SPACE SEGMENT

segment services)

TRANSPONDERS

signals

CONVERTERS

APPLICATIONS

frequencies

Amateur radio

Astronomy

magnitudes

bitss = 1tb

bandwidths

m = Δf(T)

Δf = fs ndash fm

access

SCHEMES

categories

different VPANs

methods

multiplexing (FDM)

multiplexing (TDM)

access (SSMA)

spectrum (DSSS)

spectrum (FHSS)

ANTENNA

TYPES OF ANTENNA

DIPOLE ANTENNA

the antenna

LOOP ANTENNA

wavelength

LOOP ANTENNA

PARABOLIC ANTENNA

NFC Antennas

Reflector Antennas

Aperture Antennas

Wire Antennas

Microstrip Antennas

EARTH STATION

Satellite (GSAT 10)

Txp no 6

Band width 36 MHz

Polarization Linear

EIRP of Txp 38dbw

BEACON FREQUENCY

Earth stationVSATs

configuration

MF-TDMA

includeltstdiohgt

includeltconiohgt

int main()

Communicationn)

printf(n)

transmittedn)

int ch

float frx

scanf(dampch)

if(ch==1)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

MHz)n)

scanf(fampfrx)

printf(n)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

printf(n)

filter coefficients

printf(n)

70MHzn)

printf(n)

system(pause)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

else if(ch==2)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

int cho

scanf(dampcho)

if(cho==1)

getch()

close all

clear all

msg = cos(t)

subplot(311)

plot(tmsg)

subplot(312)

plot(tquants)

subplot(313)

plot(ty)

title(PCM PLOT)

OUTPUT

RESOURCES

Wikipedia

feed-systems

modulationshtml

SATELLITE PHONES


TYPES OF SATELLITES




Amateur radio


Astronomy






the state

Vision

Mission

Objectives

Quality Policy

INTRODUCTION

space debris

hold Fg=Fc

CLASSIFICATIONS

Earths moon

the planet Venus

planet Jupiter

planet Saturn

ORBITS

not the Sun)

LEO 150 to 1000 15 to 18

MEO 5000 to 10000 35 to 6

plane is not 0

90 degrees

another frequency

C- Band

Extended C- Band

Ku band

UL 140 - 145 G Hz

DL 1095 ndash 112 and 1145 - 117 GHz

communications

into consideration

switching systems

transmission

SATELLITE PHONES

place rapidly

TYPES OF SATELLITES

No paper is wasted

and other things

maintained

money and effort

SPACE SEGMENT

segment services)

TRANSPONDERS

signals

CONVERTERS

APPLICATIONS

frequencies

Amateur radio

Astronomy

magnitudes

bitss = 1tb

bandwidths

m = Δf(T)

Δf = fs ndash fm

access

SCHEMES

categories

different VPANs

methods

multiplexing (FDM)

multiplexing (TDM)

access (SSMA)

spectrum (DSSS)

spectrum (FHSS)

ANTENNA

TYPES OF ANTENNA

DIPOLE ANTENNA

the antenna

LOOP ANTENNA

wavelength

LOOP ANTENNA

PARABOLIC ANTENNA

NFC Antennas

Reflector Antennas

Aperture Antennas

Wire Antennas

Microstrip Antennas

EARTH STATION

Satellite (GSAT 10)

Txp no 6

Band width 36 MHz

Polarization Linear

EIRP of Txp 38dbw

BEACON FREQUENCY

Earth stationVSATs

configuration

MF-TDMA

includeltstdiohgt

includeltconiohgt

int main()

Communicationn)

printf(n)

transmittedn)

int ch

float frx

scanf(dampch)

if(ch==1)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

MHz)n)

scanf(fampfrx)

printf(n)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

printf(n)

filter coefficients

printf(n)

70MHzn)

printf(n)

system(pause)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

else if(ch==2)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

int cho

scanf(dampcho)

if(cho==1)

getch()

close all

clear all

msg = cos(t)

subplot(311)

plot(tmsg)

subplot(312)

plot(tquants)

subplot(313)

plot(ty)

title(PCM PLOT)

OUTPUT

RESOURCES

Wikipedia

feed-systems

modulationshtml

SATELLITE PHONES


TYPES OF SATELLITES




Amateur radio


Astronomy






Vision

Mission

Objectives

Quality Policy

INTRODUCTION

space debris

hold Fg=Fc

CLASSIFICATIONS

Earths moon

the planet Venus

planet Jupiter

planet Saturn

ORBITS

not the Sun)

LEO 150 to 1000 15 to 18

MEO 5000 to 10000 35 to 6

plane is not 0

90 degrees

another frequency

C- Band

Extended C- Band

Ku band

UL 140 - 145 G Hz

DL 1095 ndash 112 and 1145 - 117 GHz

communications

into consideration

switching systems

transmission

SATELLITE PHONES

place rapidly

TYPES OF SATELLITES

No paper is wasted

and other things

maintained

money and effort

SPACE SEGMENT

segment services)

TRANSPONDERS

signals

CONVERTERS

APPLICATIONS

frequencies

Amateur radio

Astronomy

magnitudes

bitss = 1tb

bandwidths

m = Δf(T)

Δf = fs ndash fm

access

SCHEMES

categories

different VPANs

methods

multiplexing (FDM)

multiplexing (TDM)

access (SSMA)

spectrum (DSSS)

spectrum (FHSS)

ANTENNA

TYPES OF ANTENNA

DIPOLE ANTENNA

the antenna

LOOP ANTENNA

wavelength

LOOP ANTENNA

PARABOLIC ANTENNA

NFC Antennas

Reflector Antennas

Aperture Antennas

Wire Antennas

Microstrip Antennas

EARTH STATION

Satellite (GSAT 10)

Txp no 6

Band width 36 MHz

Polarization Linear

EIRP of Txp 38dbw

BEACON FREQUENCY

Earth stationVSATs

configuration

MF-TDMA

includeltstdiohgt

includeltconiohgt

int main()

Communicationn)

printf(n)

transmittedn)

int ch

float frx

scanf(dampch)

if(ch==1)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

MHz)n)

scanf(fampfrx)

printf(n)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

printf(n)

filter coefficients

printf(n)

70MHzn)

printf(n)

system(pause)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

else if(ch==2)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

int cho

scanf(dampcho)

if(cho==1)

getch()

close all

clear all

msg = cos(t)

subplot(311)

plot(tmsg)

subplot(312)

plot(tquants)

subplot(313)

plot(ty)

title(PCM PLOT)

OUTPUT

RESOURCES

Wikipedia

feed-systems

modulationshtml

SATELLITE PHONES


TYPES OF SATELLITES




Amateur radio


Astronomy






INTRODUCTION

space debris

hold Fg=Fc

CLASSIFICATIONS

Earths moon

the planet Venus

planet Jupiter

planet Saturn

ORBITS

not the Sun)

LEO 150 to 1000 15 to 18

MEO 5000 to 10000 35 to 6

plane is not 0

90 degrees

another frequency

C- Band

Extended C- Band

Ku band

UL 140 - 145 G Hz

DL 1095 ndash 112 and 1145 - 117 GHz

communications

into consideration

switching systems

transmission

SATELLITE PHONES

place rapidly

TYPES OF SATELLITES

No paper is wasted

and other things

maintained

money and effort

SPACE SEGMENT

segment services)

TRANSPONDERS

signals

CONVERTERS

APPLICATIONS

frequencies

Amateur radio

Astronomy

magnitudes

bitss = 1tb

bandwidths

m = Δf(T)

Δf = fs ndash fm

access

SCHEMES

categories

different VPANs

methods

multiplexing (FDM)

multiplexing (TDM)

access (SSMA)

spectrum (DSSS)

spectrum (FHSS)

ANTENNA

TYPES OF ANTENNA

DIPOLE ANTENNA

the antenna

LOOP ANTENNA

wavelength

LOOP ANTENNA

PARABOLIC ANTENNA

NFC Antennas

Reflector Antennas

Aperture Antennas

Wire Antennas

Microstrip Antennas

EARTH STATION

Satellite (GSAT 10)

Txp no 6

Band width 36 MHz

Polarization Linear

EIRP of Txp 38dbw

BEACON FREQUENCY

Earth stationVSATs

configuration

MF-TDMA

includeltstdiohgt

includeltconiohgt

int main()

Communicationn)

printf(n)

transmittedn)

int ch

float frx

scanf(dampch)

if(ch==1)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

MHz)n)

scanf(fampfrx)

printf(n)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

printf(n)

filter coefficients

printf(n)

70MHzn)

printf(n)

system(pause)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

else if(ch==2)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

int cho

scanf(dampcho)

if(cho==1)

getch()

close all

clear all

msg = cos(t)

subplot(311)

plot(tmsg)

subplot(312)

plot(tquants)

subplot(313)

plot(ty)

title(PCM PLOT)

OUTPUT

RESOURCES

Wikipedia

feed-systems

modulationshtml

SATELLITE PHONES


TYPES OF SATELLITES




Amateur radio


Astronomy






space debris

hold Fg=Fc

CLASSIFICATIONS

Earths moon

the planet Venus

planet Jupiter

planet Saturn

ORBITS

not the Sun)

LEO 150 to 1000 15 to 18

MEO 5000 to 10000 35 to 6

plane is not 0

90 degrees

another frequency

C- Band

Extended C- Band

Ku band

UL 140 - 145 G Hz

DL 1095 ndash 112 and 1145 - 117 GHz

communications

into consideration

switching systems

transmission

SATELLITE PHONES

place rapidly

TYPES OF SATELLITES

No paper is wasted

and other things

maintained

money and effort

SPACE SEGMENT

segment services)

TRANSPONDERS

signals

CONVERTERS

APPLICATIONS

frequencies

Amateur radio

Astronomy

magnitudes

bitss = 1tb

bandwidths

m = Δf(T)

Δf = fs ndash fm

access

SCHEMES

categories

different VPANs

methods

multiplexing (FDM)

multiplexing (TDM)

access (SSMA)

spectrum (DSSS)

spectrum (FHSS)

ANTENNA

TYPES OF ANTENNA

DIPOLE ANTENNA

the antenna

LOOP ANTENNA

wavelength

LOOP ANTENNA

PARABOLIC ANTENNA

NFC Antennas

Reflector Antennas

Aperture Antennas

Wire Antennas

Microstrip Antennas

EARTH STATION

Satellite (GSAT 10)

Txp no 6

Band width 36 MHz

Polarization Linear

EIRP of Txp 38dbw

BEACON FREQUENCY

Earth stationVSATs

configuration

MF-TDMA

includeltstdiohgt

includeltconiohgt

int main()

Communicationn)

printf(n)

transmittedn)

int ch

float frx

scanf(dampch)

if(ch==1)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

MHz)n)

scanf(fampfrx)

printf(n)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

printf(n)

filter coefficients

printf(n)

70MHzn)

printf(n)

system(pause)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

else if(ch==2)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

int cho

scanf(dampcho)

if(cho==1)

getch()

close all

clear all

msg = cos(t)

subplot(311)

plot(tmsg)

subplot(312)

plot(tquants)

subplot(313)

plot(ty)

title(PCM PLOT)

OUTPUT

RESOURCES

Wikipedia

feed-systems

modulationshtml

SATELLITE PHONES


TYPES OF SATELLITES




Amateur radio


Astronomy






hold Fg=Fc

CLASSIFICATIONS

Earths moon

the planet Venus

planet Jupiter

planet Saturn

ORBITS

not the Sun)

LEO 150 to 1000 15 to 18

MEO 5000 to 10000 35 to 6

plane is not 0

90 degrees

another frequency

C- Band

Extended C- Band

Ku band

UL 140 - 145 G Hz

DL 1095 ndash 112 and 1145 - 117 GHz

communications

into consideration

switching systems

transmission

SATELLITE PHONES

place rapidly

TYPES OF SATELLITES

No paper is wasted

and other things

maintained

money and effort

SPACE SEGMENT

segment services)

TRANSPONDERS

signals

CONVERTERS

APPLICATIONS

frequencies

Amateur radio

Astronomy

magnitudes

bitss = 1tb

bandwidths

m = Δf(T)

Δf = fs ndash fm

access

SCHEMES

categories

different VPANs

methods

multiplexing (FDM)

multiplexing (TDM)

access (SSMA)

spectrum (DSSS)

spectrum (FHSS)

ANTENNA

TYPES OF ANTENNA

DIPOLE ANTENNA

the antenna

LOOP ANTENNA

wavelength

LOOP ANTENNA

PARABOLIC ANTENNA

NFC Antennas

Reflector Antennas

Aperture Antennas

Wire Antennas

Microstrip Antennas

EARTH STATION

Satellite (GSAT 10)

Txp no 6

Band width 36 MHz

Polarization Linear

EIRP of Txp 38dbw

BEACON FREQUENCY

Earth stationVSATs

configuration

MF-TDMA

includeltstdiohgt

includeltconiohgt

int main()

Communicationn)

printf(n)

transmittedn)

int ch

float frx

scanf(dampch)

if(ch==1)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

MHz)n)

scanf(fampfrx)

printf(n)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

printf(n)

filter coefficients

printf(n)

70MHzn)

printf(n)

system(pause)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

else if(ch==2)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

int cho

scanf(dampcho)

if(cho==1)

getch()

close all

clear all

msg = cos(t)

subplot(311)

plot(tmsg)

subplot(312)

plot(tquants)

subplot(313)

plot(ty)

title(PCM PLOT)

OUTPUT

RESOURCES

Wikipedia

feed-systems

modulationshtml

SATELLITE PHONES


TYPES OF SATELLITES




Amateur radio


Astronomy






CLASSIFICATIONS

Earths moon

the planet Venus

planet Jupiter

planet Saturn

ORBITS

not the Sun)

LEO 150 to 1000 15 to 18

MEO 5000 to 10000 35 to 6

plane is not 0

90 degrees

another frequency

C- Band

Extended C- Band

Ku band

UL 140 - 145 G Hz

DL 1095 ndash 112 and 1145 - 117 GHz

communications

into consideration

switching systems

transmission

SATELLITE PHONES

place rapidly

TYPES OF SATELLITES

No paper is wasted

and other things

maintained

money and effort

SPACE SEGMENT

segment services)

TRANSPONDERS

signals

CONVERTERS

APPLICATIONS

frequencies

Amateur radio

Astronomy

magnitudes

bitss = 1tb

bandwidths

m = Δf(T)

Δf = fs ndash fm

access

SCHEMES

categories

different VPANs

methods

multiplexing (FDM)

multiplexing (TDM)

access (SSMA)

spectrum (DSSS)

spectrum (FHSS)

ANTENNA

TYPES OF ANTENNA

DIPOLE ANTENNA

the antenna

LOOP ANTENNA

wavelength

LOOP ANTENNA

PARABOLIC ANTENNA

NFC Antennas

Reflector Antennas

Aperture Antennas

Wire Antennas

Microstrip Antennas

EARTH STATION

Satellite (GSAT 10)

Txp no 6

Band width 36 MHz

Polarization Linear

EIRP of Txp 38dbw

BEACON FREQUENCY

Earth stationVSATs

configuration

MF-TDMA

includeltstdiohgt

includeltconiohgt

int main()

Communicationn)

printf(n)

transmittedn)

int ch

float frx

scanf(dampch)

if(ch==1)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

MHz)n)

scanf(fampfrx)

printf(n)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

printf(n)

filter coefficients

printf(n)

70MHzn)

printf(n)

system(pause)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

else if(ch==2)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

int cho

scanf(dampcho)

if(cho==1)

getch()

close all

clear all

msg = cos(t)

subplot(311)

plot(tmsg)

subplot(312)

plot(tquants)

subplot(313)

plot(ty)

title(PCM PLOT)

OUTPUT

RESOURCES

Wikipedia

feed-systems

modulationshtml

SATELLITE PHONES


TYPES OF SATELLITES




Amateur radio


Astronomy






planet Saturn

ORBITS

not the Sun)

LEO 150 to 1000 15 to 18

MEO 5000 to 10000 35 to 6

plane is not 0

90 degrees

another frequency

C- Band

Extended C- Band

Ku band

UL 140 - 145 G Hz

DL 1095 ndash 112 and 1145 - 117 GHz

communications

into consideration

switching systems

transmission

SATELLITE PHONES

place rapidly

TYPES OF SATELLITES

No paper is wasted

and other things

maintained

money and effort

SPACE SEGMENT

segment services)

TRANSPONDERS

signals

CONVERTERS

APPLICATIONS

frequencies

Amateur radio

Astronomy

magnitudes

bitss = 1tb

bandwidths

m = Δf(T)

Δf = fs ndash fm

access

SCHEMES

categories

different VPANs

methods

multiplexing (FDM)

multiplexing (TDM)

access (SSMA)

spectrum (DSSS)

spectrum (FHSS)

ANTENNA

TYPES OF ANTENNA

DIPOLE ANTENNA

the antenna

LOOP ANTENNA

wavelength

LOOP ANTENNA

PARABOLIC ANTENNA

NFC Antennas

Reflector Antennas

Aperture Antennas

Wire Antennas

Microstrip Antennas

EARTH STATION

Satellite (GSAT 10)

Txp no 6

Band width 36 MHz

Polarization Linear

EIRP of Txp 38dbw

BEACON FREQUENCY

Earth stationVSATs

configuration

MF-TDMA

includeltstdiohgt

includeltconiohgt

int main()

Communicationn)

printf(n)

transmittedn)

int ch

float frx

scanf(dampch)

if(ch==1)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

MHz)n)

scanf(fampfrx)

printf(n)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

printf(n)

filter coefficients

printf(n)

70MHzn)

printf(n)

system(pause)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

else if(ch==2)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

int cho

scanf(dampcho)

if(cho==1)

getch()

close all

clear all

msg = cos(t)

subplot(311)

plot(tmsg)

subplot(312)

plot(tquants)

subplot(313)

plot(ty)

title(PCM PLOT)

OUTPUT

RESOURCES

Wikipedia

feed-systems

modulationshtml

SATELLITE PHONES


TYPES OF SATELLITES




Amateur radio


Astronomy






ORBITS

not the Sun)

LEO 150 to 1000 15 to 18

MEO 5000 to 10000 35 to 6

plane is not 0

90 degrees

another frequency

C- Band

Extended C- Band

Ku band

UL 140 - 145 G Hz

DL 1095 ndash 112 and 1145 - 117 GHz

communications

into consideration

switching systems

transmission

SATELLITE PHONES

place rapidly

TYPES OF SATELLITES

No paper is wasted

and other things

maintained

money and effort

SPACE SEGMENT

segment services)

TRANSPONDERS

signals

CONVERTERS

APPLICATIONS

frequencies

Amateur radio

Astronomy

magnitudes

bitss = 1tb

bandwidths

m = Δf(T)

Δf = fs ndash fm

access

SCHEMES

categories

different VPANs

methods

multiplexing (FDM)

multiplexing (TDM)

access (SSMA)

spectrum (DSSS)

spectrum (FHSS)

ANTENNA

TYPES OF ANTENNA

DIPOLE ANTENNA

the antenna

LOOP ANTENNA

wavelength

LOOP ANTENNA

PARABOLIC ANTENNA

NFC Antennas

Reflector Antennas

Aperture Antennas

Wire Antennas

Microstrip Antennas

EARTH STATION

Satellite (GSAT 10)

Txp no 6

Band width 36 MHz

Polarization Linear

EIRP of Txp 38dbw

BEACON FREQUENCY

Earth stationVSATs

configuration

MF-TDMA

includeltstdiohgt

includeltconiohgt

int main()

Communicationn)

printf(n)

transmittedn)

int ch

float frx

scanf(dampch)

if(ch==1)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

MHz)n)

scanf(fampfrx)

printf(n)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

printf(n)

filter coefficients

printf(n)

70MHzn)

printf(n)

system(pause)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

else if(ch==2)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

int cho

scanf(dampcho)

if(cho==1)

getch()

close all

clear all

msg = cos(t)

subplot(311)

plot(tmsg)

subplot(312)

plot(tquants)

subplot(313)

plot(ty)

title(PCM PLOT)

OUTPUT

RESOURCES

Wikipedia

feed-systems

modulationshtml

SATELLITE PHONES


TYPES OF SATELLITES




Amateur radio


Astronomy






plane is not 0

90 degrees

another frequency

C- Band

Extended C- Band

Ku band

UL 140 - 145 G Hz

DL 1095 ndash 112 and 1145 - 117 GHz

communications

into consideration

switching systems

transmission

SATELLITE PHONES

place rapidly

TYPES OF SATELLITES

No paper is wasted

and other things

maintained

money and effort

SPACE SEGMENT

segment services)

TRANSPONDERS

signals

CONVERTERS

APPLICATIONS

frequencies

Amateur radio

Astronomy

magnitudes

bitss = 1tb

bandwidths

m = Δf(T)

Δf = fs ndash fm

access

SCHEMES

categories

different VPANs

methods

multiplexing (FDM)

multiplexing (TDM)

access (SSMA)

spectrum (DSSS)

spectrum (FHSS)

ANTENNA

TYPES OF ANTENNA

DIPOLE ANTENNA

the antenna

LOOP ANTENNA

wavelength

LOOP ANTENNA

PARABOLIC ANTENNA

NFC Antennas

Reflector Antennas

Aperture Antennas

Wire Antennas

Microstrip Antennas

EARTH STATION

Satellite (GSAT 10)

Txp no 6

Band width 36 MHz

Polarization Linear

EIRP of Txp 38dbw

BEACON FREQUENCY

Earth stationVSATs

configuration

MF-TDMA

includeltstdiohgt

includeltconiohgt

int main()

Communicationn)

printf(n)

transmittedn)

int ch

float frx

scanf(dampch)

if(ch==1)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

MHz)n)

scanf(fampfrx)

printf(n)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

printf(n)

filter coefficients

printf(n)

70MHzn)

printf(n)

system(pause)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

else if(ch==2)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

int cho

scanf(dampcho)

if(cho==1)

getch()

close all

clear all

msg = cos(t)

subplot(311)

plot(tmsg)

subplot(312)

plot(tquants)

subplot(313)

plot(ty)

title(PCM PLOT)

OUTPUT

RESOURCES

Wikipedia

feed-systems

modulationshtml

SATELLITE PHONES


TYPES OF SATELLITES




Amateur radio


Astronomy






another frequency

C- Band

Extended C- Band

Ku band

UL 140 - 145 G Hz

DL 1095 ndash 112 and 1145 - 117 GHz

communications

into consideration

switching systems

transmission

SATELLITE PHONES

place rapidly

TYPES OF SATELLITES

No paper is wasted

and other things

maintained

money and effort

SPACE SEGMENT

segment services)

TRANSPONDERS

signals

CONVERTERS

APPLICATIONS

frequencies

Amateur radio

Astronomy

magnitudes

bitss = 1tb

bandwidths

m = Δf(T)

Δf = fs ndash fm

access

SCHEMES

categories

different VPANs

methods

multiplexing (FDM)

multiplexing (TDM)

access (SSMA)

spectrum (DSSS)

spectrum (FHSS)

ANTENNA

TYPES OF ANTENNA

DIPOLE ANTENNA

the antenna

LOOP ANTENNA

wavelength

LOOP ANTENNA

PARABOLIC ANTENNA

NFC Antennas

Reflector Antennas

Aperture Antennas

Wire Antennas

Microstrip Antennas

EARTH STATION

Satellite (GSAT 10)

Txp no 6

Band width 36 MHz

Polarization Linear

EIRP of Txp 38dbw

BEACON FREQUENCY

Earth stationVSATs

configuration

MF-TDMA

includeltstdiohgt

includeltconiohgt

int main()

Communicationn)

printf(n)

transmittedn)

int ch

float frx

scanf(dampch)

if(ch==1)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

MHz)n)

scanf(fampfrx)

printf(n)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

printf(n)

filter coefficients

printf(n)

70MHzn)

printf(n)

system(pause)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

else if(ch==2)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

int cho

scanf(dampcho)

if(cho==1)

getch()

close all

clear all

msg = cos(t)

subplot(311)

plot(tmsg)

subplot(312)

plot(tquants)

subplot(313)

plot(ty)

title(PCM PLOT)

OUTPUT

RESOURCES

Wikipedia

feed-systems

modulationshtml

SATELLITE PHONES


TYPES OF SATELLITES




Amateur radio


Astronomy






C- Band

Extended C- Band

Ku band

UL 140 - 145 G Hz

DL 1095 ndash 112 and 1145 - 117 GHz

communications

into consideration

switching systems

transmission

SATELLITE PHONES

place rapidly

TYPES OF SATELLITES

No paper is wasted

and other things

maintained

money and effort

SPACE SEGMENT

segment services)

TRANSPONDERS

signals

CONVERTERS

APPLICATIONS

frequencies

Amateur radio

Astronomy

magnitudes

bitss = 1tb

bandwidths

m = Δf(T)

Δf = fs ndash fm

access

SCHEMES

categories

different VPANs

methods

multiplexing (FDM)

multiplexing (TDM)

access (SSMA)

spectrum (DSSS)

spectrum (FHSS)

ANTENNA

TYPES OF ANTENNA

DIPOLE ANTENNA

the antenna

LOOP ANTENNA

wavelength

LOOP ANTENNA

PARABOLIC ANTENNA

NFC Antennas

Reflector Antennas

Aperture Antennas

Wire Antennas

Microstrip Antennas

EARTH STATION

Satellite (GSAT 10)

Txp no 6

Band width 36 MHz

Polarization Linear

EIRP of Txp 38dbw

BEACON FREQUENCY

Earth stationVSATs

configuration

MF-TDMA

includeltstdiohgt

includeltconiohgt

int main()

Communicationn)

printf(n)

transmittedn)

int ch

float frx

scanf(dampch)

if(ch==1)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

MHz)n)

scanf(fampfrx)

printf(n)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

printf(n)

filter coefficients

printf(n)

70MHzn)

printf(n)

system(pause)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

else if(ch==2)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

int cho

scanf(dampcho)

if(cho==1)

getch()

close all

clear all

msg = cos(t)

subplot(311)

plot(tmsg)

subplot(312)

plot(tquants)

subplot(313)

plot(ty)

title(PCM PLOT)

OUTPUT

RESOURCES

Wikipedia

feed-systems

modulationshtml

SATELLITE PHONES


TYPES OF SATELLITES




Amateur radio


Astronomy






C- Band

Extended C- Band

Ku band

UL 140 - 145 G Hz

DL 1095 ndash 112 and 1145 - 117 GHz

communications

into consideration

switching systems

transmission

SATELLITE PHONES

place rapidly

TYPES OF SATELLITES

No paper is wasted

and other things

maintained

money and effort

SPACE SEGMENT

segment services)

TRANSPONDERS

signals

CONVERTERS

APPLICATIONS

frequencies

Amateur radio

Astronomy

magnitudes

bitss = 1tb

bandwidths

m = Δf(T)

Δf = fs ndash fm

access

SCHEMES

categories

different VPANs

methods

multiplexing (FDM)

multiplexing (TDM)

access (SSMA)

spectrum (DSSS)

spectrum (FHSS)

ANTENNA

TYPES OF ANTENNA

DIPOLE ANTENNA

the antenna

LOOP ANTENNA

wavelength

LOOP ANTENNA

PARABOLIC ANTENNA

NFC Antennas

Reflector Antennas

Aperture Antennas

Wire Antennas

Microstrip Antennas

EARTH STATION

Satellite (GSAT 10)

Txp no 6

Band width 36 MHz

Polarization Linear

EIRP of Txp 38dbw

BEACON FREQUENCY

Earth stationVSATs

configuration

MF-TDMA

includeltstdiohgt

includeltconiohgt

int main()

Communicationn)

printf(n)

transmittedn)

int ch

float frx

scanf(dampch)

if(ch==1)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

MHz)n)

scanf(fampfrx)

printf(n)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

printf(n)

filter coefficients

printf(n)

70MHzn)

printf(n)

system(pause)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

else if(ch==2)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

int cho

scanf(dampcho)

if(cho==1)

getch()

close all

clear all

msg = cos(t)

subplot(311)

plot(tmsg)

subplot(312)

plot(tquants)

subplot(313)

plot(ty)

title(PCM PLOT)

OUTPUT

RESOURCES

Wikipedia

feed-systems

modulationshtml

SATELLITE PHONES


TYPES OF SATELLITES




Amateur radio


Astronomy






C- Band

Extended C- Band

Ku band

UL 140 - 145 G Hz

DL 1095 ndash 112 and 1145 - 117 GHz

communications

into consideration

switching systems

transmission

SATELLITE PHONES

place rapidly

TYPES OF SATELLITES

No paper is wasted

and other things

maintained

money and effort

SPACE SEGMENT

segment services)

TRANSPONDERS

signals

CONVERTERS

APPLICATIONS

frequencies

Amateur radio

Astronomy

magnitudes

bitss = 1tb

bandwidths

m = Δf(T)

Δf = fs ndash fm

access

SCHEMES

categories

different VPANs

methods

multiplexing (FDM)

multiplexing (TDM)

access (SSMA)

spectrum (DSSS)

spectrum (FHSS)

ANTENNA

TYPES OF ANTENNA

DIPOLE ANTENNA

the antenna

LOOP ANTENNA

wavelength

LOOP ANTENNA

PARABOLIC ANTENNA

NFC Antennas

Reflector Antennas

Aperture Antennas

Wire Antennas

Microstrip Antennas

EARTH STATION

Satellite (GSAT 10)

Txp no 6

Band width 36 MHz

Polarization Linear

EIRP of Txp 38dbw

BEACON FREQUENCY

Earth stationVSATs

configuration

MF-TDMA

includeltstdiohgt

includeltconiohgt

int main()

Communicationn)

printf(n)

transmittedn)

int ch

float frx

scanf(dampch)

if(ch==1)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

MHz)n)

scanf(fampfrx)

printf(n)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

printf(n)

filter coefficients

printf(n)

70MHzn)

printf(n)

system(pause)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

else if(ch==2)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

int cho

scanf(dampcho)

if(cho==1)

getch()

close all

clear all

msg = cos(t)

subplot(311)

plot(tmsg)

subplot(312)

plot(tquants)

subplot(313)

plot(ty)

title(PCM PLOT)

OUTPUT

RESOURCES

Wikipedia

feed-systems

modulationshtml

SATELLITE PHONES


TYPES OF SATELLITES




Amateur radio


Astronomy






communications

into consideration

switching systems

transmission

SATELLITE PHONES

place rapidly

TYPES OF SATELLITES

No paper is wasted

and other things

maintained

money and effort

SPACE SEGMENT

segment services)

TRANSPONDERS

signals

CONVERTERS

APPLICATIONS

frequencies

Amateur radio

Astronomy

magnitudes

bitss = 1tb

bandwidths

m = Δf(T)

Δf = fs ndash fm

access

SCHEMES

categories

different VPANs

methods

multiplexing (FDM)

multiplexing (TDM)

access (SSMA)

spectrum (DSSS)

spectrum (FHSS)

ANTENNA

TYPES OF ANTENNA

DIPOLE ANTENNA

the antenna

LOOP ANTENNA

wavelength

LOOP ANTENNA

PARABOLIC ANTENNA

NFC Antennas

Reflector Antennas

Aperture Antennas

Wire Antennas

Microstrip Antennas

EARTH STATION

Satellite (GSAT 10)

Txp no 6

Band width 36 MHz

Polarization Linear

EIRP of Txp 38dbw

BEACON FREQUENCY

Earth stationVSATs

configuration

MF-TDMA

includeltstdiohgt

includeltconiohgt

int main()

Communicationn)

printf(n)

transmittedn)

int ch

float frx

scanf(dampch)

if(ch==1)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

MHz)n)

scanf(fampfrx)

printf(n)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

printf(n)

filter coefficients

printf(n)

70MHzn)

printf(n)

system(pause)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

else if(ch==2)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

int cho

scanf(dampcho)

if(cho==1)

getch()

close all

clear all

msg = cos(t)

subplot(311)

plot(tmsg)

subplot(312)

plot(tquants)

subplot(313)

plot(ty)

title(PCM PLOT)

OUTPUT

RESOURCES

Wikipedia

feed-systems

modulationshtml

SATELLITE PHONES


TYPES OF SATELLITES




Amateur radio


Astronomy






communications

into consideration

switching systems

transmission

SATELLITE PHONES

place rapidly

TYPES OF SATELLITES

No paper is wasted

and other things

maintained

money and effort

SPACE SEGMENT

segment services)

TRANSPONDERS

signals

CONVERTERS

APPLICATIONS

frequencies

Amateur radio

Astronomy

magnitudes

bitss = 1tb

bandwidths

m = Δf(T)

Δf = fs ndash fm

access

SCHEMES

categories

different VPANs

methods

multiplexing (FDM)

multiplexing (TDM)

access (SSMA)

spectrum (DSSS)

spectrum (FHSS)

ANTENNA

TYPES OF ANTENNA

DIPOLE ANTENNA

the antenna

LOOP ANTENNA

wavelength

LOOP ANTENNA

PARABOLIC ANTENNA

NFC Antennas

Reflector Antennas

Aperture Antennas

Wire Antennas

Microstrip Antennas

EARTH STATION

Satellite (GSAT 10)

Txp no 6

Band width 36 MHz

Polarization Linear

EIRP of Txp 38dbw

BEACON FREQUENCY

Earth stationVSATs

configuration

MF-TDMA

includeltstdiohgt

includeltconiohgt

int main()

Communicationn)

printf(n)

transmittedn)

int ch

float frx

scanf(dampch)

if(ch==1)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

MHz)n)

scanf(fampfrx)

printf(n)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

printf(n)

filter coefficients

printf(n)

70MHzn)

printf(n)

system(pause)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

else if(ch==2)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

int cho

scanf(dampcho)

if(cho==1)

getch()

close all

clear all

msg = cos(t)

subplot(311)

plot(tmsg)

subplot(312)

plot(tquants)

subplot(313)

plot(ty)

title(PCM PLOT)

OUTPUT

RESOURCES

Wikipedia

feed-systems

modulationshtml

SATELLITE PHONES


TYPES OF SATELLITES




Amateur radio


Astronomy






switching systems

transmission

SATELLITE PHONES

place rapidly

TYPES OF SATELLITES

No paper is wasted

and other things

maintained

money and effort

SPACE SEGMENT

segment services)

TRANSPONDERS

signals

CONVERTERS

APPLICATIONS

frequencies

Amateur radio

Astronomy

magnitudes

bitss = 1tb

bandwidths

m = Δf(T)

Δf = fs ndash fm

access

SCHEMES

categories

different VPANs

methods

multiplexing (FDM)

multiplexing (TDM)

access (SSMA)

spectrum (DSSS)

spectrum (FHSS)

ANTENNA

TYPES OF ANTENNA

DIPOLE ANTENNA

the antenna

LOOP ANTENNA

wavelength

LOOP ANTENNA

PARABOLIC ANTENNA

NFC Antennas

Reflector Antennas

Aperture Antennas

Wire Antennas

Microstrip Antennas

EARTH STATION

Satellite (GSAT 10)

Txp no 6

Band width 36 MHz

Polarization Linear

EIRP of Txp 38dbw

BEACON FREQUENCY

Earth stationVSATs

configuration

MF-TDMA

includeltstdiohgt

includeltconiohgt

int main()

Communicationn)

printf(n)

transmittedn)

int ch

float frx

scanf(dampch)

if(ch==1)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

MHz)n)

scanf(fampfrx)

printf(n)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

printf(n)

filter coefficients

printf(n)

70MHzn)

printf(n)

system(pause)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

else if(ch==2)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

int cho

scanf(dampcho)

if(cho==1)

getch()

close all

clear all

msg = cos(t)

subplot(311)

plot(tmsg)

subplot(312)

plot(tquants)

subplot(313)

plot(ty)

title(PCM PLOT)

OUTPUT

RESOURCES

Wikipedia

feed-systems

modulationshtml

SATELLITE PHONES


TYPES OF SATELLITES




Amateur radio


Astronomy






switching systems

transmission

SATELLITE PHONES

place rapidly

TYPES OF SATELLITES

No paper is wasted

and other things

maintained

money and effort

SPACE SEGMENT

segment services)

TRANSPONDERS

signals

CONVERTERS

APPLICATIONS

frequencies

Amateur radio

Astronomy

magnitudes

bitss = 1tb

bandwidths

m = Δf(T)

Δf = fs ndash fm

access

SCHEMES

categories

different VPANs

methods

multiplexing (FDM)

multiplexing (TDM)

access (SSMA)

spectrum (DSSS)

spectrum (FHSS)

ANTENNA

TYPES OF ANTENNA

DIPOLE ANTENNA

the antenna

LOOP ANTENNA

wavelength

LOOP ANTENNA

PARABOLIC ANTENNA

NFC Antennas

Reflector Antennas

Aperture Antennas

Wire Antennas

Microstrip Antennas

EARTH STATION

Satellite (GSAT 10)

Txp no 6

Band width 36 MHz

Polarization Linear

EIRP of Txp 38dbw

BEACON FREQUENCY

Earth stationVSATs

configuration

MF-TDMA

includeltstdiohgt

includeltconiohgt

int main()

Communicationn)

printf(n)

transmittedn)

int ch

float frx

scanf(dampch)

if(ch==1)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

MHz)n)

scanf(fampfrx)

printf(n)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

printf(n)

filter coefficients

printf(n)

70MHzn)

printf(n)

system(pause)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

else if(ch==2)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

int cho

scanf(dampcho)

if(cho==1)

getch()

close all

clear all

msg = cos(t)

subplot(311)

plot(tmsg)

subplot(312)

plot(tquants)

subplot(313)

plot(ty)

title(PCM PLOT)

OUTPUT

RESOURCES

Wikipedia

feed-systems

modulationshtml

SATELLITE PHONES


TYPES OF SATELLITES




Amateur radio


Astronomy






switching systems

transmission

SATELLITE PHONES

place rapidly

TYPES OF SATELLITES

No paper is wasted

and other things

maintained

money and effort

SPACE SEGMENT

segment services)

TRANSPONDERS

signals

CONVERTERS

APPLICATIONS

frequencies

Amateur radio

Astronomy

magnitudes

bitss = 1tb

bandwidths

m = Δf(T)

Δf = fs ndash fm

access

SCHEMES

categories

different VPANs

methods

multiplexing (FDM)

multiplexing (TDM)

access (SSMA)

spectrum (DSSS)

spectrum (FHSS)

ANTENNA

TYPES OF ANTENNA

DIPOLE ANTENNA

the antenna

LOOP ANTENNA

wavelength

LOOP ANTENNA

PARABOLIC ANTENNA

NFC Antennas

Reflector Antennas

Aperture Antennas

Wire Antennas

Microstrip Antennas

EARTH STATION

Satellite (GSAT 10)

Txp no 6

Band width 36 MHz

Polarization Linear

EIRP of Txp 38dbw

BEACON FREQUENCY

Earth stationVSATs

configuration

MF-TDMA

includeltstdiohgt

includeltconiohgt

int main()

Communicationn)

printf(n)

transmittedn)

int ch

float frx

scanf(dampch)

if(ch==1)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

MHz)n)

scanf(fampfrx)

printf(n)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

printf(n)

filter coefficients

printf(n)

70MHzn)

printf(n)

system(pause)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

else if(ch==2)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

int cho

scanf(dampcho)

if(cho==1)

getch()

close all

clear all

msg = cos(t)

subplot(311)

plot(tmsg)

subplot(312)

plot(tquants)

subplot(313)

plot(ty)

title(PCM PLOT)

OUTPUT

RESOURCES

Wikipedia

feed-systems

modulationshtml

SATELLITE PHONES


TYPES OF SATELLITES




Amateur radio


Astronomy






transmission

SATELLITE PHONES

place rapidly

TYPES OF SATELLITES

No paper is wasted

and other things

maintained

money and effort

SPACE SEGMENT

segment services)

TRANSPONDERS

signals

CONVERTERS

APPLICATIONS

frequencies

Amateur radio

Astronomy

magnitudes

bitss = 1tb

bandwidths

m = Δf(T)

Δf = fs ndash fm

access

SCHEMES

categories

different VPANs

methods

multiplexing (FDM)

multiplexing (TDM)

access (SSMA)

spectrum (DSSS)

spectrum (FHSS)

ANTENNA

TYPES OF ANTENNA

DIPOLE ANTENNA

the antenna

LOOP ANTENNA

wavelength

LOOP ANTENNA

PARABOLIC ANTENNA

NFC Antennas

Reflector Antennas

Aperture Antennas

Wire Antennas

Microstrip Antennas

EARTH STATION

Satellite (GSAT 10)

Txp no 6

Band width 36 MHz

Polarization Linear

EIRP of Txp 38dbw

BEACON FREQUENCY

Earth stationVSATs

configuration

MF-TDMA

includeltstdiohgt

includeltconiohgt

int main()

Communicationn)

printf(n)

transmittedn)

int ch

float frx

scanf(dampch)

if(ch==1)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

MHz)n)

scanf(fampfrx)

printf(n)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

printf(n)

filter coefficients

printf(n)

70MHzn)

printf(n)

system(pause)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

else if(ch==2)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

int cho

scanf(dampcho)

if(cho==1)

getch()

close all

clear all

msg = cos(t)

subplot(311)

plot(tmsg)

subplot(312)

plot(tquants)

subplot(313)

plot(ty)

title(PCM PLOT)

OUTPUT

RESOURCES

Wikipedia

feed-systems

modulationshtml

SATELLITE PHONES


TYPES OF SATELLITES




Amateur radio


Astronomy






place rapidly

TYPES OF SATELLITES

No paper is wasted

and other things

maintained

money and effort

SPACE SEGMENT

segment services)

TRANSPONDERS

signals

CONVERTERS

APPLICATIONS

frequencies

Amateur radio

Astronomy

magnitudes

bitss = 1tb

bandwidths

m = Δf(T)

Δf = fs ndash fm

access

SCHEMES

categories

different VPANs

methods

multiplexing (FDM)

multiplexing (TDM)

access (SSMA)

spectrum (DSSS)

spectrum (FHSS)

ANTENNA

TYPES OF ANTENNA

DIPOLE ANTENNA

the antenna

LOOP ANTENNA

wavelength

LOOP ANTENNA

PARABOLIC ANTENNA

NFC Antennas

Reflector Antennas

Aperture Antennas

Wire Antennas

Microstrip Antennas

EARTH STATION

Satellite (GSAT 10)

Txp no 6

Band width 36 MHz

Polarization Linear

EIRP of Txp 38dbw

BEACON FREQUENCY

Earth stationVSATs

configuration

MF-TDMA

includeltstdiohgt

includeltconiohgt

int main()

Communicationn)

printf(n)

transmittedn)

int ch

float frx

scanf(dampch)

if(ch==1)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

MHz)n)

scanf(fampfrx)

printf(n)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

printf(n)

filter coefficients

printf(n)

70MHzn)

printf(n)

system(pause)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

else if(ch==2)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

int cho

scanf(dampcho)

if(cho==1)

getch()

close all

clear all

msg = cos(t)

subplot(311)

plot(tmsg)

subplot(312)

plot(tquants)

subplot(313)

plot(ty)

title(PCM PLOT)

OUTPUT

RESOURCES

Wikipedia

feed-systems

modulationshtml

SATELLITE PHONES


TYPES OF SATELLITES




Amateur radio


Astronomy






No paper is wasted

and other things

maintained

money and effort

SPACE SEGMENT

segment services)

TRANSPONDERS

signals

CONVERTERS

APPLICATIONS

frequencies

Amateur radio

Astronomy

magnitudes

bitss = 1tb

bandwidths

m = Δf(T)

Δf = fs ndash fm

access

SCHEMES

categories

different VPANs

methods

multiplexing (FDM)

multiplexing (TDM)

access (SSMA)

spectrum (DSSS)

spectrum (FHSS)

ANTENNA

TYPES OF ANTENNA

DIPOLE ANTENNA

the antenna

LOOP ANTENNA

wavelength

LOOP ANTENNA

PARABOLIC ANTENNA

NFC Antennas

Reflector Antennas

Aperture Antennas

Wire Antennas

Microstrip Antennas

EARTH STATION

Satellite (GSAT 10)

Txp no 6

Band width 36 MHz

Polarization Linear

EIRP of Txp 38dbw

BEACON FREQUENCY

Earth stationVSATs

configuration

MF-TDMA

includeltstdiohgt

includeltconiohgt

int main()

Communicationn)

printf(n)

transmittedn)

int ch

float frx

scanf(dampch)

if(ch==1)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

MHz)n)

scanf(fampfrx)

printf(n)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

printf(n)

filter coefficients

printf(n)

70MHzn)

printf(n)

system(pause)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

else if(ch==2)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

int cho

scanf(dampcho)

if(cho==1)

getch()

close all

clear all

msg = cos(t)

subplot(311)

plot(tmsg)

subplot(312)

plot(tquants)

subplot(313)

plot(ty)

title(PCM PLOT)

OUTPUT

RESOURCES

Wikipedia

feed-systems

modulationshtml

SATELLITE PHONES


TYPES OF SATELLITES




Amateur radio


Astronomy






No paper is wasted

and other things

maintained

money and effort

SPACE SEGMENT

segment services)

TRANSPONDERS

signals

CONVERTERS

APPLICATIONS

frequencies

Amateur radio

Astronomy

magnitudes

bitss = 1tb

bandwidths

m = Δf(T)

Δf = fs ndash fm

access

SCHEMES

categories

different VPANs

methods

multiplexing (FDM)

multiplexing (TDM)

access (SSMA)

spectrum (DSSS)

spectrum (FHSS)

ANTENNA

TYPES OF ANTENNA

DIPOLE ANTENNA

the antenna

LOOP ANTENNA

wavelength

LOOP ANTENNA

PARABOLIC ANTENNA

NFC Antennas

Reflector Antennas

Aperture Antennas

Wire Antennas

Microstrip Antennas

EARTH STATION

Satellite (GSAT 10)

Txp no 6

Band width 36 MHz

Polarization Linear

EIRP of Txp 38dbw

BEACON FREQUENCY

Earth stationVSATs

configuration

MF-TDMA

includeltstdiohgt

includeltconiohgt

int main()

Communicationn)

printf(n)

transmittedn)

int ch

float frx

scanf(dampch)

if(ch==1)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

MHz)n)

scanf(fampfrx)

printf(n)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

printf(n)

filter coefficients

printf(n)

70MHzn)

printf(n)

system(pause)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

else if(ch==2)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

int cho

scanf(dampcho)

if(cho==1)

getch()

close all

clear all

msg = cos(t)

subplot(311)

plot(tmsg)

subplot(312)

plot(tquants)

subplot(313)

plot(ty)

title(PCM PLOT)

OUTPUT

RESOURCES

Wikipedia

feed-systems

modulationshtml

SATELLITE PHONES


TYPES OF SATELLITES




Amateur radio


Astronomy






No paper is wasted

and other things

maintained

money and effort

SPACE SEGMENT

segment services)

TRANSPONDERS

signals

CONVERTERS

APPLICATIONS

frequencies

Amateur radio

Astronomy

magnitudes

bitss = 1tb

bandwidths

m = Δf(T)

Δf = fs ndash fm

access

SCHEMES

categories

different VPANs

methods

multiplexing (FDM)

multiplexing (TDM)

access (SSMA)

spectrum (DSSS)

spectrum (FHSS)

ANTENNA

TYPES OF ANTENNA

DIPOLE ANTENNA

the antenna

LOOP ANTENNA

wavelength

LOOP ANTENNA

PARABOLIC ANTENNA

NFC Antennas

Reflector Antennas

Aperture Antennas

Wire Antennas

Microstrip Antennas

EARTH STATION

Satellite (GSAT 10)

Txp no 6

Band width 36 MHz

Polarization Linear

EIRP of Txp 38dbw

BEACON FREQUENCY

Earth stationVSATs

configuration

MF-TDMA

includeltstdiohgt

includeltconiohgt

int main()

Communicationn)

printf(n)

transmittedn)

int ch

float frx

scanf(dampch)

if(ch==1)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

MHz)n)

scanf(fampfrx)

printf(n)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

printf(n)

filter coefficients

printf(n)

70MHzn)

printf(n)

system(pause)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

else if(ch==2)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

int cho

scanf(dampcho)

if(cho==1)

getch()

close all

clear all

msg = cos(t)

subplot(311)

plot(tmsg)

subplot(312)

plot(tquants)

subplot(313)

plot(ty)

title(PCM PLOT)

OUTPUT

RESOURCES

Wikipedia

feed-systems

modulationshtml

SATELLITE PHONES


TYPES OF SATELLITES




Amateur radio


Astronomy






No paper is wasted

and other things

maintained

money and effort

SPACE SEGMENT

segment services)

TRANSPONDERS

signals

CONVERTERS

APPLICATIONS

frequencies

Amateur radio

Astronomy

magnitudes

bitss = 1tb

bandwidths

m = Δf(T)

Δf = fs ndash fm

access

SCHEMES

categories

different VPANs

methods

multiplexing (FDM)

multiplexing (TDM)

access (SSMA)

spectrum (DSSS)

spectrum (FHSS)

ANTENNA

TYPES OF ANTENNA

DIPOLE ANTENNA

the antenna

LOOP ANTENNA

wavelength

LOOP ANTENNA

PARABOLIC ANTENNA

NFC Antennas

Reflector Antennas

Aperture Antennas

Wire Antennas

Microstrip Antennas

EARTH STATION

Satellite (GSAT 10)

Txp no 6

Band width 36 MHz

Polarization Linear

EIRP of Txp 38dbw

BEACON FREQUENCY

Earth stationVSATs

configuration

MF-TDMA

includeltstdiohgt

includeltconiohgt

int main()

Communicationn)

printf(n)

transmittedn)

int ch

float frx

scanf(dampch)

if(ch==1)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

MHz)n)

scanf(fampfrx)

printf(n)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

printf(n)

filter coefficients

printf(n)

70MHzn)

printf(n)

system(pause)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

else if(ch==2)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

int cho

scanf(dampcho)

if(cho==1)

getch()

close all

clear all

msg = cos(t)

subplot(311)

plot(tmsg)

subplot(312)

plot(tquants)

subplot(313)

plot(ty)

title(PCM PLOT)

OUTPUT

RESOURCES

Wikipedia

feed-systems

modulationshtml

SATELLITE PHONES


TYPES OF SATELLITES




Amateur radio


Astronomy






SPACE SEGMENT

segment services)

TRANSPONDERS

signals

CONVERTERS

APPLICATIONS

frequencies

Amateur radio

Astronomy

magnitudes

bitss = 1tb

bandwidths

m = Δf(T)

Δf = fs ndash fm

access

SCHEMES

categories

different VPANs

methods

multiplexing (FDM)

multiplexing (TDM)

access (SSMA)

spectrum (DSSS)

spectrum (FHSS)

ANTENNA

TYPES OF ANTENNA

DIPOLE ANTENNA

the antenna

LOOP ANTENNA

wavelength

LOOP ANTENNA

PARABOLIC ANTENNA

NFC Antennas

Reflector Antennas

Aperture Antennas

Wire Antennas

Microstrip Antennas

EARTH STATION

Satellite (GSAT 10)

Txp no 6

Band width 36 MHz

Polarization Linear

EIRP of Txp 38dbw

BEACON FREQUENCY

Earth stationVSATs

configuration

MF-TDMA

includeltstdiohgt

includeltconiohgt

int main()

Communicationn)

printf(n)

transmittedn)

int ch

float frx

scanf(dampch)

if(ch==1)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

MHz)n)

scanf(fampfrx)

printf(n)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

printf(n)

filter coefficients

printf(n)

70MHzn)

printf(n)

system(pause)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

else if(ch==2)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

int cho

scanf(dampcho)

if(cho==1)

getch()

close all

clear all

msg = cos(t)

subplot(311)

plot(tmsg)

subplot(312)

plot(tquants)

subplot(313)

plot(ty)

title(PCM PLOT)

OUTPUT

RESOURCES

Wikipedia

feed-systems

modulationshtml

SATELLITE PHONES


TYPES OF SATELLITES




Amateur radio


Astronomy






TRANSPONDERS

signals

CONVERTERS

APPLICATIONS

frequencies

Amateur radio

Astronomy

magnitudes

bitss = 1tb

bandwidths

m = Δf(T)

Δf = fs ndash fm

access

SCHEMES

categories

different VPANs

methods

multiplexing (FDM)

multiplexing (TDM)

access (SSMA)

spectrum (DSSS)

spectrum (FHSS)

ANTENNA

TYPES OF ANTENNA

DIPOLE ANTENNA

the antenna

LOOP ANTENNA

wavelength

LOOP ANTENNA

PARABOLIC ANTENNA

NFC Antennas

Reflector Antennas

Aperture Antennas

Wire Antennas

Microstrip Antennas

EARTH STATION

Satellite (GSAT 10)

Txp no 6

Band width 36 MHz

Polarization Linear

EIRP of Txp 38dbw

BEACON FREQUENCY

Earth stationVSATs

configuration

MF-TDMA

includeltstdiohgt

includeltconiohgt

int main()

Communicationn)

printf(n)

transmittedn)

int ch

float frx

scanf(dampch)

if(ch==1)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

MHz)n)

scanf(fampfrx)

printf(n)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

printf(n)

filter coefficients

printf(n)

70MHzn)

printf(n)

system(pause)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

else if(ch==2)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

int cho

scanf(dampcho)

if(cho==1)

getch()

close all

clear all

msg = cos(t)

subplot(311)

plot(tmsg)

subplot(312)

plot(tquants)

subplot(313)

plot(ty)

title(PCM PLOT)

OUTPUT

RESOURCES

Wikipedia

feed-systems

modulationshtml

SATELLITE PHONES


TYPES OF SATELLITES




Amateur radio


Astronomy






CONVERTERS

APPLICATIONS

frequencies

Amateur radio

Astronomy

magnitudes

bitss = 1tb

bandwidths

m = Δf(T)

Δf = fs ndash fm

access

SCHEMES

categories

different VPANs

methods

multiplexing (FDM)

multiplexing (TDM)

access (SSMA)

spectrum (DSSS)

spectrum (FHSS)

ANTENNA

TYPES OF ANTENNA

DIPOLE ANTENNA

the antenna

LOOP ANTENNA

wavelength

LOOP ANTENNA

PARABOLIC ANTENNA

NFC Antennas

Reflector Antennas

Aperture Antennas

Wire Antennas

Microstrip Antennas

EARTH STATION

Satellite (GSAT 10)

Txp no 6

Band width 36 MHz

Polarization Linear

EIRP of Txp 38dbw

BEACON FREQUENCY

Earth stationVSATs

configuration

MF-TDMA

includeltstdiohgt

includeltconiohgt

int main()

Communicationn)

printf(n)

transmittedn)

int ch

float frx

scanf(dampch)

if(ch==1)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

MHz)n)

scanf(fampfrx)

printf(n)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

printf(n)

filter coefficients

printf(n)

70MHzn)

printf(n)

system(pause)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

else if(ch==2)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

int cho

scanf(dampcho)

if(cho==1)

getch()

close all

clear all

msg = cos(t)

subplot(311)

plot(tmsg)

subplot(312)

plot(tquants)

subplot(313)

plot(ty)

title(PCM PLOT)

OUTPUT

RESOURCES

Wikipedia

feed-systems

modulationshtml

SATELLITE PHONES


TYPES OF SATELLITES




Amateur radio


Astronomy






APPLICATIONS

frequencies

Amateur radio

Astronomy

magnitudes

bitss = 1tb

bandwidths

m = Δf(T)

Δf = fs ndash fm

access

SCHEMES

categories

different VPANs

methods

multiplexing (FDM)

multiplexing (TDM)

access (SSMA)

spectrum (DSSS)

spectrum (FHSS)

ANTENNA

TYPES OF ANTENNA

DIPOLE ANTENNA

the antenna

LOOP ANTENNA

wavelength

LOOP ANTENNA

PARABOLIC ANTENNA

NFC Antennas

Reflector Antennas

Aperture Antennas

Wire Antennas

Microstrip Antennas

EARTH STATION

Satellite (GSAT 10)

Txp no 6

Band width 36 MHz

Polarization Linear

EIRP of Txp 38dbw

BEACON FREQUENCY

Earth stationVSATs

configuration

MF-TDMA

includeltstdiohgt

includeltconiohgt

int main()

Communicationn)

printf(n)

transmittedn)

int ch

float frx

scanf(dampch)

if(ch==1)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

MHz)n)

scanf(fampfrx)

printf(n)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

printf(n)

filter coefficients

printf(n)

70MHzn)

printf(n)

system(pause)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

else if(ch==2)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

int cho

scanf(dampcho)

if(cho==1)

getch()

close all

clear all

msg = cos(t)

subplot(311)

plot(tmsg)

subplot(312)

plot(tquants)

subplot(313)

plot(ty)

title(PCM PLOT)

OUTPUT

RESOURCES

Wikipedia

feed-systems

modulationshtml

SATELLITE PHONES


TYPES OF SATELLITES




Amateur radio


Astronomy






APPLICATIONS

frequencies

Amateur radio

Astronomy

magnitudes

bitss = 1tb

bandwidths

m = Δf(T)

Δf = fs ndash fm

access

SCHEMES

categories

different VPANs

methods

multiplexing (FDM)

multiplexing (TDM)

access (SSMA)

spectrum (DSSS)

spectrum (FHSS)

ANTENNA

TYPES OF ANTENNA

DIPOLE ANTENNA

the antenna

LOOP ANTENNA

wavelength

LOOP ANTENNA

PARABOLIC ANTENNA

NFC Antennas

Reflector Antennas

Aperture Antennas

Wire Antennas

Microstrip Antennas

EARTH STATION

Satellite (GSAT 10)

Txp no 6

Band width 36 MHz

Polarization Linear

EIRP of Txp 38dbw

BEACON FREQUENCY

Earth stationVSATs

configuration

MF-TDMA

includeltstdiohgt

includeltconiohgt

int main()

Communicationn)

printf(n)

transmittedn)

int ch

float frx

scanf(dampch)

if(ch==1)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

MHz)n)

scanf(fampfrx)

printf(n)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

printf(n)

filter coefficients

printf(n)

70MHzn)

printf(n)

system(pause)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

else if(ch==2)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

int cho

scanf(dampcho)

if(cho==1)

getch()

close all

clear all

msg = cos(t)

subplot(311)

plot(tmsg)

subplot(312)

plot(tquants)

subplot(313)

plot(ty)

title(PCM PLOT)

OUTPUT

RESOURCES

Wikipedia

feed-systems

modulationshtml

SATELLITE PHONES


TYPES OF SATELLITES




Amateur radio


Astronomy






Astronomy

magnitudes

bitss = 1tb

bandwidths

m = Δf(T)

Δf = fs ndash fm

access

SCHEMES

categories

different VPANs

methods

multiplexing (FDM)

multiplexing (TDM)

access (SSMA)

spectrum (DSSS)

spectrum (FHSS)

ANTENNA

TYPES OF ANTENNA

DIPOLE ANTENNA

the antenna

LOOP ANTENNA

wavelength

LOOP ANTENNA

PARABOLIC ANTENNA

NFC Antennas

Reflector Antennas

Aperture Antennas

Wire Antennas

Microstrip Antennas

EARTH STATION

Satellite (GSAT 10)

Txp no 6

Band width 36 MHz

Polarization Linear

EIRP of Txp 38dbw

BEACON FREQUENCY

Earth stationVSATs

configuration

MF-TDMA

includeltstdiohgt

includeltconiohgt

int main()

Communicationn)

printf(n)

transmittedn)

int ch

float frx

scanf(dampch)

if(ch==1)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

MHz)n)

scanf(fampfrx)

printf(n)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

printf(n)

filter coefficients

printf(n)

70MHzn)

printf(n)

system(pause)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

else if(ch==2)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

int cho

scanf(dampcho)

if(cho==1)

getch()

close all

clear all

msg = cos(t)

subplot(311)

plot(tmsg)

subplot(312)

plot(tquants)

subplot(313)

plot(ty)

title(PCM PLOT)

OUTPUT

RESOURCES

Wikipedia

feed-systems

modulationshtml

SATELLITE PHONES


TYPES OF SATELLITES




Amateur radio


Astronomy






magnitudes

bitss = 1tb

bandwidths

m = Δf(T)

Δf = fs ndash fm

access

SCHEMES

categories

different VPANs

methods

multiplexing (FDM)

multiplexing (TDM)

access (SSMA)

spectrum (DSSS)

spectrum (FHSS)

ANTENNA

TYPES OF ANTENNA

DIPOLE ANTENNA

the antenna

LOOP ANTENNA

wavelength

LOOP ANTENNA

PARABOLIC ANTENNA

NFC Antennas

Reflector Antennas

Aperture Antennas

Wire Antennas

Microstrip Antennas

EARTH STATION

Satellite (GSAT 10)

Txp no 6

Band width 36 MHz

Polarization Linear

EIRP of Txp 38dbw

BEACON FREQUENCY

Earth stationVSATs

configuration

MF-TDMA

includeltstdiohgt

includeltconiohgt

int main()

Communicationn)

printf(n)

transmittedn)

int ch

float frx

scanf(dampch)

if(ch==1)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

MHz)n)

scanf(fampfrx)

printf(n)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

printf(n)

filter coefficients

printf(n)

70MHzn)

printf(n)

system(pause)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

else if(ch==2)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

int cho

scanf(dampcho)

if(cho==1)

getch()

close all

clear all

msg = cos(t)

subplot(311)

plot(tmsg)

subplot(312)

plot(tquants)

subplot(313)

plot(ty)

title(PCM PLOT)

OUTPUT

RESOURCES

Wikipedia

feed-systems

modulationshtml

SATELLITE PHONES


TYPES OF SATELLITES




Amateur radio


Astronomy






magnitudes

bitss = 1tb

bandwidths

m = Δf(T)

Δf = fs ndash fm

access

SCHEMES

categories

different VPANs

methods

multiplexing (FDM)

multiplexing (TDM)

access (SSMA)

spectrum (DSSS)

spectrum (FHSS)

ANTENNA

TYPES OF ANTENNA

DIPOLE ANTENNA

the antenna

LOOP ANTENNA

wavelength

LOOP ANTENNA

PARABOLIC ANTENNA

NFC Antennas

Reflector Antennas

Aperture Antennas

Wire Antennas

Microstrip Antennas

EARTH STATION

Satellite (GSAT 10)

Txp no 6

Band width 36 MHz

Polarization Linear

EIRP of Txp 38dbw

BEACON FREQUENCY

Earth stationVSATs

configuration

MF-TDMA

includeltstdiohgt

includeltconiohgt

int main()

Communicationn)

printf(n)

transmittedn)

int ch

float frx

scanf(dampch)

if(ch==1)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

MHz)n)

scanf(fampfrx)

printf(n)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

printf(n)

filter coefficients

printf(n)

70MHzn)

printf(n)

system(pause)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

else if(ch==2)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

int cho

scanf(dampcho)

if(cho==1)

getch()

close all

clear all

msg = cos(t)

subplot(311)

plot(tmsg)

subplot(312)

plot(tquants)

subplot(313)

plot(ty)

title(PCM PLOT)

OUTPUT

RESOURCES

Wikipedia

feed-systems

modulationshtml

SATELLITE PHONES


TYPES OF SATELLITES




Amateur radio


Astronomy






magnitudes

bitss = 1tb

bandwidths

m = Δf(T)

Δf = fs ndash fm

access

SCHEMES

categories

different VPANs

methods

multiplexing (FDM)

multiplexing (TDM)

access (SSMA)

spectrum (DSSS)

spectrum (FHSS)

ANTENNA

TYPES OF ANTENNA

DIPOLE ANTENNA

the antenna

LOOP ANTENNA

wavelength

LOOP ANTENNA

PARABOLIC ANTENNA

NFC Antennas

Reflector Antennas

Aperture Antennas

Wire Antennas

Microstrip Antennas

EARTH STATION

Satellite (GSAT 10)

Txp no 6

Band width 36 MHz

Polarization Linear

EIRP of Txp 38dbw

BEACON FREQUENCY

Earth stationVSATs

configuration

MF-TDMA

includeltstdiohgt

includeltconiohgt

int main()

Communicationn)

printf(n)

transmittedn)

int ch

float frx

scanf(dampch)

if(ch==1)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

MHz)n)

scanf(fampfrx)

printf(n)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

printf(n)

filter coefficients

printf(n)

70MHzn)

printf(n)

system(pause)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

else if(ch==2)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

int cho

scanf(dampcho)

if(cho==1)

getch()

close all

clear all

msg = cos(t)

subplot(311)

plot(tmsg)

subplot(312)

plot(tquants)

subplot(313)

plot(ty)

title(PCM PLOT)

OUTPUT

RESOURCES

Wikipedia

feed-systems

modulationshtml

SATELLITE PHONES


TYPES OF SATELLITES




Amateur radio


Astronomy






bandwidths

m = Δf(T)

Δf = fs ndash fm

access

SCHEMES

categories

different VPANs

methods

multiplexing (FDM)

multiplexing (TDM)

access (SSMA)

spectrum (DSSS)

spectrum (FHSS)

ANTENNA

TYPES OF ANTENNA

DIPOLE ANTENNA

the antenna

LOOP ANTENNA

wavelength

LOOP ANTENNA

PARABOLIC ANTENNA

NFC Antennas

Reflector Antennas

Aperture Antennas

Wire Antennas

Microstrip Antennas

EARTH STATION

Satellite (GSAT 10)

Txp no 6

Band width 36 MHz

Polarization Linear

EIRP of Txp 38dbw

BEACON FREQUENCY

Earth stationVSATs

configuration

MF-TDMA

includeltstdiohgt

includeltconiohgt

int main()

Communicationn)

printf(n)

transmittedn)

int ch

float frx

scanf(dampch)

if(ch==1)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

MHz)n)

scanf(fampfrx)

printf(n)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

printf(n)

filter coefficients

printf(n)

70MHzn)

printf(n)

system(pause)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

else if(ch==2)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

int cho

scanf(dampcho)

if(cho==1)

getch()

close all

clear all

msg = cos(t)

subplot(311)

plot(tmsg)

subplot(312)

plot(tquants)

subplot(313)

plot(ty)

title(PCM PLOT)

OUTPUT

RESOURCES

Wikipedia

feed-systems

modulationshtml

SATELLITE PHONES


TYPES OF SATELLITES




Amateur radio


Astronomy






m = Δf(T)

Δf = fs ndash fm

access

SCHEMES

categories

different VPANs

methods

multiplexing (FDM)

multiplexing (TDM)

access (SSMA)

spectrum (DSSS)

spectrum (FHSS)

ANTENNA

TYPES OF ANTENNA

DIPOLE ANTENNA

the antenna

LOOP ANTENNA

wavelength

LOOP ANTENNA

PARABOLIC ANTENNA

NFC Antennas

Reflector Antennas

Aperture Antennas

Wire Antennas

Microstrip Antennas

EARTH STATION

Satellite (GSAT 10)

Txp no 6

Band width 36 MHz

Polarization Linear

EIRP of Txp 38dbw

BEACON FREQUENCY

Earth stationVSATs

configuration

MF-TDMA

includeltstdiohgt

includeltconiohgt

int main()

Communicationn)

printf(n)

transmittedn)

int ch

float frx

scanf(dampch)

if(ch==1)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

MHz)n)

scanf(fampfrx)

printf(n)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

printf(n)

filter coefficients

printf(n)

70MHzn)

printf(n)

system(pause)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

else if(ch==2)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

int cho

scanf(dampcho)

if(cho==1)

getch()

close all

clear all

msg = cos(t)

subplot(311)

plot(tmsg)

subplot(312)

plot(tquants)

subplot(313)

plot(ty)

title(PCM PLOT)

OUTPUT

RESOURCES

Wikipedia

feed-systems

modulationshtml

SATELLITE PHONES


TYPES OF SATELLITES




Amateur radio


Astronomy






access

SCHEMES

categories

different VPANs

methods

multiplexing (FDM)

multiplexing (TDM)

access (SSMA)

spectrum (DSSS)

spectrum (FHSS)

ANTENNA

TYPES OF ANTENNA

DIPOLE ANTENNA

the antenna

LOOP ANTENNA

wavelength

LOOP ANTENNA

PARABOLIC ANTENNA

NFC Antennas

Reflector Antennas

Aperture Antennas

Wire Antennas

Microstrip Antennas

EARTH STATION

Satellite (GSAT 10)

Txp no 6

Band width 36 MHz

Polarization Linear

EIRP of Txp 38dbw

BEACON FREQUENCY

Earth stationVSATs

configuration

MF-TDMA

includeltstdiohgt

includeltconiohgt

int main()

Communicationn)

printf(n)

transmittedn)

int ch

float frx

scanf(dampch)

if(ch==1)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

MHz)n)

scanf(fampfrx)

printf(n)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

printf(n)

filter coefficients

printf(n)

70MHzn)

printf(n)

system(pause)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

else if(ch==2)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

int cho

scanf(dampcho)

if(cho==1)

getch()

close all

clear all

msg = cos(t)

subplot(311)

plot(tmsg)

subplot(312)

plot(tquants)

subplot(313)

plot(ty)

title(PCM PLOT)

OUTPUT

RESOURCES

Wikipedia

feed-systems

modulationshtml

SATELLITE PHONES


TYPES OF SATELLITES




Amateur radio


Astronomy






SCHEMES

categories

different VPANs

methods

multiplexing (FDM)

multiplexing (TDM)

access (SSMA)

spectrum (DSSS)

spectrum (FHSS)

ANTENNA

TYPES OF ANTENNA

DIPOLE ANTENNA

the antenna

LOOP ANTENNA

wavelength

LOOP ANTENNA

PARABOLIC ANTENNA

NFC Antennas

Reflector Antennas

Aperture Antennas

Wire Antennas

Microstrip Antennas

EARTH STATION

Satellite (GSAT 10)

Txp no 6

Band width 36 MHz

Polarization Linear

EIRP of Txp 38dbw

BEACON FREQUENCY

Earth stationVSATs

configuration

MF-TDMA

includeltstdiohgt

includeltconiohgt

int main()

Communicationn)

printf(n)

transmittedn)

int ch

float frx

scanf(dampch)

if(ch==1)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

MHz)n)

scanf(fampfrx)

printf(n)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

printf(n)

filter coefficients

printf(n)

70MHzn)

printf(n)

system(pause)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

else if(ch==2)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

int cho

scanf(dampcho)

if(cho==1)

getch()

close all

clear all

msg = cos(t)

subplot(311)

plot(tmsg)

subplot(312)

plot(tquants)

subplot(313)

plot(ty)

title(PCM PLOT)

OUTPUT

RESOURCES

Wikipedia

feed-systems

modulationshtml

SATELLITE PHONES


TYPES OF SATELLITES




Amateur radio


Astronomy






different VPANs

methods

multiplexing (FDM)

multiplexing (TDM)

access (SSMA)

spectrum (DSSS)

spectrum (FHSS)

ANTENNA

TYPES OF ANTENNA

DIPOLE ANTENNA

the antenna

LOOP ANTENNA

wavelength

LOOP ANTENNA

PARABOLIC ANTENNA

NFC Antennas

Reflector Antennas

Aperture Antennas

Wire Antennas

Microstrip Antennas

EARTH STATION

Satellite (GSAT 10)

Txp no 6

Band width 36 MHz

Polarization Linear

EIRP of Txp 38dbw

BEACON FREQUENCY

Earth stationVSATs

configuration

MF-TDMA

includeltstdiohgt

includeltconiohgt

int main()

Communicationn)

printf(n)

transmittedn)

int ch

float frx

scanf(dampch)

if(ch==1)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

MHz)n)

scanf(fampfrx)

printf(n)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

printf(n)

filter coefficients

printf(n)

70MHzn)

printf(n)

system(pause)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

else if(ch==2)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

int cho

scanf(dampcho)

if(cho==1)

getch()

close all

clear all

msg = cos(t)

subplot(311)

plot(tmsg)

subplot(312)

plot(tquants)

subplot(313)

plot(ty)

title(PCM PLOT)

OUTPUT

RESOURCES

Wikipedia

feed-systems

modulationshtml

SATELLITE PHONES


TYPES OF SATELLITES




Amateur radio


Astronomy






different VPANs

methods

multiplexing (FDM)

multiplexing (TDM)

access (SSMA)

spectrum (DSSS)

spectrum (FHSS)

ANTENNA

TYPES OF ANTENNA

DIPOLE ANTENNA

the antenna

LOOP ANTENNA

wavelength

LOOP ANTENNA

PARABOLIC ANTENNA

NFC Antennas

Reflector Antennas

Aperture Antennas

Wire Antennas

Microstrip Antennas

EARTH STATION

Satellite (GSAT 10)

Txp no 6

Band width 36 MHz

Polarization Linear

EIRP of Txp 38dbw

BEACON FREQUENCY

Earth stationVSATs

configuration

MF-TDMA

includeltstdiohgt

includeltconiohgt

int main()

Communicationn)

printf(n)

transmittedn)

int ch

float frx

scanf(dampch)

if(ch==1)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

MHz)n)

scanf(fampfrx)

printf(n)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

printf(n)

filter coefficients

printf(n)

70MHzn)

printf(n)

system(pause)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

else if(ch==2)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

int cho

scanf(dampcho)

if(cho==1)

getch()

close all

clear all

msg = cos(t)

subplot(311)

plot(tmsg)

subplot(312)

plot(tquants)

subplot(313)

plot(ty)

title(PCM PLOT)

OUTPUT

RESOURCES

Wikipedia

feed-systems

modulationshtml

SATELLITE PHONES


TYPES OF SATELLITES




Amateur radio


Astronomy






spectrum (FHSS)

ANTENNA

TYPES OF ANTENNA

DIPOLE ANTENNA

the antenna

LOOP ANTENNA

wavelength

LOOP ANTENNA

PARABOLIC ANTENNA

NFC Antennas

Reflector Antennas

Aperture Antennas

Wire Antennas

Microstrip Antennas

EARTH STATION

Satellite (GSAT 10)

Txp no 6

Band width 36 MHz

Polarization Linear

EIRP of Txp 38dbw

BEACON FREQUENCY

Earth stationVSATs

configuration

MF-TDMA

includeltstdiohgt

includeltconiohgt

int main()

Communicationn)

printf(n)

transmittedn)

int ch

float frx

scanf(dampch)

if(ch==1)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

MHz)n)

scanf(fampfrx)

printf(n)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

printf(n)

filter coefficients

printf(n)

70MHzn)

printf(n)

system(pause)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

else if(ch==2)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

int cho

scanf(dampcho)

if(cho==1)

getch()

close all

clear all

msg = cos(t)

subplot(311)

plot(tmsg)

subplot(312)

plot(tquants)

subplot(313)

plot(ty)

title(PCM PLOT)

OUTPUT

RESOURCES

Wikipedia

feed-systems

modulationshtml

SATELLITE PHONES


TYPES OF SATELLITES




Amateur radio


Astronomy






TYPES OF ANTENNA

DIPOLE ANTENNA

the antenna

LOOP ANTENNA

wavelength

LOOP ANTENNA

PARABOLIC ANTENNA

NFC Antennas

Reflector Antennas

Aperture Antennas

Wire Antennas

Microstrip Antennas

EARTH STATION

Satellite (GSAT 10)

Txp no 6

Band width 36 MHz

Polarization Linear

EIRP of Txp 38dbw

BEACON FREQUENCY

Earth stationVSATs

configuration

MF-TDMA

includeltstdiohgt

includeltconiohgt

int main()

Communicationn)

printf(n)

transmittedn)

int ch

float frx

scanf(dampch)

if(ch==1)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

MHz)n)

scanf(fampfrx)

printf(n)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

printf(n)

filter coefficients

printf(n)

70MHzn)

printf(n)

system(pause)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

else if(ch==2)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

int cho

scanf(dampcho)

if(cho==1)

getch()

close all

clear all

msg = cos(t)

subplot(311)

plot(tmsg)

subplot(312)

plot(tquants)

subplot(313)

plot(ty)

title(PCM PLOT)

OUTPUT

RESOURCES

Wikipedia

feed-systems

modulationshtml

SATELLITE PHONES


TYPES OF SATELLITES




Amateur radio


Astronomy






LOOP ANTENNA

wavelength

LOOP ANTENNA

PARABOLIC ANTENNA

NFC Antennas

Reflector Antennas

Aperture Antennas

Wire Antennas

Microstrip Antennas

EARTH STATION

Satellite (GSAT 10)

Txp no 6

Band width 36 MHz

Polarization Linear

EIRP of Txp 38dbw

BEACON FREQUENCY

Earth stationVSATs

configuration

MF-TDMA

includeltstdiohgt

includeltconiohgt

int main()

Communicationn)

printf(n)

transmittedn)

int ch

float frx

scanf(dampch)

if(ch==1)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

MHz)n)

scanf(fampfrx)

printf(n)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

printf(n)

filter coefficients

printf(n)

70MHzn)

printf(n)

system(pause)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

else if(ch==2)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

int cho

scanf(dampcho)

if(cho==1)

getch()

close all

clear all

msg = cos(t)

subplot(311)

plot(tmsg)

subplot(312)

plot(tquants)

subplot(313)

plot(ty)

title(PCM PLOT)

OUTPUT

RESOURCES

Wikipedia

feed-systems

modulationshtml

SATELLITE PHONES


TYPES OF SATELLITES




Amateur radio


Astronomy






PARABOLIC ANTENNA

NFC Antennas

Reflector Antennas

Aperture Antennas

Wire Antennas

Microstrip Antennas

EARTH STATION

Satellite (GSAT 10)

Txp no 6

Band width 36 MHz

Polarization Linear

EIRP of Txp 38dbw

BEACON FREQUENCY

Earth stationVSATs

configuration

MF-TDMA

includeltstdiohgt

includeltconiohgt

int main()

Communicationn)

printf(n)

transmittedn)

int ch

float frx

scanf(dampch)

if(ch==1)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

MHz)n)

scanf(fampfrx)

printf(n)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

printf(n)

filter coefficients

printf(n)

70MHzn)

printf(n)

system(pause)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

else if(ch==2)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

int cho

scanf(dampcho)

if(cho==1)

getch()

close all

clear all

msg = cos(t)

subplot(311)

plot(tmsg)

subplot(312)

plot(tquants)

subplot(313)

plot(ty)

title(PCM PLOT)

OUTPUT

RESOURCES

Wikipedia

feed-systems

modulationshtml

SATELLITE PHONES


TYPES OF SATELLITES




Amateur radio


Astronomy






NFC Antennas

Reflector Antennas

Aperture Antennas

Wire Antennas

Microstrip Antennas

EARTH STATION

Satellite (GSAT 10)

Txp no 6

Band width 36 MHz

Polarization Linear

EIRP of Txp 38dbw

BEACON FREQUENCY

Earth stationVSATs

configuration

MF-TDMA

includeltstdiohgt

includeltconiohgt

int main()

Communicationn)

printf(n)

transmittedn)

int ch

float frx

scanf(dampch)

if(ch==1)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

MHz)n)

scanf(fampfrx)

printf(n)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

printf(n)

filter coefficients

printf(n)

70MHzn)

printf(n)

system(pause)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

else if(ch==2)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

int cho

scanf(dampcho)

if(cho==1)

getch()

close all

clear all

msg = cos(t)

subplot(311)

plot(tmsg)

subplot(312)

plot(tquants)

subplot(313)

plot(ty)

title(PCM PLOT)

OUTPUT

RESOURCES

Wikipedia

feed-systems

modulationshtml

SATELLITE PHONES


TYPES OF SATELLITES




Amateur radio


Astronomy






EARTH STATION

Satellite (GSAT 10)

Txp no 6

Band width 36 MHz

Polarization Linear

EIRP of Txp 38dbw

BEACON FREQUENCY

Earth stationVSATs

configuration

MF-TDMA

includeltstdiohgt

includeltconiohgt

int main()

Communicationn)

printf(n)

transmittedn)

int ch

float frx

scanf(dampch)

if(ch==1)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

MHz)n)

scanf(fampfrx)

printf(n)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

printf(n)

filter coefficients

printf(n)

70MHzn)

printf(n)

system(pause)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

else if(ch==2)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

int cho

scanf(dampcho)

if(cho==1)

getch()

close all

clear all

msg = cos(t)

subplot(311)

plot(tmsg)

subplot(312)

plot(tquants)

subplot(313)

plot(ty)

title(PCM PLOT)

OUTPUT

RESOURCES

Wikipedia

feed-systems

modulationshtml

SATELLITE PHONES


TYPES OF SATELLITES




Amateur radio


Astronomy






Txp no 6

Band width 36 MHz

Polarization Linear

EIRP of Txp 38dbw

BEACON FREQUENCY

Earth stationVSATs

configuration

MF-TDMA

includeltstdiohgt

includeltconiohgt

int main()

Communicationn)

printf(n)

transmittedn)

int ch

float frx

scanf(dampch)

if(ch==1)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

MHz)n)

scanf(fampfrx)

printf(n)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

printf(n)

filter coefficients

printf(n)

70MHzn)

printf(n)

system(pause)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

else if(ch==2)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

int cho

scanf(dampcho)

if(cho==1)

getch()

close all

clear all

msg = cos(t)

subplot(311)

plot(tmsg)

subplot(312)

plot(tquants)

subplot(313)

plot(ty)

title(PCM PLOT)

OUTPUT

RESOURCES

Wikipedia

feed-systems

modulationshtml

SATELLITE PHONES


TYPES OF SATELLITES




Amateur radio


Astronomy






Earth stationVSATs

configuration

MF-TDMA

includeltstdiohgt

includeltconiohgt

int main()

Communicationn)

printf(n)

transmittedn)

int ch

float frx

scanf(dampch)

if(ch==1)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

MHz)n)

scanf(fampfrx)

printf(n)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

printf(n)

filter coefficients

printf(n)

70MHzn)

printf(n)

system(pause)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

else if(ch==2)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

int cho

scanf(dampcho)

if(cho==1)

getch()

close all

clear all

msg = cos(t)

subplot(311)

plot(tmsg)

subplot(312)

plot(tquants)

subplot(313)

plot(ty)

title(PCM PLOT)

OUTPUT

RESOURCES

Wikipedia

feed-systems

modulationshtml

SATELLITE PHONES


TYPES OF SATELLITES




Amateur radio


Astronomy






includeltstdiohgt

includeltconiohgt

int main()

Communicationn)

printf(n)

transmittedn)

int ch

float frx

scanf(dampch)

if(ch==1)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

MHz)n)

scanf(fampfrx)

printf(n)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

printf(n)

filter coefficients

printf(n)

70MHzn)

printf(n)

system(pause)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

else if(ch==2)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

int cho

scanf(dampcho)

if(cho==1)

getch()

close all

clear all

msg = cos(t)

subplot(311)

plot(tmsg)

subplot(312)

plot(tquants)

subplot(313)

plot(ty)

title(PCM PLOT)

OUTPUT

RESOURCES

Wikipedia

feed-systems

modulationshtml

SATELLITE PHONES


TYPES OF SATELLITES




Amateur radio


Astronomy






includeltstdiohgt

includeltconiohgt

int main()

Communicationn)

printf(n)

transmittedn)

int ch

float frx

scanf(dampch)

if(ch==1)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

MHz)n)

scanf(fampfrx)

printf(n)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

printf(n)

filter coefficients

printf(n)

70MHzn)

printf(n)

system(pause)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

else if(ch==2)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

int cho

scanf(dampcho)

if(cho==1)

getch()

close all

clear all

msg = cos(t)

subplot(311)

plot(tmsg)

subplot(312)

plot(tquants)

subplot(313)

plot(ty)

title(PCM PLOT)

OUTPUT

RESOURCES

Wikipedia

feed-systems

modulationshtml

SATELLITE PHONES


TYPES OF SATELLITES




Amateur radio


Astronomy






printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

MHz)n)

scanf(fampfrx)

printf(n)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

printf(n)

filter coefficients

printf(n)

70MHzn)

printf(n)

system(pause)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

else if(ch==2)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

int cho

scanf(dampcho)

if(cho==1)

getch()

close all

clear all

msg = cos(t)

subplot(311)

plot(tmsg)

subplot(312)

plot(tquants)

subplot(313)

plot(ty)

title(PCM PLOT)

OUTPUT

RESOURCES

Wikipedia

feed-systems

modulationshtml

SATELLITE PHONES


TYPES OF SATELLITES




Amateur radio


Astronomy






printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

printf(n)

filter coefficients

printf(n)

70MHzn)

printf(n)

system(pause)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

else if(ch==2)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

int cho

scanf(dampcho)

if(cho==1)

getch()

close all

clear all

msg = cos(t)

subplot(311)

plot(tmsg)

subplot(312)

plot(tquants)

subplot(313)

plot(ty)

title(PCM PLOT)

OUTPUT

RESOURCES

Wikipedia

feed-systems

modulationshtml

SATELLITE PHONES


TYPES OF SATELLITES




Amateur radio


Astronomy






filter coefficients

printf(n)

70MHzn)

printf(n)

system(pause)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

else if(ch==2)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

int cho

scanf(dampcho)

if(cho==1)

getch()

close all

clear all

msg = cos(t)

subplot(311)

plot(tmsg)

subplot(312)

plot(tquants)

subplot(313)

plot(ty)

title(PCM PLOT)

OUTPUT

RESOURCES

Wikipedia

feed-systems

modulationshtml

SATELLITE PHONES


TYPES OF SATELLITES




Amateur radio


Astronomy






system(pause)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

else if(ch==2)

printf(n)

int ch1

scanf(dampch1)

if(ch1==1)

system(pause)

printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

int cho

scanf(dampcho)

if(cho==1)

getch()

close all

clear all

msg = cos(t)

subplot(311)

plot(tmsg)

subplot(312)

plot(tquants)

subplot(313)

plot(ty)

title(PCM PLOT)

OUTPUT

RESOURCES

Wikipedia

feed-systems

modulationshtml

SATELLITE PHONES


TYPES OF SATELLITES




Amateur radio


Astronomy






printf(n)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

duplexern)

printf(n)

int ch2

scanf(dampch2)

if(ch2==1)

SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

int cho

scanf(dampcho)

if(cho==1)

getch()

close all

clear all

msg = cos(t)

subplot(311)

plot(tmsg)

subplot(312)

plot(tquants)

subplot(313)

plot(ty)

title(PCM PLOT)

OUTPUT

RESOURCES

Wikipedia

feed-systems

modulationshtml

SATELLITE PHONES


TYPES OF SATELLITES




Amateur radio


Astronomy






SW_SHOWNORMAL)

system(pause)

printf(n)

int cho

scanf(dampcho)

if(cho==1)

getch()

close all

clear all

msg = cos(t)

subplot(311)

plot(tmsg)

subplot(312)

plot(tquants)

subplot(313)

plot(ty)

title(PCM PLOT)

OUTPUT

RESOURCES

Wikipedia

feed-systems

modulationshtml

SATELLITE PHONES


TYPES OF SATELLITES




Amateur radio


Astronomy






close all

clear all

msg = cos(t)

subplot(311)

plot(tmsg)

subplot(312)

plot(tquants)

subplot(313)

plot(ty)

title(PCM PLOT)

OUTPUT

RESOURCES

Wikipedia

feed-systems

modulationshtml

SATELLITE PHONES


TYPES OF SATELLITES




Amateur radio


Astronomy






OUTPUT

RESOURCES

Wikipedia

feed-systems

modulationshtml

SATELLITE PHONES


TYPES OF SATELLITES




Amateur radio


Astronomy






RESOURCES

Wikipedia

feed-systems

modulationshtml

SATELLITE PHONES


TYPES OF SATELLITES




Amateur radio


Astronomy






Documents

ongc report