The Reformation of Martin Luther

One opinion is that the 4 greatest events of the past 1000 years were:

Invention of printing by Gutenberg in 1455

Discovery of the New World by John Cabot in 1494

The Reformation of Saint Martin Luther in 1517

Fall of the Papal States in 1870

Social Studies/LA integrationProfessor Johnston often said that if you didnt know history, you didnt know anything. You were a leaf that didnt know it was part of a tree Michael Crichton, Timeline

A Renaissance of science, literature and art
The Renaissance and Reformation period in world history was one of a flowering intellectualism, a breaking of bonds within and without the church, new frontiers explored in geographical discovery, science and medicine, intellectual thought, spiritual beliefs, and the lives of people in general.

A rise in secular humanismThe new interest in secular life led to beliefs about education and society that came from Greece and Rome. The secular, humanist idea held that the church should not rule civic matters, but should guide only spiritual matters. Humanists believed that wealth enabled them to do fine, noble deeds, that good citizens needed a good, well-rounded education (such as that advocated by the Greeks and Romans), and that moral and ethical issues were related more to secular society than to spiritual concerns.

Italian Renaissance 1385-1535, initiated the Pan European revival that reached England in the 15th and 16th centuries. The Italian period was focused on art, music and writing, while the British renaissance focused less on visual arts and more on theatre.

Lorenzo de Medici comes to power in Florence in 14691377-1446: Brunelleschi 1386-1466: Donatello 1401-1428: Masaccio 1452-1519: Leonardo da Vinci 1471-1528: Albrecht Durer 1475-1564: Michelangelo 1483-1520: Raphael

Gutenberg invents the printing press in 1445.

Vitruvian man, DaVinci ca 1487
David, Michelangelo, 1504

The Reformation of Martin Luther
Reacting to corruption in the Catholic church and rising humanism of the Renaissance

Religious purists in the agrarian hinterland of the West objected strongly to the new secular or materialist spirit growing up with the Renaissance. One of these was the German professor-priest Martin Luther who in 1517 issued a challenge the church over this new interest in worldly affairs. He wanted the church to return to the pure (spiritual) ways of the early church--and back away from all this recent interest in power and wealth--which was rapidly corrupting it. Also, he wanted faith initiatives to be returned to the individual believer. Priesthood belonged to the believer--not to the religious hierarchy. To press home this challenge, Luther translated the Bible into German--to give the common people access to all priestly authority: the Word of God.

Irritated, the church told him to cease his challenge. But he refused to yield. When princely political interests came to his aid--his rebellion exploded. The "Lutheran" movement began spreading across the north of Germany. It would soon overtake Scandinavia. Medieval Europe, or what was left of it, began rapidly to fall into a state of civil war.

But the challenge to the church came from another direction as well: from the newly rising European urban middle class. This was a prosperous, free-thinking and literate group. Eventually their position seemed to be galvanized around the teachings of the Genevan reformer, Calvin. Taking essentially the same position as Luther, Calvin began to assemble protestant scholars and teachers who would take the movement back to their home provinces. During the second half of the 1500s his "Reformed" movement was well planted in the towns and cities of England, Scotland, Netherlands, France, Western Germany, Bohemia, Hungary--and even parts of Poland and Spain (where it later got eradicated by the Catholic counter-reformation).

Henry VIII is Historically Significant
The ReformationHenry authors a treatise denouncing the Reformation and earning the title of Defender of the Faith

The Renaissance - Henry could be considered the first monarch of the Renaissance, which reached its height during the reign of his daughter Elizabeth I. He wrote poetry and was proud of his dancing ability.

The reduction in the power of the Roman Catholic ChurchHenry broke with Rome and formed the church of England in order to marry Anne Boleyn.

Henry at 40

Six wives of Henry VIII

Henry VIII weds Katherine of Aragon
Daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain
Mary I (1516-1558)Called Bloody Mary due to her execution of protestants during her reign (1553-1558)

Two additional marriages produce heirs
Anne Boleyn
Jane Seymour
Elizabeth I
Edward VI

Elizabeth I

A different kind of Queen

The reign of Elizabeth I is often thought of as a Golden Age. It was a time of extravagance and luxury in which a flourishing popular culture was expressed through writers such as Shakespeare, and explorers like Drake and Raleigh sought to expand England's territory overseas. This sense of well-being was embodied by Queen Elizabeth who liked to wear sumptuous costumes and jewels, and be entertained in style at her court. But life in Tudor England did not always reflect such splendor. The sixteenth century was also a time when the poor became poorer, books and opinions were censored, and plots to overthrow the Queen were rife. Elizabeth's ministers had to employ spies and even use torture to gain information about threats to her life.

Elizabeth was a different kind of Queen: quick-witted, clever and able to use feminine wiles to get her own way. Elizabeth could be as ruthless and calculating as any king before her but at the same time she was vain, sentimental and easily swayed by flattery. She liked to surround herself with attractive people and her portraits were carefully vetted to make sure that no physical flaws were ever revealed.

She relied upon the ministers close to her but would infuriate them with her indecision - 'It maketh me weary of life,' remarked one. Faced with a dilemma - for example whether or not to sign the execution warrant of Mary Queen of Scots - Elizabeth would busy herself with other matters for months on end. Only when the patience of her ministers was running short would she be forced to make up her mind. She had a formidable intellect, and her sharp tongue would quickly settle any argument - in her favor.

The English Renaissance - Henry VIII and the Elizabethan era
Edmund Spenser1552-1599
THE FAERIE QVEENEDisposed into twelue bookes,

Fashioning XII. Morall vertues LONDON Printed for William Ponsonbie. 1596.
TO THE MOST HIGH, MIGHTIE and MAGNIFICENT EMPRESSE RENOVV- MED FOR PIETIE, VER- TVE, AND ALL GRATIOVS GOVERNMENT ELIZABETH BY THE GRACE OF GOD QVEENE OF ENGLAND FRAVNCE AND IRELAND AND OF VIRGI- NIA, DEFENDOVR OF THE FAITH, &. HER MOST HVMBLE SERVANT EDMVND SPENSER DOTH IN ALL HV- MILITIE DEDI- CATE, PRE- SENT AND CONSECRATE THESE HIS LABOVRS TO LIVE VVITH THE ETERNI- TIE OF HER FAME.

Christopher Marlow
1564-1593
http://www.luminarium.org/renlit/

William Shakespeare
1564-1616
*All's Well That Ends Well *Antony and Cleopatra *As You Like It *The Comedy of Errors *Coriolanus *Cymbeline *Hamlet *Henry IV, Part 1 *Henry IV, Part 2 *Henry V *Henry VI, Part 1 *Henry VI, Part 2 *Henry VI, Part 3 *Henry VIII *Julius Caesar *King John *King Lear *Love's Labour's Lost *Macbeth *Measure for Measure *The Merchant of Venice *The Merry Wives of Windsor *A Midsummer Night's Dream *Much Ado About Nothing
*Othello *Pericles *Richard II *Richard III *Romeo and Juliet *The Taming of the Shrew *The Tempest *Timon of Athens *Titus Andronicus *Troilus and Cressida *Twelfth Night *The Two Gentlemen of Verona *The Winter's Tale

Sir Walter Ralegh
1552-1618
PoetryIn Commendation of The Steel GlassThe ExcuseAn Epitaph Upon The Right Honourable Sir Philip SidneyA Vision Upon This Conceit of The Fairy Queen.The Nymph's Reply to the ShepherdSir Walter Raleigh to his SonThe Silent LoverThe LieOn the Life of Man [What is our life? a play of passion]The Passionate Man's PilgrimageAs You Came from the Holy LandEven Such Is TimePraised be Diana's Fair and Harmless Light[Like truthless dreams][Like to a hermit]A description of love [Now what is love?][Nature, that washed her hands]The Wood, the Weed, the Wag [Three things there be]The Ocean to Cynthia

ProseSir Walter Raleigh's Farewell Letter to his Wife Before Dying - LuminariumThe Discovery of Guiana, 1595 - Modern History SourcebookExcerpt from The History of the World - John TinklerExcerpt from The Dutie of a King in His Royal Office

The United Monarchy
Following the death of Elizabeth I in 1603, the crown passed to the Stewarts (Stuarts). The Stuarts were the first kings of the United Kingdom. King James I of England who began the period was also King James VI of Scotland, thus combining the two thrones for the first time.

The Stuart dynasty reigned in England and Scotland from 1603 to 1714, a period which saw a flourishing Court culture but also much upheaval and instability, of plague, fire and war.

It was an age of intense religious debate and radical politics. Both contributed to a bloody civil war in the mid-seventeenth century between Crown and Parliament (the Cavaliers and the Roundheads), resulting in a parliamentary victory for Oliver Cromwell and the dramatic execution of King Charles I.

There was a short-lived republic, the first time that the country had experienced such an event.

The Restoration of the Crown was soon followed by another 'Glorious' Revolution. William and Mary of Orange ascended the throne as joint monarchs and defenders of Protestantism, followed by Queen Anne, the second of James II's daughters.
StuartJames I - 1603-1625Charles I - 1625-1649

Commonwealth1649-1660Oliver Cromwell - 1653-1659Richard Cromwell - 1658-1659

StuartCharles II - 1660-1685James II - 1685 - 1688Mary II - 1689-1694William III - 1689 - 1702Anne - 1702-1714

The Hanovarians
The end of the Stuart line with the death of Queen Anne led to the drawing up of the Act of Settlement in 1701, which provided that only Protestants could hold the throne. The Hanoverians came to power in difficult circumstances that looked set to undermine the stability of British society. The first of their Kings, George I, was only 52nd in line to the throne, but the nearest Protestant according to the Act of Settlement. Two descendants of James II, the deposed Stuart king, threatened to take the throne, and were supported by a number of 'Jacobites' throughout the realm.

For all that, the Hanoverian period was remarkably stable, not least because of the longevity of its kings. From 1714 through to 1837, there were only five monarchs, one of whom, George III, remains the longest reigning king in British History. George III was declared insane in 1810.

The period was also one of political stability, and the development of constitutional monarchy. For vast tracts of the eighteenth century, great Whig families dominated politics, while the early nineteenth century saw Tory domination. Britain's first 'Prime' Minister, Robert Walpole, dates from this period, and income tax was introduced. Towards the end of the Hanoverian period, the Great Reform Act was passed, which amongst other things widened the electorate.

It was also in this period that Britain came to acquire much of her overseas empire, despite the loss of the American colonies (George III), largely through foreign conquest in the various wars of the century. By the end of the Hanoverian period, the British Empire covered a third of the globe.

The theme of longevity was set to continue, as the longest reigning monarch in British history, Queen Victoria, prepared to take the throne.
HanoverGeorge I - 1714-1727George II - 1727 -1760George III - 1760 - 1820

George IV - 1820 - 1837William IV - 1830 - 1837Victoria - 1837 - 1901

Saxe - Coburg - GothaEdward VII - 1901- 1910

WindsorGeorge V - 1910-1936Edward VIII - 1936George VII - 1936-1952Elizabeth II - 1952 -

Victoria and Albert
Queen Victoria is associated with Britain's great age of industrial expansion, economic progress and, especially, empire. At her death, it was said, Britain had a worldwide empire on which the sun never set. Her marriage to Prince Albert brought nine children between 1840 and 1857. Most of her children married into other Royal families of Europe. During Victoria's long reign, direct political power moved away from the sovereign. A series of Acts broadened the social and economic base of the electorate. These acts included the Second Reform Act of 1867; the introduction of the secret ballot in 1872, which made it impossible to pressure voters by bribery or intimidation; and the Representation of the Peoples Act of 1884 - all householders and lodgers in accommodation worth at least 10 a year, and occupiers of land worth 10 a year, were entitled to vote.
1837-1901
1819-1861

Advances of the Victorian era
Commercial transatlantic steamship travel was initiated by Brunel, 1837- 1859.

The penny post, which provided a flat fee, a stamp, for postal delivery, introduced in 1840.

Calotype photography patented in 1841 by W. F. Talbot.

Bessemer Process, cheaper conversion of pug iron to steel, patented in 1856 by Sir Henry Bessemer.

Charles Darwin published Origin of the Species in 1859.

Antiseptic surgery was introduced by Joseph Lister in 1865.

The electromagnetic theory of light was published by James C. Maxwell in 1873.

Telephone developed by A.G. Bell (Scottish born) in 1876.

Discovery of the electron, by J. J. Thompson in 1897.

Victoria passes hemophilia to European royalty

Queen Victoria passes hemophilia
Princess Victoria Adelaide Mary Louise was born in 1840. Her nickname in the family was Vicky. She married Prince Friedrich Wilhelm of Prussia when she was 17. Her husband became emperor of Germany, but died of throat cancer after a three-month reign. Vicky had seven children. Her eldest son became German emperor Wilhelm II; her daughter Sophie married a Greek prince and in time became the queen of Greece.

Prince Albert Edward was born in 1841. His nickname was Bertie. In 1863 he married Princess Alexandra of Denmark. They had six children, including a daughter named Maud who became the queen consort of Norway. After Queen Victoria's death in 1901, Bertie ascended to the throne as King Edward VII. He died in 1910 and was succeeded by his son, King George V.

Princess Alice Maud Mary was born in 1843. At age 18 she married Prince Ludwig or Louis of Hesse (later Grand Duke Louis XIV). Their seven children included a daughter, Alix, who became the wife of Russia's last tsar, Nicholas II. The first of Queen Victoria's children to die, Alice succumbed to diptheria in 1878 at the age of 35. She passed hemophilia onto:Princess Alice, who passed it onto at least three of her children: Princess Irene, who passed it onto two of her three sons: Waldemar and HenryPrince FriedrichPrincess Alexandra, who married Tsar Nicholas II of Russia, and passed it onto her only son, Alexei.

Prince Alfred Ernest Albert was born in 1844. His nickname in the family was Affie. In 1874 he married Grand Duchess Marie, the daughter of Tsar Alexander II of Russia. When Alfred was 50 he became the duke of Saxe-Coburg. His only son, also named Alfred, died in 1899 as the result of a self-inflicted gunshot wound, so when Affie died in 1900 he was succeeded by his brother Leopold's son, Charles. The eldest of Affie's four daughters, Marie, married the crown prince of Romania, who later became King Ferdinand I.

Royal hemophilia, cont.
Princess Helena Augusta Victoria was born in 1846. Her nickname was Lenchen. In 1866 she married Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein, with whom she had five children. Their marriage lasted 51 years. Lenchen died in 1923.

Princess Louise Caroline Alberta was born in 1848. At the age of 23 she married John Campbell, Marquis of Lorne (later the Duke of Argyll). It was a troubled marriage, and they had no children. Princess Louise lived until 1939.

Prince Arthur William Patrick was born in 1850. In 1879 he married Princess Luise Margarete of Prussia. They had three children. Prince Arthur lived until 1942, when he died at the age of 92.

Prince Leopold George Duncan was born in 1853. In 1882 he married Princess Helena Frederica of Waldeck. They had two children. Prince Leopold was a hemophiliac, and just two years after his marriage he died at the age of 30. In 1900 his son Charles Edward became the duke of Saxe-Coburg.Prince Leopold, a sufferer (one of the rare male hemophiliacs of such early era who himself had children), who passed it onto his daughter, Alice, who in turn passed it onto her older son, Rupert. The younger son, Maurice, died in infancy, so it is not known if he was a sufferer.

Royal hemophilia, cont.
Princess Beatrice, was a carrier, who passed the disease on to at least two, if not three of her four children:

*Princess Victoria Eugenie, who passed it onto Infante Alfonso, Prince of the Asturias) and Infante Gonzalo. Her two daughters, Infanta Beatrice and Infanta Maria Cristina, may be carriers, but none of their descendants have had the disease as of 2004.*Prince Leopold*Prince Maurice (Several sources have mentioned that Prince Maurice was a haemophiliac, while others dispute this. It is unknown if whether or not he had the disease.)

Princess Beatrice Mary Victoria was born in 1857. Her nickname in the family was Baby. She married Prince Henry of Battenberg in 1885, despite Queen Victoria's disapproval of the match. Beatrice and Henry had four children, including Victoria Eugenie, who became the queen of Spain. Beatrice died in 1944.