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One of the key differences between experts and novices is an experts ability
to recognize important
information from less important
information.
Today: Inheritance for 1 gene
Sexual reproduction creates genetic diversity by combining DNA from 2 individuals, but also by creating genetically unique gametes.
{Producing more cells}
{Producing gametes}
Fig 12.3
haploid
diploid
X 23in humans X 23
in humans
X 23in humans
Inheritance = The interaction between genes inherited from Mom and Dad.
Do parents’ genes/traits blend together in offspring?
In many instances there is a unique pattern of inheritance.
Traits disappear and reappear in new ratios.
Fig 13.4
Genotype Phenotype
Human blood types Box 44.2
One gene with three alleles controls carbohydrates that are found on Red Blood Cell membranes
RBC
A A
A
A
AA
AA
A
RBCRBC
B B
B
B
BB
BB
B
Allele A = A carbs Allele B = B carbs Allele O = no carbs
Box 44.2
Human blood types Box 44.2
RBC
A A
A
A
AA
AA
A
We each have two versions of each gene…
So
Genotype could be A and AORA and O
RBC
A A
A
A
AA
AA
A
Recessive alleles do not show their phenotype when a dominant allele is present.
Genotype could be A and AORA and O
What about…
Genotype = ??
RBC
What about…
Genotype = OO
RBC
RBC
AA
A
B
A A
B
B
B
What about…
B
RBC
AA
A
B
A A
B
B
B
What about…
B
Genotype = AB
Human blood types
AA orAO
AB
BB orBO
OO
Box 44.2
Phenotype
GenotypePhenotype Result of transfusion
If Frank has B blood type,
his Dad has A blood type,
And his Mom has B blood type…
Should Frank be worried?
possible
genotypes
Mom=B blood
BB or BO
Dad=A blood
AA or AO
Gametes all B / 50% B and50% O
all A / 50% A and50% O
possible
genotypes
Mom=B blood
BB or BO
Dad=A blood
AA or AO
Mom=B blood
BB or BO
Dad=A blood
AA or AO
Gametes all B / 50% B and50% O
all A / 50% A and50% O
possible
genotypes
Frank can be BO= B blood …no worries
Mom=B bloodBB or BO
Dad=A bloodAA
Gametes all B / 50% B and50% O
all A
possible
genotypes
Frank can be BO or BB= B blood …Uh-Oh
GrandparentsAB and AB
Some simple dominant/recessive relationships in humans
Dom. Rec. Rec. Dom.
We can also predict the future
Fig 2.12
Mom = AB Dad = AB
Inheritance of blood types
Mom = AB Dad = AB
Gametes: A or B A or B
Inheritance of blood types
Mom = AB Dad = AB
Gametes: A or B A or B
A or B
A or B
AA
AB BB
AB
Chance of each phenotype for each offspring25% AA50% AB25% BB
Mom
Dad
Inheritance of blood types
Testcross:determining dominant/ recessive and zygosity
Fig16.21
Sickle-cell anemia is caused by a point mutation
Sickled and normal red blood cells
Mom = HS Dad = HS
H or S
H or S
HH
HS SS
HS possible offspring75% Normal25% Sickle-cell
Mom
Dad
S=sickle-cell
H=normal
Sickle-Cell Anemia:A dominant or recessive allele?
Coincidence of malaria and sickle-cell anemia
Mom = HS Dad = HS
H or S
H or S
HH
HS SS
HS
possible offspringOxygen transport:75% Normal25% Sickle-cell
Malaria resistance:75% resistant25% susceptible
Mom
Dad
Sickle-Cell Anemia:A dominant or recessive allele?
S=sickle-cell
H=normal
Variation in pea shape and color
Phenotype
Genotype
Fig 13.5
Fig 13.5The inheritance of genes on different chromo-somes is independent.
Y y
r R
Gene for seed color
Gene for seed shape
Approximate position of seed color and shape genes in peas
Chrom. 1/7 Chrom. 7/7
Fig 13.8
Fig 13.8The inheritance of genes on different chromosomes is independent:independent assortment
Fig 13.8
meiosis I
meiosis II
Fig 13.8The inheritance of genes on different chromosomes is independent:independent assortment
Fig 13.5