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Fire Operations One MeridianPlaza

One Meridian Plaza High Rise Fire Twenty Years Ago(httpwwwthecompanyofficercom20110223one-meridian-plaza-high-rise-fire-twenty-years-ago)FEBRUARY 23 2011 | BUILDING CONSTRUCTION (HTTPWWWTHECOMPANYOFFICERCOMCATEGORYBUILDING-CONSTRUCTION) BUILDINGSONFIRECOM

(HTTPWWWTHECOMPANYOFFICERCOMCATEGORYBUILDINGSONFIRE-COM) CHRISTOPHER NAUM (HTTPWWWTHECOMPANYOFFICERCOMCATEGORYCHRISTOPHER-NAUM) COMMANDSAFETYCOM

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(HTTPWWWTHECOMPANYOFFICERCOM20110223ONE-MERIDIAN-PLAZA-HIGH-RISE-FIRE-TWENTY-YEARS-AGOCOMMENTS)

On what began as an uneventful Saturday night twenty years ago a fire on the 22nd floor of the 38-story

Meridian Bank Building also known as One Meridian Plaza was reported to the Philadelphia Fire Department

(httpwwwphilagovFIREaboutindex_homepagehtml)on February 23 1991 at approximately 2040 hours

and went on to burned for more than 19 hours

The fire caused three firefighter fatalities (LODD) and injuries to 24 firefighters

PFD Line of Duty Deaths

Captain David P Holcombe age 52

Firefighter Phyllis McAllister age 43

Firefighter James A Chappell age 29

The 12-alarms brought 51 engine companies 15 ladder companies 11 specialized units and over 300

firefighters to the scene

It was one of the largest high-rise office building fire in modern American history completely consuming

eight floors of the building and was controlled only when it reached a floor that was protected by automatic

sprinklers

The Fire Department arrived to find a well-developed fire on the 22nd floor with fire dropping down to the

21st floor through a set of convenience stairs

Heavy smoke had already entered the stairways and the floors immediately above the 22nd

Fire attack was hampered by a complete failure of the buildings electrical system and by inadequate water pressure caused in part by

improperly set pressure reducing valves on standpipe hose outlets

The USFA (httpswwwusfadhsgovapplicationspublicationsdisplaycfmsc=361ampmc=29ampol=) published a technical report (USFA-TR-049) on the

One Meridian Plaza fire that is still available for download from the USFA web site HERE (httpwwwusfadhsgovdownloadspdfpublicationstr-

049pdf) The report clearly defined the need in 1991 for built-in fire protection systems and reiterated the fact that fire departments alone cannot

expect or be expected to provide the level of fire protection that modem high-rises demand That fire protection must be built-in to the structures

This was clearly illustrated in this event when the One Meridian Plaza fire was finally stopped when it reached a floor where automatic sprinklers

had been installedOne Meridian Plaza was a 38-story high-rise office building located in the heart of downtown Philadelphia in an area of high-

rise and mid-rise structures The building had three underground levels 36 above ground occupiable floors two mechanical floors (12 and 38) and

32Like

258 1 3 7

992015 One Meridian Plaza High Rise Fire Twenty Years Ago | The Company Officer

httpwwwthecompanyofficercom20110223oneshymeridianshyplazashyhighshyriseshyfireshytwentyshyyearsshyago 213

two rooftop helipads The building was rectangular in shape approximately 243 feet in length by 92 feet in width (approximately 22400 gross

square feet) with roughly 17000 net usable square feet per floor Site work for construction began in 1968 and the building was completed and

approved for occupancy in 1973

Construction was classified by the Philadelphia Department of Licenses and Inspections as equivalent to BOCA Type 1B construction which requires

3-hour fire rated building columns 2-hour fire rated horizontal beams and floor ceiling systems and l-hour fire rated corridors and tenant

separations Shafts including stairways are required to be 2-hour fire rated construction and roofs must have l-hour fire rated assemblies

The building frame was structural steel with concrete floors poured over metal decks All structural steel and floor assemblies were protected with

spray-on fireproofing material The exterior of the building was covered by granite curtain wall panels with glass windows attached to the

perimeter floor girders and spandrels The building utilized a central core design although one side of the core is adjacent to the south exterior

wall The core area was approximately 38 feet wide by 124 feet long and contained two stairways four banks of elevators two HVAC supply duct

shafts bathroom utility chases and telephone and electrical risers

SUMMARY OF KEY ISSUES

Origin and Cause The fire started in a vacant 22nd floor office in a pile of linseed oil-soaked rags left by a contractor Fire Alarm System The

activation of a smoke detector on the 22nd floor was the first notice of a possible fire Due to incomplete detector coverage the fire was

already well advanced before the detector was activated

Building Staff Response Building employees did not call the fire department when the alarm was activated An employee investigating the

alarm was trapped when the elevator opened on the fire floor and was rescued when personnel on the ground level activated the manual

recall The Fire Department was not called until the employee had been rescued

Alarm Monitoring Service The private service which monitors the fire alarm system did not call the Fire Department when the alarm was

first activated A call was made to the building to verify that they were aware of the alarm The building personnel were already checking the

alarm at that time

Electrical Systems Installation of the primary and secondary electrical power risers in a common unprotected enclosure resulted in a

complete power failure when the fire-damaged conductors shorted to ground The natural gas powered emergency generator also failed

Fire Barriers Unprotected penetrations in fire-resistance rated assemblies and the absence of fire dampers in ventilation shafts permitted

fire and smoke to spread vertically and horizontally

Ventilation openings in the stairway enclosures permitted smoke to migrate into the stairways complicating firefighting

Unprotected openings in the enclosure walls of 22nd floor electrical closet permitted the fire to impinge on the primary and secondary

electrical power risers

Standpipe System and Pressure Reducing Valves (PRVs) Improperly installed standpipe valves provided inadequate pressure for fire

department hose streams using 1 3 4-inch hose and automatic fog nozzles Pressure reducing valves were installed to limit standpipe outlet

discharge pressures to safe levels The PRVs were set too low to produce effective hose streams tools and expertise to adjust the valve

settings did not become available until too late

Locked Stairway Doors For security reasons stairway doors were locked to prevent reentry except on designated floors (A building code

variance had been granted to approve this arrangement) This compelled firefighters to use forcible entry tactics to gain access from stairways

to floor areas

Fire Department Pre-Fire Planning Only limited pre-fire plan information was available to the Incident Commander Building owners

provided detailed plans as the fire progressed

Firefighter Fatalities Three firefighters from Engine Company 11 died on the 28th floor when they became disoriented and ran out of air in

their SCBAs

Exterior Fire Spread Autoexposure Exterior vertical fire spread resulted when exterior windows failed This was a primary means of fire

spread

Structural Failures Fire-resistance rated construction features particularly floor-ceiling assemblies and shaft enclosures (including stair

shafts) failed when exposed to continuous fire of unusual intensity and duration

Interior Fire Suppression Abandoned After more than 11 hours of uncontrolled fire growth and spread interior firefighting efforts were

abandoned due to the risk of structural collapse

Automatic Sprinklers The fire was eventually stopped when it reached the fully sprinklered 30th floor Ten sprinkler heads activated at

different points of fire penetration

992015 One Meridian Plaza High Rise Fire Twenty Years Ago | The Company Officer

httpwwwthecompanyofficercom20110223oneshymeridianshyplazashyhighshyriseshyfireshytwentyshyyearsshyago 313

The three firefighters who died were attempting to ventilate the center stair tower They radioed a request for help stating that they

were on the 30th floor After extensive search and rescue efforts their bodies were later found on the 28th floor They had exhausted all of

their air supply and could not escape to reach fresh air At the time of their deaths the 28th floor was not burning but had an extremely

heavy smoke condition

After the loss of three personnel hours of unsuccessful attack on the fire with several floors simultaneously involved in fire and a risk of

structural collapse the Incident Commander withdrew all personnel from the building due to the uncontrollable risk factors The fire

ultimately spread up to the 30th floor where it was stopped by ten automatic sprinklers

Take the time to review this report and examine some of similar issues affecting the fire service today in the areas of staffing and resources

construction and materials building codes built-in fire suppression systems training pre-fire planning fire load fire dynamics and the current

methodologies on wind-drive fire theory

USFA TR-049 Highrise Office Building Fire One Meridian Plaza (httpwwwgooglecomurl

q=httpwwwusfadhsgovdownloadspdfpublicationstr-

049pdfampsa=Uampei=lAxlTcmlB8HJgQfJu7XLBwampved=0CDMQFjALampusg=AFQjCNG9alXyd3Nc-9wGFDdjshsDXw6mzg) Fire Report HERE

(httpwwwusfadhsgovdownloadspdfpublicationstr-049pdf)

Also take a look at the issues that affected operations at the 1988 Interstate Bank Fire

(httpwwwusfadhsgovdownloadspdfpublicationstr-022pdf) in downtown Los Angeles California

Building Overview NarrativeOne Meridian Plaza was a 38-story high-rise office building in downtown Philadelphia Pennsylvania Located across

from Philadelphias City Hall it was originally constructed in 1972 as the headquarter building for the Girard Bank By 1991 it housed 27 tenants

and was the regional headquarters for Meridian Bancorp which occupied eight floors (Menkus 1992) The rectangular building was 243 feet long

and 92 feet wide and contained about 17000 net usable square feet per floor Refer to Plan below for a typical floor plan from One Meridian Plaza

The lower two floors of the tower were below grade floors 12 and 38 housed mechanical equipment and the roof contained access via two

helipads The building frame was structural steel with composite metal decking and the structure was also joined on the east side by a connecting

link and stairwell to the 34-story Girard Trust Building In compliance with all codes available in 1972 the building was classified and fireproofed as

equivalent to BOCA Type 1B construction (Chubb 1991) The structural steel was protected with spray-on fireproofing and sprinklers were not

required by code so they were not installed In 1984 Philadelphia adopted the National Building Code which required that newly constructed

buildings 75 feet high be fully sprinklered One Meridian Plaza was grandfathered and not required to install sprinklers due to the high installation

and retrofit costs (Post March 1991) By 1991 only nine floors of the building had working sprinkler systems These systems had been installed at

the request of the tenants occupying those levels (Mangan 1991)

(httpthecompanyofficercomwp-

contentuploadssites3220110222nd_Floor1jpg)Typical Floor Plan (22nd Floor)

Herersquos a story posted today at the Phildalphia Daily News with insights on this anniversary

One Meridian Plaza (httpwwwphillycomphillynews20110223_One_Meridian_Plaza__20_years_ago__the_fire_that_changed_the_worldhtml)

20 years ago the fire that changed the nation By NATALIE POMPILIO Philadelphia Daily News

(httpwwwphillycomphillynews20110223_One_Meridian_Plaza__20_years_ago__the_fire_that_changed_the_worldhtml)

992015 One Meridian Plaza High Rise Fire Twenty Years Ago | The Company Officer

httpwwwthecompanyofficercom20110223oneshymeridianshyplazashyhighshyriseshyfireshytwentyshyyearsshyago 313

The three firefighters who died were attempting to ventilate the center stair tower They radioed a request for help stating that they

were on the 30th floor After extensive search and rescue efforts their bodies were later found on the 28th floor They had exhausted all of

their air supply and could not escape to reach fresh air At the time of their deaths the 28th floor was not burning but had an extremely

heavy smoke condition

After the loss of three personnel hours of unsuccessful attack on the fire with several floors simultaneously involved in fire and a risk of

structural collapse the Incident Commander withdrew all personnel from the building due to the uncontrollable risk factors The fire

ultimately spread up to the 30th floor where it was stopped by ten automatic sprinklers

Take the time to review this report and examine some of similar issues affecting the fire service today in the areas of staffing and resources

construction and materials building codes built-in fire suppression systems training pre-fire planning fire load fire dynamics and the current

methodologies on wind-drive fire theory

USFA TR-049 Highrise Office Building Fire One Meridian Plaza (httpwwwgooglecomurl

q=httpwwwusfadhsgovdownloadspdfpublicationstr-

049pdfampsa=Uampei=lAxlTcmlB8HJgQfJu7XLBwampved=0CDMQFjALampusg=AFQjCNG9alXyd3Nc-9wGFDdjshsDXw6mzg) Fire Report HERE

(httpwwwusfadhsgovdownloadspdfpublicationstr-049pdf)

Also take a look at the issues that affected operations at the 1988 Interstate Bank Fire

(httpwwwusfadhsgovdownloadspdfpublicationstr-022pdf) in downtown Los Angeles California

Building Overview NarrativeOne Meridian Plaza was a 38-story high-rise office building in downtown Philadelphia Pennsylvania Located across

from Philadelphias City Hall it was originally constructed in 1972 as the headquarter building for the Girard Bank By 1991 it housed 27 tenants

and was the regional headquarters for Meridian Bancorp which occupied eight floors (Menkus 1992) The rectangular building was 243 feet long

and 92 feet wide and contained about 17000 net usable square feet per floor Refer to Plan below for a typical floor plan from One Meridian Plaza

The lower two floors of the tower were below grade floors 12 and 38 housed mechanical equipment and the roof contained access via two

helipads The building frame was structural steel with composite metal decking and the structure was also joined on the east side by a connecting

link and stairwell to the 34-story Girard Trust Building In compliance with all codes available in 1972 the building was classified and fireproofed as

equivalent to BOCA Type 1B construction (Chubb 1991) The structural steel was protected with spray-on fireproofing and sprinklers were not

required by code so they were not installed In 1984 Philadelphia adopted the National Building Code which required that newly constructed

buildings 75 feet high be fully sprinklered One Meridian Plaza was grandfathered and not required to install sprinklers due to the high installation

and retrofit costs (Post March 1991) By 1991 only nine floors of the building had working sprinkler systems These systems had been installed at

the request of the tenants occupying those levels (Mangan 1991)

(httpthecompanyofficercomwp-

contentuploadssites3220110222nd_Floor1jpg)Typical Floor Plan (22nd Floor)

Herersquos a story posted today at the Phildalphia Daily News with insights on this anniversary

One Meridian Plaza (httpwwwphillycomphillynews20110223_One_Meridian_Plaza__20_years_ago__the_fire_that_changed_the_worldhtml)

20 years ago the fire that changed the nation By NATALIE POMPILIO Philadelphia Daily News

(httpwwwphillycomphillynews20110223_One_Meridian_Plaza__20_years_ago__the_fire_that_changed_the_worldhtml)

992015 One Meridian Plaza High Rise Fire Twenty Years Ago | The Company Officer

httpwwwthecompanyofficercom20110223oneshymeridianshyplazashyhighshyriseshyfireshytwentyshyyearsshyago 413

When Jack Bloomer and the other firefighters arrived at One Meridian Plaza that cold February night in 1991 flames were encompassing the

building more than 20 stories above leaping from floor to floor Smoke poured into the air and broken glass rained down

ldquoIt was obvious when we pulled up it was an ugly-looking jobrdquo Bloomer 61 remembered yesterday

He had no idea how bad it would get

By the time the 12-alarm fire was declared under control 19 hours later three firefighters were dead 12 others were injured and a Center City

high-rise was lost The blaze 20 years ago today changed the cityrsquos skyline and the way the nation fights fires

ldquoWhen that fire happened it was on the news all over the worldrdquo said Chris Jelenewicz engineering program manager at the Maryland-based

Society of Fire Protection Engineers ldquoThe One Meridian fire was one of the most significant fires in the history of high-rise buildingsrdquo

The fire changed Bloomer who was driving Engine 11 that night With him were Capt David Holcombe and Firefighters Phyllis McAllister and James

Chappell

Bloomerrsquos the only one who made it home Read the entire article HERE

(httpwwwphillycomphillynews20110223_One_Meridian_Plaza__20_years_ago__the_fire_that_changed_the_worldhtml)

(httpthecompanyofficercomwp-contentuploadssites3220110220110223_dn_g2npxfire23c1jpg)Jack Bloomer was the onlysurvivor from his platoonDavid Holcombe Phyllis

McAllister and JamesChappell perished in theFeb 23 high-rise inferno

One Meridian Plaza Photo Slide Show HERE (httpwwwphillycomphillynewsOne_Meridian_Plaza_fire_1991htmlcmpid=102540079)

NFPA Summary Report HERE (httpwwwnfpaorgassetsfilesPDFMeridianPlazaPDF)

Other Insights Good Article related to design construction and failure issues HERE (httpwwwwtc7netcachesgh_meridianhtm)

Excerpts At about 8 pm on Saturday 23 February 1991 linseed oil-soaked rags left behind by a cleaning crew burst into flames on the 22nd floor

of the 38-story One Meridian Plaza in downtown Philadelphia The fire quickly spread unimpeded by fire sprinklers throughout the 22nd floor and

then upward Sprinklers were not required by the Cityrsquos building code at the time of construction and were being added to the building only as

opportunity presented itself

The twelve-alarm fire burned for 18 hours The extreme heat caused window glass and frames to melt and concrete floor slabs and steel beams to

buckle and sag dramatically Large shards of window glass fell from the facade cutting through fire hoses on the ground around the building

Three firefighters were trapped on a fully engulfed floor and efforts to rescue them failed

The fire would not yield and there were increasing concerns about the stability of the structure Fire officials called off the attack and allowed the

fire to ldquofree burnrdquo concentrating their efforts on containing the fire to this building When the fire reached the 30th floor a tenant-installed fire-

sprinkler system was activated and the worst high-rise fire in US history was finally brought under control

Other Notable High-Rise Fires

First Interstate Bank Building ndash Los Angeles California

992015 One Meridian Plaza High Rise Fire Twenty Years Ago | The Company Officer

httpwwwthecompanyofficercom20110223oneshymeridianshyplazashyhighshyriseshyfireshytwentyshyyearsshyago 513

On May 4 1998 the 62-story First Interstate Bank Building in Los Angeles California experienced a devastating fire that damaged five of the

buildings floors before it was brought under control It is thought that the fire was the result of an electrical malfunction but the cause was

actually never determined The building was in the process of being retrofit with an automatic sprinkler system which had been installed in about

90 percent of the building but was not operational at the time of the fire Security personnel dismissed initial fire and smoke alarms which delayed

the response of the fire department by almost 15 minutes Also contributing to the spread of the fire was the large quantity of combustible

materials on each floor equipment penetrations and other openings and a standpipe system that had been shut down due to the sprinkler

installation Firefighters were also forced to battle dangerous conditions that were created by the failure of the glass faade and its subsequent

fall to the ground below The fire was eventually extinguished with the internal standpipe system but not before one death and over 50 million

dollars worth of damage (Routley 1988)

Schomburg Plaza ndash New York New YorkThe fire at Schomburg Plaza was unusual in the fact that it originated in the upper sections of a trash chute that serviced the 35-story apartment

building The March 22 1987 fire started somewhere between the 27th and 29th floors and then traveled up the trash chute and through the walls

into surrounding apartments Investigations following the fire found that sprinklers in the chute either failed to work because they were clogged or

were not actually connected to the piping system It was also determined that the building was not built according to its plans and therefore

certain areas did not meet the two hour fire rating required by code A final issue was the initial response to the fire and the misconception that it

was a common compactor fire as had been seen several times before Neither firefighters nor dispatchers realized the severity of the fire and

initially believed that it was under control which created an even more dangerous situation As a result of this fire seven people lost their lives

(Schaenman 1987)

High-Rise Condominium ndash Clearwater FloridaA more recent high-rise fire occurred on June 28 2002 in an 11-story condominium building in Clearwater Florida The fire originated in the

kitchen of a fifth floor apartment and instead of pulling the fire alarm and alerting the fire department the tenant tried unsuccessfully to

extinguish the fire This delay allowed the blaze to grow for 17 minutes before the fire department was even notified As firefighters arrived on the

scene they encountered several problems including radio communication issues closed standpipe riser valves and a damaged fire hydrant

Another issue was that some building residents ignored fire alarms and failed to evacuate believing that it was false alarm The building was not

equipped with an automatic sprinkler system and therefore several units and the central hallway were heavily damaged by fire smoke and water

before the blaze was declared under control In the end two people were killed and many more were injured The tragedy resulted in one million

dollars worth of damage and the installation of an automatic sprinkler system

992015 One Meridian Plaza High Rise Fire Twenty Years Ago | The Company Officer

httpwwwthecompanyofficercom20110223oneshymeridianshyplazashyhighshyriseshyfireshytwentyshyyearsshyago 613

(httpthecompanyofficercomwp-contentuploadssites32201102meridian_plaza_buildingjpg)

(httpthecompanyofficercomwp-contentuploadssites322011022-23-2011-5-08-50-

PMjpg)Feb 24 1991 A Medevac helicopter takes off from 15th

Street about 130 am Sunday to take urgently needed freshair bottles to the roof The bottles were not in time for three

of the firefighters (Mike Levin Inquirer files)

992015 One Meridian Plaza High Rise Fire Twenty Years Ago | The Company Officer

httpwwwthecompanyofficercom20110223oneshymeridianshyplazashyhighshyriseshyfireshytwentyshyyearsshyago 613

(httpthecompanyofficercomwp-contentuploadssites32201102meridian_plaza_buildingjpg)

(httpthecompanyofficercomwp-contentuploadssites322011022-23-2011-5-08-50-

PMjpg)Feb 24 1991 A Medevac helicopter takes off from 15th

Street about 130 am Sunday to take urgently needed freshair bottles to the roof The bottles were not in time for three

of the firefighters (Mike Levin Inquirer files)

992015 One Meridian Plaza High Rise Fire Twenty Years Ago | The Company Officer

httpwwwthecompanyofficercom20110223oneshymeridianshyplazashyhighshyriseshyfireshytwentyshyyearsshyago 713

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(httpwwwthecompanyofficercom20131111fire-engineering-talk-radio-fire-and-training) Fire Engineering Talk Radio ndash Fire and Training(httpwwwthecompanyofficercom20131111fire-engineering-talk-radio-fire-and-training)November 11 2013

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September 8 2015

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