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One Health & Environmental Literacy. Alison Robbins, MS, DVM Tufts Center for Conservation Medicine Tufts Environmental Literacy Institute May 20, 2013. Overview of One Health. Frame the subject of one health through a review of global assessments of ecosystem health and human health - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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One Health & Environmental
Literacy
Alison Robbins, MS, DVMTufts Center for Conservation
MedicineTufts Environmental Literacy
InstituteMay 20, 2013
Overview of One Health
• Frame the subject of one health through a review of global assessments of ecosystem health and human health
• Review definitions and priorities• Review concepts of ecosystem services
and planetary boundaries Anthropocene
• MEA, MDG, Sustainability Development Goals
One Health• What is it?
• Recognition that human health,
animal health and ecosystem health
are inextricably linked
Slide Courtesy G. Kaufman
One Health
One Health?
Slide Courtesy G. Kaufman
Many Competing Terms
• Global Health• Ecohealth• One Health• Public Health• Conservation Medicine
Global Health and Ecohealth
• Global health- a study and practice that places a priority on improving health and achieving equity in health for all people worldwide(Wikipedia)-measures health outcomes
• Ecohealth-An emerging field of study researching how changes in the earth’s ecosystems affect human health focusing on participation, gender and social equity, systems thinking, and research to action
One Health Initiative -AVMA
• The One Health concept is a worldwide strategy for expanding interdisciplinary collaborations and communications in all aspects of health care for humans, animals and the environment.
http://www.onehealthinitiative.com/
Conservation Medicine @ Tufts
Conservation medicine focuses on health relationships occurring at the interface of humans, animals, and the environment, and seeks to develop and apply health management practices, policies and programs that sustain biodiversity and protect the ecosystems essential to animal and human health.Slide Courtesy G.
Kaufman
One HealthWe don’t all have the same priorities…
ECOSYSTEM HEALTH#1 Environmental health#2 Human health#3 Animal health
CONSERVATION MEDICINE#1 Wildlife health #2 Environmental health#3 Human health
PUBLIC HEALTH#1 Human health #2 Animal health #3 Environmental health
Slide Courtesy G. Kaufman
Global Health Assessment• Environmental Health
– Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
– Links ecosystem health to attaining human development goals
• Animal Health– Livestock and
agriculture– Biological Diversity -
MEA– Wildlife
• Human Health– Millennium
Development Goals
Indicators of GlobalHuman Health
• Indicators of human well being and health across the planet – Infant and child mortality, Extreme hunger– Access to education,
• Millennium Development Goals –– Eight international development goals
established in 2000 by the Millennium summit at the United Nations
– Effort to achieve these goals across globe by 2015
United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Findings
http://millenniumassessment.org/en/SlidePresentations.html
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA 2005)
• 2005 report synthesizing 1000 scientists analysis of state of the earths ecosystems
• Report concludes that human activity has a large and escalating impact world ecosystems
• Ecosystem life support system and ecosystem services are in serious decline and at risk to non-linear change (tipping points)
• Unless addressed will substantially effect human well being and all life
• http://www.unep.org/maweb/en/index.aspx
Ecosystem ServicesLife and humankind depend on resources and processes that are supplied by ecosystems and are grouped into 4 broad categories:
• Regulating Services• Supporting Services
• Provisioning Services• Cultural Services
MEA 2005
Constituents ofHuman Well Being
Consequences of ecosystem change effect human well-being; 4 broad categories:
• Security• Basic Material for Good life• Health• Good Social Relations
• Freedom of Choice and Actions- opportunity to be and to achieve what an individual values doing and being
MEA 2005
MEA 2005
MEA 2005
MA Framework
Direct Drivers
Indirect Drivers
EcosystemServices
Human Well-being
Direct Drivers of Change Changes in land use Species introduction or
removal Technology adaptation and
use External inputs (e.g.,
irrigation) Resource consumption Climate change Natural physical and
biological drivers (e.g., volcanoes)
Indirect Drivers of Change
Demographic Economic (globalization,
trade, market and policy framework)
Sociopolitical (governance and institutional framework)
Science and Technology Cultural and Religious
Human Well-being and Poverty Reduction
Basic material for a good life Health Good Social Relations Security Freedom of choice and
action
Unprecedented change in structure and function of ecosystems
More land was converted to cropland in the 30 years after 1950 than in the 150 years between 1700 and
1850.
Cultivated Systems in 2000 cover 25% of Earth’s terrestrial surface
(Defined as areas where at least 30% of the landscape is in croplands, shifting cultivation, confined livestock production, or freshwater aquaculture)
Changes to ecosystems have provided substantial benefits Food production
has more than doubled since 1960
Food production per capita has grown
Food price has fallen
Unprecedented change: Ecosystems
Gulf of Mexico nutrient runoff commons.wikimedia.org
Unprecedented Ecosystem Change (MEA 2005)
• Amount of water in reservoirs quadrupled since 1960
• Withdrawals from rivers and lakes doubled since 1960
• Intercepted Continental Runoff: 3-6 times as much water in reservoirs as in natural rivers
Three Gorges dam China www.industrytap.com
Unprecedented Ecosystem Change (MEA 2005)
• 20% of the world’s coral reefs were lost and 20% degraded in the last several decades
savethecorals.wordpress.com
Significant and largely irreversible Biodiversity
Loss• Threatened with extinction: 30% amphibians, 12% birds, 23% Mammals, 3% plants.
• 6th extinctions –on order of mass extinctions
Ecosystem Services Changes
• Provisioning service increases– Crop production– Livestock– Aquaculture
• Provisioning decrease– Capture fisheries– Genetic resources– Biochemicals/
medicine– Fresh water
• Regulating and cultural services -reductions– Air quality
regulation– Climate regulation
local– Erosion– pollination
Degradation of ecosystem services is a significant barrier to achievement of MDGsMany of the regions facing the greatest challenges in achieving the 2015 targets
coincide with regions facing the greatest problems of ecosystem degradation Although socioeconomic factors will play a primary role in achieving many of the
MDGs, targets are unlikely to be met without improvement in ecosystem management for goals such as: Poverty Reduction Hunger
· All four MA scenarios project progress but at rates far slower than needed to attain the MDG target. The improvements are slowest in the regions in which the problems are greatest: South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa
Child mortality· Three of the MA scenarios project reductions in child undernourishment of
between 10% and 60% but undernourishment increases by 10% in one. Disease
· Progress toward this Goal is achieved in three scenarios, but in one scenario the health and social conditions for the North and South further diverge, exacerbating health problems in many low-income regions
Environmental Sustainability including access to water
Anthropocene Epoch• Epoch- Formal time boundary often
marked upheavals in Earth history through fossil record
• Scale of human driven environmental change– Mega cities– Chemical and biological effects– Rates of biological extinctions 100 – 1000x
equivalent to earths 6th extinction• Beginning with the industrial revolution
within Epoch of Holocene
Anthropocene Epoch
NASA
Planetary Boundaries –
Rockstrom et al, Science 2009 Stockholm Resilience.org
How do we change course?• First a recognition that
– “Business as usual” projected scenarios are grim
– planetary boundaries can provide a framework for safe operating zones
– Unique moment in time with world population, energy and food production, Global health advances and technology
How do we change course?• Change is difficult
• With most aspects of change a shift of attitude is needed
• A paradigm shift - One Health agenda
Paradigm Shift-• New paradigm for human endeavors
• Innovation coupled with the new mindset lead to transformative actions and outcomes
• Collaboration on a global scale
Sustainable Development Goals
linking poverty eradication to protection of Earth’s life support systems
Sustainable development goals for people and planet. Nature, 495: 305-307. (21 March 2013)
Griggs et al 2013: Nature 495; 305-307
Millennium Sustainability Goals
• Grigg et al -Integrate into Millennium Development goals for human health
• Paradigm shift for all governments across developed and undeveloped world
• Road map for educators and OH practitioners: Healthy and productive ecosystems
• Environmental literacy
TELI -A Step Forward Together
• Educate the educators- knowledge gaps in environmental health are vast
• Work with and inform global leaders• Breakdown social barriers to sharing
information and changing practices• Learn from successes – MDG, share
experiences
Take the next step forward- Begin to realize the
extraordinary potential of interdisciplinary
collaboration in Global One Health
TELI -A Step Forward Together
• Gretchen Kaufman• Antje Danielson• Joann Lindenmeyer• Mark Pokras• Mike McGuill• Helen Amuguni• Flo Tseng• Elena Nauvoma • Bryan Windmiller• MCM Students
Thanks to TuftsOne Health Community
• Master’s in Conservation Medicine Program
• Tufts Institute for the Environment
• Fletcher School –Center for International Environmental Research and Policy (CIERP)
• Tufts Programs in Public Health
• Freidman School of Nutrition• Dept. of Infectious Disease
and Global Health• USAID RESPOND project-
capacity building