Oncology - 4th Semi

8/2/2019 Oncology - 4th Semi

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/oncology-4th-semi 1/42

ONCOLOGY

BY

NISHA SHETTY – 14

KRUPALI THAKKAR - 9



CONTENTS

• Breast cancer

•

Lung cancer

• Brain cancer

• Leukemia



Breast Cancer

• Breast cancer is a cancer that starts in the

tissues of the breast.

• There are two main types of breast cancer:

1. Ductal carcinoma starts in the tubes (ducts)

that move milk from the breast to the nipple.2. Lobular carcinoma starts in the parts of the

breast, called lobules, that produce milk.



Causes/ Risk Factors

• Age and gender

• Family history of breast cancer

•

Genes• Alcohol use

• Childbirth

• Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)• Radiation



Symptoms

• Early breast cancer usually does not cause symptoms.This is why regular breast exams are important.

• As the cancer grows, symptoms may include:

1. Breast lump or lump in the armpit that is hard, hasuneven edges, and usually does not hurt

2. Change in the size, shape, or feel of the breast ornipple -- for example, you may have redness,

dimpling, or puckering that looks like the skin of anorange

3. Fluid coming from the nipple -- may be bloody, clearto yellow, green, and look like pus



• Men can get breast cancer, too. Symptoms

include breast lump and breast pain and

tenderness.



• Symptoms of advanced breast cancer may

include:

1. Bone pain

2. Breast pain or discomfort

3. Skin ulcers

4. Swelling of one arm (next to the breast withcancer)

5. Weight loss



Diagnosis

• Breast MRI

• Breast ultrasound

• Breast biopsy

• CT scan

• Mammography• Lymph node biopsy



Drugs

• Generic Name :-Paclitaxel

• Brand Name :-TAXOL

• Company Manufacturing :-Bristol-Myers Squibb



Side Effects

• Nausea and vomiting

• Loss of appetite

•

Change in taste• Thinned or brittle hair

• Pain in the joints of the arms or legs lasting

two to three days,• Changes in the color of the nails, and tingling

in the hands or toes



• Generic Name :- Letrozol

• Brand Name :- Femera

• Company Manufacturing :-

Novartis



• Sweating,

• Hot flashes,

•

Arthralgia (joint pain),• Fatigue



Lung Cancer

• Lung cancer is cancer that starts in the lungs.

•

There are two main types of lung cancer:1. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the

most common type of lung cancer.

2. Small cell lung cancer makes up about 20% of all lung cancer cases.



• If the lung cancer is made up of both types, it

is called mixed small cell/large cell cancer.

• If the cancer started somewhere else in the

body and spread to the lungs, it is

called metastatic cancer to the lung.



Causes / Risk Factors

• Cigarette smoking

• Asbestos

•

Exposure to cancer-causing chemicals such asuranium, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel

chromates, coal products, mustard gas,

chloromethyl ethers, gasoline, and diesel

exhaust

• Family history of lung cancer



• High levels of air pollution

• High levels of arsenic in drinking water

•

Radiation therapy to the lungs• Radon gas



Symptoms

• Early lung cancer may not cause any symptoms.

• Symptoms depend on the type of cancer you have,

but may include:

Chest pain

Cough that doesn't go away

Coughing up bloodFatigue



Losing weight without trying

Loss of appetite

Shortness of breath

Wheezing

Bone pain or tenderness

Eyelid drooping



Diagnosis

• Bone scan

• Chest x-ray

• Complete blood count (CBC)

•CT scan of the chest

• MRI of the chest

• Positron emission tomography (PET) scan

• Sputum test

• Thoracentesis (sampling of fluid build-up aroundthe lung)

• Bronchoscopy combined with biopsy



Drugs

• Generic Name :- Gefitinib

• Brand Name :- Iressa

• Company manufacturing :- Astra

Zeneca



Side Effects

• Acne

• Diarrhea

•

Nausea• Vomiting

• Dehydration

• Skin reactions,• Paronychia



• Generic Name :- Erlotinib

• Brand Name :- Tarceva

• Company manufacturing :-

Roche



Side effects

• Rash

• Diarrhea

•

Loss of appetite• Fatigue

• Rarely, ingrown hairs, such as eyelashes

• Hearing loss.• Partial hair loss



BRAIN TUMOUR

• Brain tumors are the result of uncontrolled

growth of abnormal cells in the brain.

• Brain tumors can be classified :

Primary

Metastatic



Causes

• Exposure to radiation

• Family history of certain genetic disorders

•

Having a compromised immune system• Cell phone use

• Consumption of aspartame



Symptoms

• Nausea and/or vomiting

• Visual and hearing disturbances

• Problems with memory

• Slower thought process

• Weakness on one side of the body orabnormal gait

• Fatigue or increased sleep

• Personality changes



Diagnosis

• Brain MRI

• CT Scan

•

PET Scan



Treatment

• Tumor resection

• Debulking

•

Surgery• Radiation therapy



Drugs

• Temozolomide

Generic Name: Temozolomide

Brand Name: Temodar

Company: Schering-Plough



Side effects

• Low blood cell counts

• Sickness

•

Tiredness• Sensitivity to the sun



• Bevacizumab

Generic Name: Bevacizumab

Brand Name: Avastin

Company: Roche



Side effects

• Diarrhoea

• Tiredness

• Feeling and being sick

• Low blood cell counts



Leukemia

• Leukemia is a type of cancer of the

blood or bone marrow characterized by an

abnormal increase of immature white blood

cells called "blasts“

• Types:

Acute

Chronic



Causes

• Mutations in the DNA

• Natural and artificial ionizing radiation

• Tobacco

• Petrochemicals

• Human t-lymphotropic virus



Symptoms

• Reduced blood counts

• Frequent bleeding

• Anemia

• Frequent infection

• Threatening pneumonia



Diagnosis

• Complete blood counts

• Bone marrow examination

• X-ray

• MRI

• Ultrasound



Treatment

• Chemo therapy

• Radiation therapy

• Bone marrow transplant



Drugs

• Glivec

Generic Name : Imatinib

Brand Name: Glivec

Company: Novartis



Side effects

• Weight gain

• Reduced number of blood cells

• Headache

• Edema

• Nausea

•Rash

• Musculoskeletal pain



• Rituxan

Generic Name: Rituximab

Brand Name: RITUXAN

Comapany : Genentech In



Side effects

• Increased cough

• Infectious events

• Lymphopenia,

• Neutropenia,

• Leucopenia,

•Anemia .



Documents

Oncology - 4th Semi