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Arnold Pompoš, University of Oklahoma, USA 2/29

(do scientists do at Fermilab)

WHAT?

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We study the finest and tiniest scales of Nature

largest structures of the

universe

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(do scientists study the finest scales of Nature)

WHY?

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Curiosity is the driving force behind our research.

Humans always asked questions about the structure of matter.

What’s the structure of the ocean, what’s the structure of a dew drop … ?

Does the structure ever end? Are there basic building blocks?

Motivation

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Modern cosmology and particle physics uncovered fundamental connections

between

time evolution of the universe

finest structure of matter

largest structures of the

universe

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(do scientists study the finest scales of Nature)

HOW?

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What PROBE to use?

How to probe even smaller scales?

( > 0.01 m)Objects of everyday life

( > 0.000 001 m)Structure of cells

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Our LIGHT - Particle Collisions

In order to be able to study exotic particles, we have to create them first in labs.

This happens by colliding lighter particles at very high energies.

The rest is fixed by E=mc2

•give me enough energy, I will make you anything

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Fermilab

Beša

Chicago

Where is our Instrument Located?

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Our MICROSCOPE - Fermilab’s Accelerator

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Our EYES - Particle Detectors at Fermilab

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(what we found out about our Nature)

SOME RESULTS

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Standard Model of Particles and Fields

The most fundamental building blocks of matter are:

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What’s up with the NEUTRINOS?

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Physics Beyond the Standard ModelCosmology measures that only 4% of Nature’s

matter is in the form of know substance

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Extra Dimensions Already Employed?

3+1 dim

Extra dim

What extra dimensions? Can’t you count? We have only 3+1 dimensions!

Was it the magician, D. Copperfield, who already experimentally proved the existence of extra dimensions?

D.C. freeing himself from a locked box by using extra dimensions?(No, just joking!)

OR

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Motivation to Search for Extra Dimensions

We need a theory to explain 96% of the universe.

Some of such theories are consistent not in 3+1 dim. world, but need extra dimensions (strings, etc.)

Perhaps, if we zoom in to matter enough, we will observe extra dimensions!

Appears as 1D

Appears as 2D

Whoops, it’s 3D!OR ????D

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(physicists use accelerated particles to treat cancer)

HEP Byproducts

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Healthy DNA – the captain of everythingRNA

DNA replication Cell Division

Protein synthesis

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Watch out! DNA can get damaged!Ionizing Radiation

Chemical influence

Viruses

When something goes wrong

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What is cancer? Cancer is an unrestrained & excessive growth of

cells.

Slowly Growing

Noninvasive, encapsulated

Well differentiated cells

Non-metastatic

Rapidly growing

Invasive and infiltrative

Anaplastic & undifferentiated cells

Metastatic

Tumor - Benign Tumor - Malignant

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Why Do We Care About Cancer?

1) Heart diseases = 28.0% of all deaths

In USA in 20032) Cancer = 22.7% of all deaths

720 000 men 680 000 women

will be diagnosed with cancer! In USA in 2006

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Various Methods To Fight Cancer Surgery

•Helpful in early stages - before cancer spreads.

Chemotherapy•Use of drugs to fight cancer.

Biological Therapy•Use of body’s own immune system to fight

Radiation Therapy•Use of ionizing radiation

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Radiation Therapy

Damage to the cancer cell is done by energy deposited to tumor cells by ionizing radiation

Radiation makes free radicals which then brake DNA

It’s based on the fact that cancerous cells are more sensitive and can less repair than normal cells.

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How to Deliver Energy to Kill Cells? Photon Therapy

(cheap)

Neutron Therapy (effective)

Proton Therapy(very precise)

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Instruments for Various Therapies Photon Therapy Proton/Neutron Therapy

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Want More Info?

Visit Fermilab’s web sites: http://www.fnal.govhttp://www-ed.fnal.gov/ed_home.html

Send e-mail to Arnold: pompos@fnal.gov

For Fermilab tours call Fermilab’s: Education office (630) 840-8248Office of Public Affairs (630) 840 3351