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HAL Id: inria-00521326 https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00521326 Submitted on 27 Sep 2010 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- entific research documents, whether they are pub- lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés. On the Flooding Overhead of Fountain Codes in Wireless Sensor Networks Anya Apavatjrut, Katia Jaffrès-Runser, Claire Goursaud, Cédric Lauradoux To cite this version: Anya Apavatjrut, Katia Jaffrès-Runser, Claire Goursaud, Cédric Lauradoux. On the Flooding Over- head of Fountain Codes in Wireless Sensor Networks. [Research Report] RR-7397, INRIA. 2010, pp.16. inria-00521326

On the Flooding Overhead of Fountain Codes in Wireless Sensor … · 2020-02-14 · Wireless Sensor Networks Anya Apaatjrutv ∗, Katia Ja rès-Runser ∗, Claire Goursaud ∗, Cédric

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Page 1: On the Flooding Overhead of Fountain Codes in Wireless Sensor … · 2020-02-14 · Wireless Sensor Networks Anya Apaatjrutv ∗, Katia Ja rès-Runser ∗, Claire Goursaud ∗, Cédric

HAL Id: inria-00521326https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00521326

Submitted on 27 Sep 2010

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open accessarchive for the deposit and dissemination of sci-entific research documents, whether they are pub-lished or not. The documents may come fromteaching and research institutions in France orabroad, or from public or private research centers.

L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, estdestinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documentsscientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non,émanant des établissements d’enseignement et derecherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoirespublics ou privés.

On the Flooding Overhead of Fountain Codes inWireless Sensor Networks

Anya Apavatjrut, Katia Jaffrès-Runser, Claire Goursaud, Cédric Lauradoux

To cite this version:Anya Apavatjrut, Katia Jaffrès-Runser, Claire Goursaud, Cédric Lauradoux. On the Flooding Over-head of Fountain Codes in Wireless Sensor Networks. [Research Report] RR-7397, INRIA. 2010,pp.16. �inria-00521326�

Page 2: On the Flooding Overhead of Fountain Codes in Wireless Sensor … · 2020-02-14 · Wireless Sensor Networks Anya Apaatjrutv ∗, Katia Ja rès-Runser ∗, Claire Goursaud ∗, Cédric

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INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE

On the Flooding Overhead of Fountain Codes in

Wireless Sensor Networks

Anya Apavatjrut — Katia Jaffrès-Runser — Claire Goursaud — Cédric Lauradoux

N° 7397

September 2010

Page 3: On the Flooding Overhead of Fountain Codes in Wireless Sensor … · 2020-02-14 · Wireless Sensor Networks Anya Apaatjrutv ∗, Katia Ja rès-Runser ∗, Claire Goursaud ∗, Cédric
Page 4: On the Flooding Overhead of Fountain Codes in Wireless Sensor … · 2020-02-14 · Wireless Sensor Networks Anya Apaatjrutv ∗, Katia Ja rès-Runser ∗, Claire Goursaud ∗, Cédric

Centre de recherche INRIA Grenoble – Rhône-Alpes655, avenue de l’Europe, 38334 Montbonnot Saint Ismier

Téléphone : +33 4 76 61 52 00 — Télécopie +33 4 76 61 52 52

❖♥ t❤❡ ❋❧♦♦❞✐♥❣ ❖✈❡r❤❡❛❞ ♦❢ ❋♦✉♥t❛✐♥ ❈♦❞❡s ✐♥

❲✐r❡❧❡ss ❙❡♥s♦r ◆❡t✇♦r❦s

❆♥②❛ ❆♣❛✈❛t❥r✉t∗✱ ❑❛t✐❛ ❏❛✛rès✲❘✉♥s❡r∗ ✱ ❈❧❛✐r❡ ●♦✉rs❛✉❞∗ ✱

❈é❞r✐❝ ▲❛✉r❛❞♦✉①∗

❚❤❡♠❡ ✿➱q✉✐♣❡s✲Pr♦❥❡ts ❙❲■◆●

❘❛♣♣♦rt ❞❡ r❡❝❤❡r❝❤❡ ♥➦ ✼✸✾✼ ✖ ❙❡♣t❡♠❜❡r ✷✵✶✵ ✖ ✶✸ ♣❛❣❡s

❆❜str❛❝t✿ ❚❤✐s ♣❛♣❡r ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛t❡s ♦♥ t❤❡ ♣r♦♣❡r ✉s❡ ♦❢ ❢♦✉♥t❛✐♥ ❝♦❞❡s ❢♦rt❤❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥ ♦❢ s♣♦r❛❞✐❝ ❞❛t❛ ✐♥ ❛ ✇✐r❡❧❡ss s❡♥s♦r ♥❡t✇♦r❦ ✭❲❙◆✮✳ ❋♦✉♥t❛✐♥❝♦❞❡s ♦✛❡r ❣r❡❛t ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❡s ❢♦r t❤❡ s❡❧❢✲♦r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❲❙◆s✿ t❤❡② s❡❧❢ ❛❞❛♣tt♦ t❤❡ ❝❤❛♥♥❡❧ ❡rr♦r r❛t❡ ✇✐t❤♦✉t ❛♥② ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ❞❛t❛✳ ❲❤❡♥ ❞❡♣❧♦②✐♥❣ ❢♦✉♥t❛✐♥❝♦❞❡s ♦♥ ❛ ❲❙◆✱ t✇♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ❛r✐s❡✳ ❋✐rst✱ t❤❡ s✐③❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞❛t❛ tr❛♥s♠✐tt❡❞ ❜②❛ s❡♥s♦r ✐s s♠❛❧❧ ✐♥ ❝♦♠♣❛r✐s♦♥ t♦ t❤❡ s✐③❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ tr❛❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧❧② ✇✐t❤ ❢♦✉♥t❛✐♥❝♦❞❡s✳ ❚❤❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞❡❝♦❞✐♥❣ ♦✈❡r❤❡❛❞ ❢♦r ❢♦✉♥t❛✐♥ ❝♦❞❡s ✐s ♦❢t❡♥ ❞♦♥❡ ❢♦r❧❛r❣❡ ❞❛t❛✳ ❙❡❝♦♥❞✱ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ ❞♦♥❡ ✐♥ ❛♥ ❤♦♣✲❜②✲❤♦♣ ❢❛s❤✐♦♥✳ ■t✐♠♣❧✐❡s t❤❛t t❤❡ ❞❡st✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞❛t❛ ❝❛♥ ♥♦t ❛❝❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ✐♥st❛♥t❛♥❡♦✉s❧② ✐tsr❡❝❡♣t✐♦♥ t♦ t❤❡ s♦✉r❝❡✳ ❚❤❡r❡❢♦r❡✱ t❤❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥s ♦❢ ✉s❡❧❡ss ♣❛❝❦❡ts ❢♦r t❤❡❞❡st✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ❝❛♥ ♥♦t ❜❡ ♣r❡✈❡♥t❡❞✳ ❚❤❡ ✐♠♣❛❝t ♦❢ t❤✐s ✢♦♦❞✐♥❣ tr❛✣❝ ✐s ❛♥❛❧②③❡❞✳■t ❞❡♣❡♥❞s ♦♥ t❤❡ ❞❛t❛ s✐③❡ k ❛♥❞ ♦♥ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❤♦♣s n ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ s♦✉r❝❡ ❛♥❞t❤❡ ❞❡st✐♥❛t✐♦♥✳ ❖✉r ✇♦r❦ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✈✐❡✇❡❞ ❛s t❤❡ ♥❡t✇♦r❦✐♥❣ ❝♦✉♥t❡r♣❛rt ♦❢t❤❡ r❡s✉❧ts ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ❜② P❛❦③❛❞ ❛♥❞ ❛❧✳ ❛t ■❙■❚ ✷✵✵✺ ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ t♦ ❲❙◆s✳ ❚❤❡❝♦♥t❡①t ♦❢ ♦✉r st✉❞② ✐s ❛ ❧✐♥❡ ♥❡t✇♦r❦✱ ✐✳❡✳ ❛ ❝❛s❝❛❞❡ ♦❢ n ❡r❛s✉r❡ ❝❤❛♥♥❡❧s✳❚❤❡ ✢♦♦❞✐♥❣ tr❛✣❝ ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t❡❞ ❛s ✇❡❧❧ t❤r♦✉❣❤ r❡❛❧✐st✐❝ s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ❢♦rt❤r❡❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t r❡❧❛②✐♥❣ str❛t❡❣✐❡s ✇❤❡r❡ ♣❛❝❦❡ts ❛r❡ ❧♦st ❞✉❡ t♦ ❜♦t❤ s♠❛❧❧ s❝❛❧❡❢❛❞✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❝♦❧❧✐s✐♦♥s ❢♦r ❛♥ ✉♥s❧♦tt❡❞ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✺✳✹ ♠❡❞✐✉♠ ❛❝❝❡ss ❧❛②❡r✳

❑❡②✲✇♦r❞s✿ ✢♦♦❞✐♥❣ ♦✈❡r❤❡❛❞✱ ❢♦✉♥t❛✐♥ ❝♦❞❡s✱ ❛❝❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡♠❡♥t✱ ✇✐r❡❧❡sss❡♥s♦r ♥❡t✇♦r❦s

∗ ❈■❚■ ❧❛❜♦r❛t♦r②✱ ■◆❙❆ ❞❡ ▲②♦♥✱ ❋r❛♥❝❡

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❘és✉♠é ✿ ❈❡t ❛rt✐❝❧❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡ ❧✬♦♣t✐♠✐s❛t✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❧✬✉s❛❣❡ ❞✬✉♥ ❝♦❞❡ ❢♦♥t❛✐♥❡ ♣♦✉r✉♥❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥ s♣♦r❛❞✐q✉❡ ❞❡ ❞♦♥♥é❡s ❞❛♥s ❧❡s rés❡❛✉① ❞❡ ❝❛♣t❡✉r✳ ❉❛♥s❝❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t❡✱ ❝❡s ❝♦❞❡s ♣rés❡♥t❡♥t ✉♥ ❛✈❛♥t❛❣❡ r❡❧❛t✐❢ à ❧✬❛✉t♦✲♦r❣❛♥✐s❛t✐♦♥ ❞✉rés❡❛✉✿ s♦♥ t❛✉① ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❞♦♥♥é❡s ❡st ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ❡t s✬❛❞❛♣t❡ ✐♥tr✐♥✲sèq✉❡♠❡♥t à ❧❛ q✉❛❧✐té ❞✉ ❝❛♥❛❧ r❛❞✐♦ s❛♥s q✉✬✐❧ ♥✬② ❛✐t ❜❡s♦✐♥ ❞❡ ♣❛q✉❡ts ❞❡❝♦♥trô❧❡ s✉♣♣❧é♠❡♥t❛✐r❡s✳ ❈❡♣❡♥❞❛♥t✱ ♣♦✉r ♣♦✉✈♦✐r ✉t✐❧✐s❡r ❧❡s ❝♦❞❡s ❢♦♥t❛✐♥❡s❞❛♥s ❧❡s rés❡❛✉① ❞❡ ❝❛♣t❡✉rs✱ ✐❧ ❡st ♥é❝❡ss❛✐r❡ ❞❡ ♣r❡♥❞r❡ ❡♥ ❝♦♠♣t❡ ❧❡s ❝♦♥✲tr❛✐♥t❡s s✉✐✈❛♥t❡s ✿ ♣r❡♠✐èr❡♠❡♥t✱ ❧❡ s✉r❝♦ût ❧✐é ❛✉ ❞é❝♦❞❛❣❡ ♥✬❡st ♣❧✉s ♥é❣✲❧✐❣❡❛❜❧❡ ❧♦rsq✉❡ ❧❛ t❛✐❧❧❡ ❞❡s ❞♦♥♥é❡s ❞❡✈✐❡♥t ♣❡t✐t❡ ❡t ❞❡✉①✐è♠❡♠❡♥t✱ ✐❧ ❡①✐st❡✉♥ ❞é❜♦r❞❡♠❡♥t ❞✉ ✢✉① ❞❡s ♣❛q✉❡ts ❝♦❞és r❡❧❛t✐❢ à ❧❛ tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥ ❡♥ ♠♦❞❡♠✉❧t✐✲s❛✉ts ❞❡ ❧✬❛❝q✉✐tt❡♠❡♥t✳ ❊♥ ❡✛❡t✱ s✐ ❧✬❛❝q✉✐tt❡♠❡♥t ♠❡ts ♣❧✉s ❞❡ t❡♠♣sà ❛tt❡✐♥❞r❡ ❧❛ s♦✉r❝❡ r❡❧❛t✐✈❡♠❡♥t à ❧❛ ✈✐t❡ss❡ ❞❡ r❡❧❛②❛❣❡ ❞❡s ♣❛q✉❡ts ❝♦❞és♣❛r ❧❛ s♦✉r❝❡✱ ❝❡rt❛✐♥s r❡❧❛✐s ❛✐♥s✐ q✉❡ ❧❛ s♦✉r❝❡ é♠❡tt❡♥t ✉♥ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❞❡ ♣❛q✉❡ts✐♥✉t✐❧❡s ❛✉ ❞é❝♦❞❛❣❡ ❛✈❛♥t ❞✬❛rrêt❡r ❧❛ tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥✳ ❈✬❡st ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧❡♠❡♥t ❧❡❝❛s ♣♦✉r ✉♥❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥ ❡♥ ❝❛s❝❛❞❡ ♠✉❧t✐✲s❛✉ts ♣♦✉r ❧❛q✉❡❧❧❡ ❧❡ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❞❡r❡❧❛✐s ❡st é❧❡✈é✳ ❉❛♥s ❝❡t ❛rt✐❝❧❡✱ ♥♦✉s ét✉❞✐♦♥s ❝❡ s✉r❝♦ût q✉✐ ✈❛r✐❡ ❛✈❡❝ ❧❛q✉❛♥t✐té ❞❡ ♣❛q✉❡ts à tr❛♥s♠❡ttr❡ ❡t ❧❡ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❞❡ s❛✉ts ❡♥tr❡ ❧❛ s♦✉r❝❡ ❡t ❧❡❞❡st✐♥❛t❛✐r❡✳ ❈❡ s✉r❝♦ût ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥ ❡st ❛♥❛❧②sé ♣♦✉r ♣❧✉s✐❡✉rs str❛té❣✐❡s❞❡ r❡❧❛②❛❣❡✱ t♦✉t ❞✬❛❜♦r❞ ❛♥❛❧②t✐q✉❡♠❡♥t ♣✉✐s ♣❛r s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ♣♦✉r ✉♥ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧❡❩✐❣❜❡❡ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✺✳✹✳

▼♦ts✲❝❧és ✿ s✉r❝♦ût ❧✐é à ❧✬❛❝q✉✐tt❡♠❡♥t ❞✉ ✢✉① ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥✱ ❝♦❞❡s❢♦♥t❛✐♥❡s✱ rés❡❛✉① ❞❡ ❝❛♣t❡✉rs✱ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✺✳✹✳

Page 6: On the Flooding Overhead of Fountain Codes in Wireless Sensor … · 2020-02-14 · Wireless Sensor Networks Anya Apaatjrutv ∗, Katia Ja rès-Runser ∗, Claire Goursaud ∗, Cédric

❖♥ t❤❡ ❋❧♦♦❞✐♥❣ ❖✈❡r❤❡❛❞ ♦❢ ❋♦✉♥t❛✐♥ ❈♦❞❡s ✐♥ ❲✐r❡❧❡ss ❙❡♥s♦r ◆❡t✇♦r❦s ✸

✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥

❚❤✐s ♣❛♣❡r ✐s ❞❡❞✐❝❛t❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ❞❡♣❧♦②♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❢♦✉♥t❛✐♥ ❝♦❞❡ ✐♥ ❛ ✇✐r❡❧❡ss s❡♥s♦r♥❡t✇♦r❦ ✭❲❙◆✮✳ ❆❲❙◆ ✐s ❝♦♠♣♦s❡❞ ♦❢ s❡♥s♦r ♥♦❞❡s ✇✐t❤ r❡str✐❝t❡❞ ❝❛♣❛❜✐❧✐t✐❡s✭♠❡♠♦r②✱ ❡♥❡r❣② ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ♣♦✇❡r✮ ❛♥❞ ❛ s❡t ♦❢ s✐♥❦ ♥♦❞❡s ✇❤✐❝❤ ❣❛t❤❡rt❤❡ s❡♥s❡❞ ❞❛t❛✳ ■t ✐s ❛ss✉♠❡❞ ❤❡r❡ t❤❛t t❤❡ s✐♥❦ ♥♦❞❡s ❤❛✈❡ ✉♥❧✐♠✐t❡❞ r❡s♦✉r❝❡s❝♦♠♣❛r❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ s❡♥s♦rs✳ ❆ ❞✐r❡❝t ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❛ s♦✉r❝❡ S ✭❛♥②s❡♥s♦r✮ ❛♥❞ ❛ ❞❡st✐♥❛t✐♦♥ D ✭❛♥② s✐♥❦✮ ✐s ♥♦t ❛❧✇❛②s ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡✿ r❡❧❛②✐♥❣ ♥♦❞❡sRi ❛r❡ ✉s❡❞ t♦ ❝❛rr② t❤❡ ❞❛t❛ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ❛ ❤♦♣✲❜②✲❤♦♣ ♠♦❞❡❧✳ ❚❤❡ ❝❛s❝❛❞❡ ♦❢ n

❝❤❛♥♥❡❧s ❬✶✸❪ ❢♦r♠s t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ♣❛t❤ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ r❡✈❡rs❡ ♣❛t❤ ❢♦r♠s t❤❡ ❢❡❡❞❜❛❝❦ ♣❛t❤✭❋✐❣✳ ✶✮✳ ❙✉❝❤ ❛ ❝❛s❝❛❞❡ ✐s ❡st❛❜❧✐s❤❡❞ ❜② ❛ r♦✉t✐♥❣ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ✇❤♦s❡ st✉❞② ✐s♦✉t ♦❢ t❤❡ s❝♦♣❡ ♦❢ t❤✐s ♣❛♣❡r✳

Rn−1

SDR1

R2

R3

❋✐❣✉r❡ ✶✿ ❆ ♠❛✐♥ ❛♥❞ ❢❡❡❞❜❛❝❦ ♣❛t❤ ✇✐t❤ n ❤♦♣s✳

■♥ ❛ ❲❙◆✱ t❤❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ♦❢ ❡❛❝❤ ❝❤❛♥♥❡❧ ✐♥ ❛ ♣❛t❤ ✐s ✉♥❦♥♦✇♥ ♣r✐♦r r♦❧❧✲♦✉t❛♥❞ ❡✈❡♥ ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❧✐❢❡t✐♠❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♥❡t✇♦r❦✿ t❤❡ ♥♦❞❡s ❛r❡ ✉s✉❛❧❧② s❝❛tt❡r❡❞❛❝r♦ss t❤❡ ♠♦♥✐t♦r❡❞ ❛r❡❛ ✐♥ ❛ r❛♥❞♦♠ ✇❛② ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t ♠❛② ✈❛r②✳❋♦✉♥t❛✐♥ ❝♦❞❡s ❛r❡ ❛ ♣r♦♠✐s✐♥❣ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ t♦ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ r♦❜✉st♥❡ss ❤❡r❡ ❬✺✱ ✶✹✱ ✶✱ ✻❪✳■♥❞❡❡❞✱ t❤❡② ❛r❡ r❛t❡❧❡ss✱ ✐✳❡✳ ❛ s♦✉r❝❡ S ❝❛♥ ♣♦t❡♥t✐❛❧❧② ❣❡♥❡r❛t❡ ❛ ❧✐♠✐t❧❡ss♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❡♥❝♦❞❡❞ ♣❛❝❦❡ts ✉♥t✐❧ ✐t r❡❝❡✐✈❡s ❛♥ ❛❝❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡♠❡♥t ❢r♦♠ D✳ ❚❤❡②❝❛♥ ❛❞❛♣t t♦ t❤❡ ❝❤❛♥♥❡❧ ♦♥ t❤❡ ✢②✳ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❛❞✈❛♥t❛❣❡ ♦❢ ❢♦✉♥t❛✐♥ ❝♦❞❡s ♦✈❡rs❝❤❡♠❡s s✉❝❤ ❛s ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝ r❡♣❡❛t r❡q✉❡st ✭❆❘◗✮ ✐s t❤❡ ❧✐♠✐t❡❞ ✉s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢❡❡❞✲❜❛❝❦ ♣❛t❤✳ D ♦♥❧② ❛❝❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡s ❛ s✉❝❝❡ss❢✉❧ ❞❡❝♦❞✐♥❣ t♦ S✳ ❚❤✐s ✐s ✇❤② ❢♦✉♥t❛✐♥❝♦❞❡s ❤❛✈❡ ❢♦✉♥❞ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥ s❛t❡❧❧✐t❡ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ❬✹❪✱ ❝♦♥t❡♥t❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ❬✸❪ ♦r ✉♥❞❡r✇❛t❡r ♥❡t✇♦r❦✐♥❣ ❬✺❪✳

■♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ t❛❦❡ t❤❡ ❢✉❧❧ ❛❞✈❛♥t❛❣❡ ♦❢ ❢♦✉♥t❛✐♥ ❝♦❞❡s ✐♥ ❛ ❲❙◆✱ ✐t ✐s ♠❛♥❞❛✲t♦r② t♦ ❛❝❝♦✉♥t ❢♦r t❤❡ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐st✐❝s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞❛t❛ s❡♥t ❜② S ❛♥❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢❡❡❞❜❛❝❦❝❤❛♥♥❡❧✳

❚❤❡ ❞❛t❛ tr❛♥s♠✐tt❡❞ ❜② ❛ s♦✉r❝❡ S ✐♥ ❛ ❲❙◆ ❞❡♣❡♥❞s ♦♥ t❤❡ t❛r❣❡t ❛♣✲♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ♠♦st ♦❢ t❤❡ t✐♠❡✱ s❡♥s♦rs ❣❛t❤❡r s♠❛❧❧ ❛♠♦✉♥ts ♦❢ ❞❛t❛✭❡✳❣✳ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❡✱ ❧✐❣❤t ❧❡✈❡❧ ♦r ❛♥② ♣❤②s✐❝❛❧ q✉❛♥t✐t②✳ ✳ ✳ ✮ ❛♥❞ s❡♥❞ t❤❡♠ ❛t ❛r❡❣✉❧❛r ♦r ✐rr❡❣✉❧❛r ♣❛❝❡ t♦ t❤❡ s✐♥❦ D✳ ❍❡♥❝❡✱ ✐t ✐s r❡❛s♦♥❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r t❤❛t♦♥❧② ❢❡✇ ♣❛❝❦❡ts ❤❛✈❡ t♦ ❜❡ s❡♥t ❛t t❤❡ s❛♠❡ t✐♠❡✱ tr❛✣❝ ✐s s♣♦r❛❞✐❝ ❛♥❞ ❞❛t❛♣❛❝❦❡ts ❛r❡ s❤♦rt✳ ❚❤✐s r❡♣r❡s❡♥ts ❛ ♠❛❥♦r ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢❢♦✉♥t❛✐♥ ❝♦❞❡s✳ ■♥ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ❬✹✱ ✸❪✱ ❧❛r❣❡ ❞❛t❛ ❛r❡ ♦❢t❡♥ ❛ss✉♠❡❞✳❚❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ✐♠♣❛❝t ♦❢ t❤✐s ❝❤❛♥❣❡ ✐s t❤❡ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞❡❝♦❞✐♥❣ ♦✈❡r❤❡❛❞ ǫ

♦❢ ♠♦st ❢♦✉♥t❛✐♥ ❝♦❞❡s ✭❘❛♣t♦r✱ ▲❚✳ ✳ ✳ ✮✳ ❘❛♥❞♦♠ ❧✐♥❡❛r ❝♦❞❡s ❛r❡ ❧❡ss ❛✛❡❝t❡❞❜② t❤✐s ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ t❤✐s ✐s ✇❤② t❤❡② ❛r❡ ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ t❤✐s ♣❛♣❡r ❞❡s♣✐t❡ t❤❡✐r❤✐❣❤ ❞❡❝♦❞✐♥❣ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐t②✳

❚❤❡ ❢❡❡❞❜❛❝❦ ♣❛t❤ ❢r♦♠ D t♦ S ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ❛❧❧♦✇ t♦ tr❛♥s♠✐t ✐♥st❛♥t❛♥❡♦✉s❧②t❤❡ ❛❝❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡♠❡♥t t♦ S ❛t t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥✳ ❲❤✐❧❡ t❤❡ ❛❝❦♥♦✇❧✲❡❞❣❡♠❡♥t ✐s ❡♥ r♦✉t❡ t♦ S✱ t❤❡ ❢♦✉♥t❛✐♥ st✐❧❧ ✢♦✇s✱ ✐✳❡✳ S ❛♥❞ t❤❡ n− 1 r❡❧❛②✐♥❣♥♦❞❡s Ri ❝❛♥ st✐❧❧ tr❛♥s♠✐t ❞❛t❛✳ ❚❤❡s❡ ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ ✇❛st✐♥❣t❤❡ ♥♦❞❡s r❡s♦✉r❝❡s✳ ❲❡ ❝❛❧❧ t❤❡♠ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞✐♥❣ tr❛✣❝ ❜② ❛♥❛❧♦❣② t♦ t❤❡ ❛♠♦✉♥t

❘❘ ♥➦ ✼✸✾✼

Page 7: On the Flooding Overhead of Fountain Codes in Wireless Sensor … · 2020-02-14 · Wireless Sensor Networks Anya Apaatjrutv ∗, Katia Ja rès-Runser ∗, Claire Goursaud ∗, Cédric

❖♥ t❤❡ ❋❧♦♦❞✐♥❣ ❖✈❡r❤❡❛❞ ♦❢ ❋♦✉♥t❛✐♥ ❈♦❞❡s ✐♥ ❲✐r❡❧❡ss ❙❡♥s♦r ◆❡t✇♦r❦s ✹

♦❢ ✇❛t❡r ✇❛st❡❞ ❜② ❛ ❤♦s❡♣✐♣❡ ❜❡❢♦r❡ s♦♠❡❜♦❞② ✐♥ t❤❡ ❣❛r❞❡♥ ✐s ❛❜❧❡ t♦ t✉r♥✲♦✛t❤❡ t❛♣✳

❚❤❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ♦❢ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞✐♥❣ tr❛✣❝ ❞❡♣❡♥❞s ♦♥ t❤❡ s✐③❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞❛t❛ t♦ ❜❡tr❛♥s♠✐tt❡❞ k ❛♥❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❤♦♣s n✳ ■♥❞❡❡❞✱ t❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ♣❛❝❦❡tsr❡q✉✐r❡❞ t♦ r❡❛❝❤ ❛ s✉❝❝❡ss❢✉❧ ❞❡❝♦❞✐♥❣ ❛t D ✐s ❧♦✇❡r ❜♦✉♥❞❡❞ ❜② n(k + ǫ)✳ ❆s✐♠♣❧❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❛❝❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡♠❡♥t ♣r♦❣r❡ss✐♦♥ ❣✐✈❡s ✉s ❛ ✢♦♦❞✐♥❣tr❛✣❝ ✐♥ O(n2) ❢♦r ❝❡rt❛✐♥ r❡❧❛②✐♥❣ str❛t❡❣✐❡s✳ ❚❤❡r❡❢♦r❡✱ t❤❡ ❝❤♦✐❝❡s ♦❢ n ❛♥❞ k

❛r❡ ❝r✐t✐❝❛❧ t♦ ♣r❡✈❡♥t t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞✐♥❣ tr❛✣❝ t♦ ❜❡❝♦♠❡ ❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t✳ ❖✉r ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ✐ss✉♣♣♦rt❡❞ ❜② r❡❛❧✐st✐❝ s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ✇❤❡r❡ ❜♦t❤ s♠❛❧❧ s❝❛❧❡ ❢❛❞✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❝♦❧❧✐s✐♦♥s❢♦r ❛♥ ✉♥s❧♦tt❡❞ ❩✐❣❇❡❡ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✺✳✹ ♠❡❞✐✉♠ ❛❝❝❡ss ❧❛②❡r ❬✶✼❪ ❛r❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❲❙◆❡t ♥❡t✇♦r❦ s✐♠✉❧❛t♦r ❬✼❪✳

❚❤❡ r❡st ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣❛♣❡r ✐s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❡❞ ❛s ❢♦❧❧♦✇s✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ♥❡①t s❡❝t✐♦♥✱ ❡①✐st✐♥❣✇♦r❦s ♦♥ ❢♦✉♥t❛✐♥ ❝♦❞❡s ❛r❡ s✉♠♠❛r✐③❡❞✳ ■♥ ❙❡❝t✐♦♥ ✸✱ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞✐♥❣ ♦✈❡r❤❡❛❞♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ❞✉❡ t♦ t❤❡ ❤♦♣✲❜②✲❤♦♣ ❛❝❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡♠❡♥t tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥ ✐s ❛♥❛❧②③❡❞ ❛♥❞s❡❝t✐♦♥ ✹ ♣r❡s❡♥ts t❤❡ ✐♠♣❛❝t ♦❢ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t r❡❧❛②✐♥❣ str❛t❡❣✐❡s ♦♥ t❤✐s ♦✈❡r❤❡❛❞✳❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ ❙❡❝t✐♦♥ ✺ ❝♦♥❝❧✉❞❡s t❤❡ ♣❛♣❡r✳

✷ ❋♦✉♥t❛✐♥ ❝♦❞❡s

❚❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣t ♦❢ ❢♦✉♥t❛✐♥ ❝♦❞❡s ✇❛s ✜rst ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ✐♥ ✶✾✾✽ ❜② ❇②❡rs ❛♥❞ ❛❧✳ ❬✹❪✳❙✐♥❝❡ t❤❡♥✱ ♠❛♥② ✇♦r❦s ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❞♦♥❡ ♦♥ t❤✐s t♦♣✐❝s✳ ❚❤❡ ❞❡s✐❣♥ ♦❢ ❛ ❢♦✉♥t❛✐♥❝♦❞❡ ❢♦r ❛ ❧✐♥❡ ♥❡t✇♦r❦ ✐s ❝♦♠♣♦s❡❞ ♦❢ ❢♦✉r t❛s❦s✿ ✭❛✮ t❤❡ ❡♥❝♦❞✐♥❣ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠❞❡s✐❣♥✱ ✭❜✮ t❤❡ ❞❡❝♦❞✐♥❣ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ❞❡s✐❣♥ ✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❞❡❝♦❞✐♥❣ ♦✈❡r❤❡❛❞ ǫ✱ ✭❝✮t❤❡ r❡❧❛②✐♥❣ str❛t❡❣② ❝❤♦✐❝❡ ❛♥❞ ✭❞✮ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞✐♥❣ ♦✈❡r❤❡❛❞ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s✳ ❚❤❡ ✜rstt❤r❡❡ t❛s❦s ✭❛ t♦ ❝✮ ❛r❡ ❡♥t✇✐♥❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❛❞❞r❡ss❡❞ ✐♥ ♠❛♥② ✇♦r❦s ❬✸✱✶✷✱ ✶✻✱ ✷✱ ✾❪✳ ❚❤❡ ❞❡s✐❣♥ ♦❢ ❡✣❝✐❡♥t r❡❧❛②✐♥❣ str❛t❡❣✐❡s ❢♦r ❢♦✉♥t❛✐♥ ❝♦❞❡s ❤❛✈❡r❡❝❡♥t❧② ❞❡s❡r✈❡❞ t❤❡ ❛tt❡♥t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐t② ❞✉❡ t♦ t❤❡❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ♥❡t✇♦r❦ ❝♦❞✐♥❣ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s ❬✶✺✱ ✶✱ ✻❪✳ ❚♦ t❤❡ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ♦❢ t❤❡❛✉t❤♦rs✱ t❤✐s ♣❛♣❡r ✐s t❤❡ ✜rst ♦♥❡ ❛❞❞r❡ss✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞✐♥❣ ✐ss✉❡✳ ■♥ ✇❤❛t ❢♦❧❧♦✇s✱✇❡ ❜r✐❡✢② s✉♠♠❛r✐③❡ t❛s❦s ✭❛✮ t♦ ✭❝✮✳

✷✳✶ ❋♦✉♥t❛✐♥ ❡♥❝♦❞✐♥❣

●✐✈❡♥ ❛ s❡t ♦❢ k ✐♥♣✉t s②♠❜♦❧s✱ t❤❡ s♦✉r❝❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛t❡s ❛♥ ✐♥✜♥✐t❡ str❡❛♠ ♦❢ ♦✉t♣✉ts②♠❜♦❧s ✇❤✐❝❤ r❡s✉❧ts ❢r♦♠ ❛ ❧✐♥❡❛r ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ s✉❜s❡t ♦❢ ✐♥♣✉t s②♠❜♦❧s✳❋♦r ❡❛❝❤ ❡♥❝♦❞❡❞ s②♠❜♦❧✱ ❛ ❞❡❣r❡❡ d ∈ [1, k] ✐s ❝❤♦s❡♥ ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ ❛ ❞❡❣r❡❡❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡♥✱ d r❛♥❞♦♠❧② ❝❤♦s❡♥ s②♠❜♦❧s ❛r❡ ❧✐♥❡❛r❧② ❝♦♠❜✐♥❡❞ ♦✈❡r F2

t♦ ❢♦r♠ t❤❡ ❡♥❝♦❞❡❞ s②♠❜♦❧✳ ❚❤✐s ❝♦❞✐♥❣ ✐s r❡♣❡❛t❡❞ ✉♥t✐❧ ❛♥ ❛❝❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡♠❡♥t✐s r❡❝❡✐✈❡❞✳

❚❤❡ ❞❡❣r❡❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ✐s t❤❡ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡r ✐♥ t❤❡ ❞❡s✐❣♥ ♦❢ ❢♦✉♥t❛✐♥❝♦❞❡s t❤❛t ✐s ❧✐♥❦❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ❞❡❝♦❞✐♥❣ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠✳ ❚❤❡ ♠♦st s✐♠♣❧❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ✐st❤❡ ✉♥✐❢♦r♠ ♦♥❡ ♦❢ r❛♥❞♦♠ ❧✐♥❡❛r ❝♦❞❡s✳ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t② ✐s ❘♦❜✉st ❙♦❧✐t♦♥❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ❛ss♦❝✐❛t❡❞ t♦ ▲❚✲❝♦❞❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡❞ ❜② ▲✉❜② ❬✶✷❪✳ ❆ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢t❤❡ ❡♥❝♦❞✐♥❣ s❝❤❡♠❡ ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❜② ❙❤♦❦r♦❧❧❛❤✐ ✇✐t❤ ❘❛♣t♦r ❝♦❞❡ ❬✶✻❪✳❆ ♣r❡❝♦❞❡ ✐s ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ k ✐♥♣✉t s②♠❜♦❧s ♣r✐♦r t♦ t❤❡ ❢♦✉♥t❛✐♥ ❡♥❝♦❞✐♥❣✳❚♦ ❝♦♥❝❧✉❞❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❞❡❣r❡❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥✱ t❤❡ r❡s✉❧ts ❬✾✱ ✶✽❪ ❛r❡ ✇♦rt❤ ♠❡♥t✐♦♥✲✐♥❣✳ ❚❤❡② st✉❞② t❤❡ ♦♣t✐♠❛❧ ❞❡❣r❡❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ t❤❛t ♠✉st ❜❡ ❛ss♦❝✐❛t❡❞ t♦ ❛●❛✉ss✐❛♥ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ❞❡❝♦❞✐♥❣ ❢♦r s♠❛❧❧ ✈❛❧✉❡ ♦❢ k✳

❘❘ ♥➦ ✼✸✾✼

Page 8: On the Flooding Overhead of Fountain Codes in Wireless Sensor … · 2020-02-14 · Wireless Sensor Networks Anya Apaatjrutv ∗, Katia Ja rès-Runser ∗, Claire Goursaud ∗, Cédric

❖♥ t❤❡ ❋❧♦♦❞✐♥❣ ❖✈❡r❤❡❛❞ ♦❢ ❋♦✉♥t❛✐♥ ❈♦❞❡s ✐♥ ❲✐r❡❧❡ss ❙❡♥s♦r ◆❡t✇♦r❦s ✺

✷✳✷ ❋♦✉♥t❛✐♥ ❞❡❝♦❞✐♥❣

❆ r❡❧✐❛❜❧❡ ❞❡❝♦❞✐♥❣ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ❢♦r ❋♦✉♥t❛✐♥ ❝♦❞❡s s❤♦✉❧❞ ❛❧❧♦✇ t❤❡ r❡❝♦✈❡r✐♥❣♦❢ k ✐♥♣✉t s②♠❜♦❧s ❢r♦♠ ❛♥② s✉❜s❡t ♦❢ k + ǫ ♦✉t♣✉t s②♠❜♦❧s ✇✐t❤ ❛ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t②t❤❛t ✐s ❛t ♠♦st ✐♥✈❡rs❡❧② ♣♦❧②♥♦♠✐❛❧ ✐♥ k ❬✶✻❪✳

❚❤❡ str❛✐❣❤t❢♦r✇❛r❞ ❞❡❝♦❞✐♥❣ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ❝♦♥s✐sts ✐♥ s♦❧✈✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❛ s②st❡♠♦❢ k + ǫ ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥s ✉s✐♥❣ ❛ ●❛✉ss✐❛♥ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤✐s ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ❤❛s ❛ ❧♦✇❞❡❝♦❞✐♥❣ ♦✈❡r❤❡❛❞✱ ✐✳❡✳ ǫ ✐s O( log(k)

k) ❜✉t ❛ ❤✐❣❤ ❞❡❝♦❞✐♥❣ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐t② ♣❛♣❡r

✬r❛♣t♦r ❝♦❞❡✬ ♦❢ ❙❤♦❦r♦❧❧❛❤✐ ♣❛❣❡ ✾✳ O((k+O( log(k)k

))k2) ▲❛t❡r✱ ▲✉❜② ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ t♦✐ts ▲❚✲❝♦❞❡s ❬✶✷❪ ❇❡❧✐❡❢ Pr♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ ✭❇P✮ ❞❡❝♦❞✐♥❣✳ ■t ♦✛❡rs ❛ ❜❡tt❡r ❞❡❝♦❞✐♥❣❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐t② ❛t t❤❡ ❝♦st ♦❢ ❞❡❝♦❞✐♥❣ ♦✈❡r❤❡❛❞ ✭s❡❡ ❚❛❜❧❡ ✶✮✳ ❘❛♣t♦r ❝♦❞❡ ✐s ❛♥♦♣t✐♠✐③❡❞ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ♦❢ ▲❚ ❝♦❞❡ t❤❛t ❝♦♠❜✐♥❡s ❛♥ ♦✉t❡r ❝♦❞❡ t♦ ❛ r❡❣✉❧❛r ▲❚ ❝♦❞❡✳■ts ❞❡❝♦❞✐♥❣ ♦✈❡r❤❡❛❞ ✐s s♠❛❧❧❡r t❤❛♥ ❢♦r ▲❚ ✭ǫ = 1 ♦r ✷✮ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✐ts ❞❡❝♦❞✐♥❣❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐t② ✐s ❝❧♦s❡ t♦ t❤❡ ♦♥❡ ♦❢ ❛♥ ▲❚✲❝♦❞❡✶✳

❘❛♥❞♦♠ ▲✐♥❡❛r ▲❚ ❘❛♣t♦r

❉❡❝♦❞✐♥❣ ❖✈❡r❤❡❛❞ log(k)k

log2(k)√

ks❡❡ 1

❊♥❝♦❞✐♥❣ ❈♦♠♣❧❡①✐t② k2 k log(k) s❡❡ 1

❉❡❝♦❞✐♥❣ ❈♦♠♣❧❡①✐t② (k + O( log(k)k

))k2 k log(k) k

❚❛❜❧❡ ✶✿ ❈❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐st✐❝s ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ❝❧❛ss❡s ♦❢ ❢♦✉♥t❛✐♥ ❝♦❞❡s✳✳

❆t ■❙■❚ ✷✵✵✾✱ ▲✉ ❛♥❞ ❛❧✳ ❬✶✶❪ ❤❛✈❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡❞ ❜❧❛❝❦✲❜♦① ❧✐♥❡❛r ❛❧❣❡❜r❛ ❛♥❞♠♦r❡ s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❧❧② t❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❲✐❡❞❡♠❛♥♥ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❞❡❝♦❞✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❢♦✉♥✲t❛✐♥ ❝♦❞❡s✳ ❚❤✐s r❡s✉❧t ♦✛❡rs ❣r❡❛t ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❡s ❢♦r ❜♦t❤ ❡✣❝✐❡♥t ❞❡❝♦❞✐♥❣ ❛♥❞❛ ❧♦✇ ǫ ✇❤❡♥ k ✐s s♠❛❧❧✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ t❤✐s r❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❛r❡❛ ✐s st✐❧❧ ♦♣❡♥ ❛♥❞ ♠❛♥②✇♦r❦s ❛r❡ st✐❧❧ t♦ ❜❡ ❞♦♥❡ ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ✜♥❞ ♦♣t✐♠❛❧ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s✳

❆♠♦♥❣st t❤❡ ❡st❛❜❧✐s❤❡❞ ❢♦✉♥t❛✐♥ ❝♦❞❡s✱ ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ ❝❤♦s❡♥ ❘▲ ❝♦❞❡s t♦❣❡t❤❡r✇✐t❤ ●❛✉ss✐❛♥ ❞❡❝♦❞✐♥❣ s✐♥❝❡ ✐t ♣r♦✈✐❞❡s ❧♦✇ ❞❡❝♦❞✐♥❣ ♦✈❡r❤❡❛❞✳ ❚❤❡ ❝♦st ♦❢❞❡❝♦❞✐♥❣ ❛ r❛♥❞♦♠ ❧✐♥❡❛r ❝♦❞❡ ✐s ♠✐t✐❣❛t❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❢❛❝t t❤❛t ✇❡ ❛r❡ t❛r❣❡t✐♥❣ ❛♥❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ✇❤❡r❡ k ✐s s♠❛❧❧✳

✷✳✸ ❘❡❧❛②✐♥❣ str❛t❡❣✐❡s

❚❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ♦❢ r❡❧❛②✐♥❣ ❛ ❢♦✉♥t❛✐♥ ❝♦❞❡ ♦✈❡r ❛ ❧✐♥❡ ♥❡t✇♦r❦ ✇❛s ✜rst st✉❞✐❡❞❜② P❛❦③❛❞ ❛♥❞ ❛❧✳ ❬✶✺❪✳ ❚❤❡ ♠♦st s✐♠♣❧❡ r❡❧❛②✐♥❣ str❛t❡❣② ❝♦♥s✐sts t♦ ♣❡r❢♦r♠♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣✳ ❚❤r♦✉❣❤♦✉t t❤❡ ♣❛♣❡r✱ t❤✐s str❛t❡❣② ✐s r❡❢❡rr❡❞ t♦ ❛s ♣❛ss✐✈❡r❡❧❛②✐♥❣✳ ■t ✐s ✇❡❧❧✲❦♥♦✇♥ ❬✶✾✱ ✶✸❪ t❤❛t ✐❢ s♦♠❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ✐s ❛❧❧♦✇❡❞ ❛t r❡❧❛②✐♥❣♥♦❞❡s✱ t❤❡ ♠✐♥✲❝✉t ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❛❝❤✐❡✈❡❞✳ ❚❤❡ ❛♠♦✉♥t ♦❢ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ♠❛②✈❛r② t♦ r❡♥❞❡r t❤❡ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥ s❝❤❡♠❡ ❛ttr❛❝t✐✈❡✳ ❚❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ str❛t❡❣✐❡s❛r❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞✳

■♥ ❛ ❞❡❝♦❞❡✲❛♥❞✲❢♦r✇❛r❞ r❡❧❛②✐♥❣✱ ❡❛❝❤ ✐♥t❡r♠❡❞✐❛t❡ ♥♦❞❡ ❢✉❧❧② ❞❡❝♦❞❡s ❛♥❞t❤❡♥ r❡✲❡♥❝♦❞❡s t❤❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❜❡❢♦r❡ ❢♦r✇❛r❞✐♥❣ ♣❛❝❦❡ts t♦ ✐ts ♥❡✐❣❤❜♦r✳ ■♥t❤✐s ❝❛s❡✱ ❡❛❝❤ tr❛♥s♠✐tt❡r ✭s♦✉r❝❡ ♦r r❡❧❛②✮ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛t❡s ❢♦r t❤❡ ❧♦ss❡s ♦♥ t❤❡tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥ ❧✐♥❦ t♦ ✐ts ✐♠♠❡❞✐❛t❡ ♥❡✐❣❤❜♦r✳

❚❤❡ ❢♦r✇❛r❞✲❛♥❞✲❞❡❝♦❞❡ r❡❧❛②✐♥❣ ✐s ❛♥ ❤②❜r✐❞ str❛t❡❣② ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ♣❛ss✐✈❡ ❛♥❞❞❡❝♦❞❡✲❛♥❞✲❢♦r✇❛r❞✳ ❆ ♥♦❞❡ Ri r❡❧❛②s ♣❛ss✐✈❡❧② t❤❡ ♠❡ss❛❣❡s ❛♥❞ tr✐❡s t♦ ❞❡✲

✶❲❡ r❡❢❡r t❤❡ r❡❛❞❡r t♦ ❬✶✻❪ t♦ ❣❡t ❢✉rt❤❡r ❞❡t❛✐❧s ♦♥ ❘❛♣t♦r ❝♦❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐t② ❛s ✐t ✐s r❡❧❛t❡❞t♦ t❤❡ ♣r❡❝♦❞❡✳

❘❘ ♥➦ ✼✸✾✼

Page 9: On the Flooding Overhead of Fountain Codes in Wireless Sensor … · 2020-02-14 · Wireless Sensor Networks Anya Apaatjrutv ∗, Katia Ja rès-Runser ∗, Claire Goursaud ∗, Cédric

❖♥ t❤❡ ❋❧♦♦❞✐♥❣ ❖✈❡r❤❡❛❞ ♦❢ ❋♦✉♥t❛✐♥ ❈♦❞❡s ✐♥ ❲✐r❡❧❡ss ❙❡♥s♦r ◆❡t✇♦r❦s ✻

❝♦❞❡ ❛t t❤❡ s❛♠❡ t✐♠❡✳ ❲❤❡♥ ✐t s✉❝❝❡ss❢✉❧❧② ❞❡❝♦❞❡s t❤❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✱ ✐t s❡♥❞s❛♥ ❛❝❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡♠❡♥t t♦ Ri−1✳ ◆♦✇✱ Ri ❜❡❝♦♠❡s ❛ ♥❡✇ s♦✉r❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❡♥❝♦❞❡s✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ♥♦❞❡s✳

❚❤❡ ❣r❡❡❞② r❛♥❞♦♠ r❡❧❛②✐♥❣✱ ❛s ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ✐♥ ❬✶✺❪✱ ✐s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ ❛s ❛ ❢♦r♠ ♦❢♥❡t✇♦r❦ ❝♦❞✐♥❣ ❬✽❪ ✇❤❡r❡ r❡❧❛②s Ri ❢♦r✇❛r❞ r❛♥❞♦♠ ❧✐♥❡❛r ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t✐♦♥s ♦✈❡rF2 ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡❝❡✐✈❡❞ ❞❛t❛✳

✸ ❆❈❑ ❛♥❞ ✢♦♦❞✐♥❣ ♦✈❡r❤❡❛❞

❆♥ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ♦❜st❛❝❧❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ r♦❧❧✲♦✉t ♦❢ ❢♦✉♥t❛✐♥ ❝♦❞❡s ✐♥ ❛ ❲❙◆ ✐s t❤❡ ❝♦st♦❢ ❛❝❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡♠❡♥t✳ ❚❤❡ ❛✐♠ ♦❢ t❤✐s s❡❝t✐♦♥ ✐s t♦ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ ❛♥ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ♦❢ t❤❡✢♦♦❞✐♥❣ tr❛✣❝ ✐♥ ❛♥ ✐❞❡❛❧✐③❡❞ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥ s❝❤❡♠❡✳

❚❤❡ ❝♦st ♦❢ ❛❝❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡♠❡♥t ✐s r❡❧❛t❡❞ t♦ t✇♦ t②♣❡s ♦❢ ♣❛❝❦❡ts t❤❛t ❛r❡tr❛♥s♠✐tt❡❞ ❛❢t❡r ❛ s✉❝❝❡ss❢✉❧ ❞❡❝♦❞✐♥❣ ❜② Ri✳ ❆❝❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣♠❡♥t ✭❆❈❑✮ ♣❛❝❦❡ts❛r❡ ❛♥ ✐♥❝♦♠♣r❡ss✐❜❧❡ ❝♦st✿ t❤❡② ❛r❡ ♥❡❝❡ss❛r② t♦ ❡♥❞ t❤❡ ♦✈❡r❛❧❧ ❞❛t❛ tr❛♥s♠✐s✲s✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❢♦r S t♦ st❛rt tr❛♥s♠✐tt✐♥❣ ♦t❤❡r ❞❛t❛✳ ❙✐♥❝❡ t❤❡ s♦✉r❝❡ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ r❡❧❛②sRi ❛r❡ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❧② tr❛♥s♠✐tt✐♥❣ ❡♥❝♦❞❡❞ ♣❛❝❦❡ts ✉♥t✐❧ ❛♥ ❆❈❑ ♠❡ss❛❣❡ ✐s ❜❡✐♥❣r❡❝❡✐✈❡❞✱ t❤❡r❡ ✐s ❛♥♦t❤❡r ❝♦st r❡❢❡rr❡❞ t♦ ❛s t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞✐♥❣ tr❛✣❝✳ ❚❤✐s ♦✈❡r❤❡❛❞tr❛✣❝ ✐s ♠❡❛s✉r❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r t❤❡ ♣❛❝❦❡ts s❡♥t ❜② S ❛♥❞ t❤❡ r❡❧❛②✐♥❣ ♥♦❞❡sRi ❛❢t❡r ❛ s✉❝❝❡ss❢✉❧ ❞❡❝♦❞✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♥♣✉t ♣❛❝❦❡ts ❜② D✳ ❚❤❡② ❛r❡ ❛ s✐❞❡✲❡✛❡❝t♦❢ ❛♥ ❤♦♣✲❜②✲❤♦♣ ♠♦❞❡ ♦❢ tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❆❈❑✳ ❙✐♠✐❧❛r❧②✱ ✇❡ ❞❡♥♦t❡ ✐♥ t❤❡❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ❜② ❛❝❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡♠❡♥t tr❛✣❝ t❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❆❈❑ ♣❛❝❦❡ts s❡♥t ✐♥ t❤❡♥❡t✇♦r❦✳

❚♦ ❣✐✈❡ ❛♥ ✐♥t✉✐t✐✈❡ ✐❞❡❛ ♦❢ ✇❤❛t ✐s t❤❡ ❛❝❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡♠❡♥t✴✢♦♦❞✐♥❣ tr❛✣❝✱✇❡ ✜rst ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥ ❝❤❛♥♥❡❧s ❢♦r ✇❤✐❝❤ ♥♦ ❡rr♦rs ♦❝❝✉r✳ ▼♦r❡♦✈❡r✱t❤❡ ♠❡ss❛❣❡ s❝❤❡❞✉❧✐♥❣ ✐s s✉♣♣♦s❡❞ t♦ ❜❡ ✐❞❡❛❧✳ ❲❤❡♥ t❤❡ ♥♦❞❡s Ri−1 ❛♥❞Ri+1 s❡♥❞ s✐♠✉❧t❛♥❡♦✉s❧② ❞❛t❛ t♦ Ri✱ Ri r❡❝❡✐✈❡s ❛t ❧❡❛st ♦♥❡ ♠❡ss❛❣❡✳ ❆❣❛✐♥✱t❤❡s❡ ❛ss✉♠♣t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ ♥♦t ♠❛❞❡ t♦ ❡①♣r❡ss ❛ r❡❛❧✐st✐❝ tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥ s❝❤❡♠❡ ❜✉tt❤❡② ❛r❡ ✈❡r② ✉s❡❢✉❧ t♦ ❣✐✈❡ ❛ r♦✉❣❤ ♠♦❞❡❧ ♦❢ ✇❤❛t ❤❛♣♣❡♥s ❛❢t❡r ❛ s✉❝❝❡ss❢✉❧❞❡❝♦❞✐♥❣✳ ❚r❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥ ❞❡❧❛②s ❛❧♦♥❣ ❡❛❝❤ ❝❤❛♥♥❡❧ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ❛♥❞ ❢❡❡❞❜❛❝❦♣❛t❤s ❛r❡ ❛ss✉♠❡❞ ❝♦♥st❛♥t ❛♥❞ ✐❞❡♥t✐❝❛❧ ❢♦r ❛❧❧ ♣❛❝❦❡ts✳

❚❤❡ ♣r♦❣r❡ss✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛❝❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡♠❡♥t ✐s h t✐♠❡s ❢❛st❡r t❤❛♥ t❤❡ ♣r♦❣r❡s✲s✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞❛t❛✿ ✇❤❡♥ ❛ ❞❛t❛ ♣❛❝❦❡t ♣r♦❣r❡ss❡s ♦❢ ♦♥❡ ❤♦♣✱ t❤❡ ❛❝❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡♠❡♥t♣r♦❣r❡ss❡s ♦❢ h ❤♦♣s✳ ❚❤✐s ❛ss✉♠♣t✐♦♥ ✐s r❡❛s♦♥❛❜❧❡ ❛♥❞ ✐s ♠♦t✐✈❛t❡❞ ❜② t❤❡❢❛❝t t❤❛t ❆❈❑ ♣❛❝❦❡ts ❛r❡ ✉s✉❛❧❧② s♠❛❧❧❡r t❤❛♥ r❡❣✉❧❛r ❞❛t❛ ♣❛❝❦❡ts✱ ❛♥❞ ❤❡♥❝❡s✉✛❡r ❢r♦♠ ❛ ❧♦✇❡r ♣❛❝❦❡t ❡rr♦r r❛t❡✳ ❆♥ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ♦❢ tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥ ✐s ❣✐✈❡♥ ✐♥❋✐❣✳ ✷ ❢♦r n = 4 ❛♥❞ h = 1✳

❖✈❡r ❛ ❧✐♥❡ ♥❡t✇♦r❦✱ ✐t ✐s str❛✐❣❤t❢♦r✇❛r❞ t♦ s❡❡ t❤❛t ❢♦r ❛♥② r❡❧❛②✐♥❣ str❛t❡❣②✱t❤❡ ❛❝❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡♠❡♥t tr❛✣❝ ✐s ❛t ❧❡❛st ❧✐♥❡❛r ✐♥ t❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❤♦♣s n s✐♥❝❡ S❛♥❞ ❡❛❝❤ r❡❧❛② Ri ❤❛s t♦ r❡❝❡✐✈❡ t❤❡ ❆❈❑✳ ❋♦r ♣❛ss✐✈❡ ❛♥❞ ❣r❡❡❞② r❛♥❞♦♠r❡❧❛②✐♥❣✱ t❤❡ ❆❈❑ ✐s ❞✐r❡❝t❧② ❢♦r✇❛r❞❡❞ ❢r♦♠ D t♦ S✳ ❋♦r ❞❡❝♦❞❡✲❛♥❞✲❢♦r✇❛r❞❛♥❞ ❢♦r✇❛r❞✲❛♥❞✲❞❡❝♦❞❡ r❡❧❛②✐♥❣✱ t❤❡ s♦✉r❝❡ S ✐s ✈✐rt✉❛❧❧② ♠♦✈✐♥❣ t♦✇❛r❞s D✿S r❡❝❡✐✈❡s t❤❡ ❆❈❑ ❢r♦♠ R1✱ R1 ❢r♦♠ R2 ❛♥❞ s♦ ♦♥✳

❚❤❡ ✢♦♦❞✐♥❣ tr❛✣❝ ✐s ✐♥ O(n) ❢♦r ❞❡❝♦❞❡✲❛♥❞✲❢♦r✇❛r❞✳ ❚❤❡ ♥♦❞❡ Ri ❛❝✲❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡s Ri−1 ❛♥❞ ❝❛♥ ♦♥❧② r❡❝❡✐✈❡ s♦♠❡ ✢♦♦❞✐♥❣ tr❛✣❝ ❢r♦♠ Ri−1✳ ❚❤❡❢♦r✇❛r❞✲❛♥❞✲❞❡❝♦❞❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇s t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ♠♦❞❡❧✿ ✐❢ D ❞❡❝♦❞❡s s✉❝❝❡ss❢✉❧❧②✱ t❤❡♥∀i ∈ [1, n − 1],Ri ❤❛s ❞❡❝♦❞❡❞ s✉❝❝❡ss❢✉❧❧②✳

❘❘ ♥➦ ✼✸✾✼

Page 10: On the Flooding Overhead of Fountain Codes in Wireless Sensor … · 2020-02-14 · Wireless Sensor Networks Anya Apaatjrutv ∗, Katia Ja rès-Runser ∗, Claire Goursaud ∗, Cédric

❖♥ t❤❡ ❋❧♦♦❞✐♥❣ ❖✈❡r❤❡❛❞ ♦❢ ❋♦✉♥t❛✐♥ ❈♦❞❡s ✐♥ ❲✐r❡❧❡ss ❙❡♥s♦r ◆❡t✇♦r❦s ✼

S R1 R2 R3 D

❋✐❣✉r❡ ✷✿ ▼❡ss❛❣❡ t✐♠❡❧✐♥❡✳ ❚❤❡ ❜❧❛❝❦ ♣❧❛✐♥ ❛rr♦✇s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t t❤❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥t❤❛t ❝❛rr✐❡s ✉s❡❢✉❧ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ t♦ D✳ ❆❢t❡r ❛♥❞ ❞✉r✐♥❣ ❛ s✉❝❝❡ss❢✉❧ ❞❡❝♦❞✐♥❣ ❛❧❧t❤❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥s ❛r❡ ✉s❡❧❡ss t♦ D ✭❞♦tt❡❞ ❛rr♦✇s✮✳ ❆❢t❡r ❛ s✉❝❝❡ss❢✉❧ ❞❡❝♦❞✐♥❣✱D ❛❝❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡s t❤❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ r❡❝❡♣t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ ❡♠✐ss✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛❝❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡✲♠❡♥t ❝❛♥ ❝♦❧❧✐❞❡ ✇✐t❤ s♦♠❡ ❡♠✐ss✐♦♥s ❛t t❤❡ ♥♦❞❡ ❧❡✈❡❧✳ ■t ✐s ❛ss✉♠❡❞ ❤❡r❡ ❢♦rs✐♠♣❧✐❝✐t② t❤❛t ❝♦❧❧✐s✐♦♥ ❛r❡ ❤❛♥❞❧❡❞ ✐♥ ❢❛✈♦r t♦ t❤❡ ❆❈❑✳

❋♦r ♣❛ss✐✈❡ ❛♥❞ ❣r❡❡❞② r❛♥❞♦♠ r❡❧❛②✐♥❣✱ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞✐♥❣ tr❛✣❝ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❛♣♣r♦①✲✐♠❛t❡❞ ❜② ✭✐♥ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ♣❛❝❦❡ts✮✿

n⌊n

h⌋ − h · ⌊

n

h⌋(⌊n

h⌋ + 1)

2. ✭✶✮

■❢ t❤❡ ❆❈❑ ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ r❡❝❡✐✈❡❞ ❜② r ♥♦❞❡s✱ t❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ st✐❧❧ (n − rh) ♣♦t❡♥t✐❛❧♥♦❞❡s r❡❧❛②✐♥❣ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✳ ❊q✉❛t✐♦♥ ✶ ✐s ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ s✉♠♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛❧❧ t❤❡♥♦❞❡s t❤❛t ❝❛♥ ♣♦t❡♥t✐❛❧❧② ❡♠✐t ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❜❡❢♦r❡ t❤❡ ❆❈❑ r❡❛❝❤❡s S✳

❚❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ ❤❡r❡ ✐s ❢❛r ❢r♦♠ ❜❡✐♥❣ r❡❛❧✐st✐❝ ❜✉t ✐t ❣✐✈❡s ✉s ❛ ❧♦✇❡r❜♦✉♥❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞✐♥❣ tr❛✣❝✳ ◆❡①t ❙❡❝t✐♦♥ ✹ ❝❤❛❧❧❡♥❣❡s t❤❡s❡ ❜♦✉♥❞s ❢♦r ❛✽✵✷✳✶✺✳✹ ❲❙◆✳

✹ ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥

✹✳✶ ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ s❡t✉♣

❖✉r s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ ❞♦♥❡ ♦♥ ❲❙◆❡t ❬✼❪✱ ❛♥ ❡✈❡♥t✲❞r✐✈❡♥ ♥❡t✇♦r❦ s✐♠✉❧❛t♦r✳❚❤❡ ▼❆❈ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧ ✉s❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ s❡♥s♦rs ❢♦❧❧♦✇s t❤❡ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✺✳✹ st❛♥❞❛r❞ ❬✶✼❪❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♣❤②s✐❝❛❧ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐st✐❝s ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞ t♦ t❤❡ ❈❈✶✶✵✵ ❈❤✐♣s❡ts ❢r♦♠ ❚❡①❛s■♥str✉♠❡♥ts ❬✶✵❪✳ ❚❤❡ ❛❝❝❡ss ♠❡t❤♦❞ ♦❢ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✺✳✹ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ ✐♥ t❤✐s ♣❛♣❡r✐s ✉♥s❧♦tt❡❞ ❈❙▼❆✴❈❆✳ ❆♥ ❆❈❑ ♣❛❝❦❡t ✐s ❛ r❡❣✉❧❛r ❞❛t❛ ♣❛❝❦❡t ✇✐t❤ ❛ s✐♥❣❧❡❜✐t ♣❛②❧♦❛❞✳ ❙♦ ❢❛r✱ ♠♦st ♦❢ t❤❡ st✉❞✐❡s ♦♥ ❢♦✉♥t❛✐♥ ❝♦❞❡s ❤❛✈❡ ❛ss✉♠❡❞ ♣❡r✲❢❡❝t ❢❡❡❞❜❛❝❦ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐s♠s✳ ■♥ t❤✐s ♣❛♣❡r✱ ✇❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r ❛ r❡❛❧✐st✐❝ tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥s❝❤❡♠❡ ✇❤❡r❡ ❛❝❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣♠❡♥ts ❝❛♥ ❛❧s♦ s✉✛❡r ❢r♦♠ ❧♦ss ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ✈❛r✐♦✉s ❝❤❛♥✲♥❡❧ st❛t✐st✐❝s✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ❡✈❡♥ ✐♥ ❛ r❡❛❧✐st✐❝ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛t✐♦♥✱ ❆❈❑ ♣❛❝❦❡ts ❤❛✈❡ ❛❧♦✇❡r P❊❘ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡✐r s♠❛❧❧❡r s✐③❡✳ ■♥ ♦✉r ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛t✐♦♥✱ D r❡♣❡❛ts t❤❡❛❝❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣♠❡♥t ✉♥t✐❧ ✐t st♦♣s r❡❝❡✐✈✐♥❣ ❞❛t❛ ♣❛❝❦❡ts✳

❚❤❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥ ❝❤❛♥♥❡❧ ✐s ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❡❞ ❜② ✐ts P❊❘ ❞❡r✐✈❡❞ ❛s ❛ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥♦❢ t❤❡ ❙✐❣♥❛❧ t♦ ◆♦✐s❡ ❘❛t✐♦ ✭❙◆❘✮ γ ♦♥ ❛ ❧✐♥❦✳ ❚❤❡ ❙◆❘ ✐s ❞❡r✐✈❡❞ ✉s✐♥❣❛♥ ✐s♦tr♦♣✐❝ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✇✐t❤ ❛ ♣❛t❤❧♦ss ❡①♣♦♥❡♥t ♦❢ α = 2✳ ❚❤❡ P❊❘

❘❘ ♥➦ ✼✸✾✼

Page 11: On the Flooding Overhead of Fountain Codes in Wireless Sensor … · 2020-02-14 · Wireless Sensor Networks Anya Apaatjrutv ∗, Katia Ja rès-Runser ∗, Claire Goursaud ∗, Cédric

❖♥ t❤❡ ❋❧♦♦❞✐♥❣ ❖✈❡r❤❡❛❞ ♦❢ ❋♦✉♥t❛✐♥ ❈♦❞❡s ✐♥ ❲✐r❡❧❡ss ❙❡♥s♦r ◆❡t✇♦r❦s ✽

▲❛②❡r ❈♦♥✜❣✉r❛t✐♦♥s❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ◆❡t✇♦r❦ s✐③❡ ✭✐♥ ❤♦♣s✮✿ n

❉✐st❛♥❝❡ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❡❛❝❤ ♥♦❞❡ ❂ ✽✺♠◆❡t✇♦r❦✐♥❣ ▼❆❈ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧✿ ❯♥s❧♦tt❡❞ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✺✳✹ ❈❙▼❆✴❈❆

❚r❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥ ♣❡r✐♦❞ ♦❢ s♦✉r❝❡ ❂ ✶s❈♦❞✐♥❣✿ ❘▲ ❝♦❞❡P❉❯ s✐③❡ ❂ ✶✷✽❜②t❡s❇❧♦❝❦ ❧❡♥❣t❤ ❂ k

❘❛❞✐♦ ❘❛❞✐♦ ❞❡✈✐❝❡✿ ❈❤✐♣s❡t ❈❈✶✶✵✵▼♦❞✉❧❛t✐♦♥✿ ❇P❙❑❚r❛♥s♠✐tt❡❞ ♣♦✇❡r ❂ ✶✵❞❇❚r❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥ r❛t❡ ❂ ✷✵❑❜✐t✴s❋r❡q✉❡♥❝② ❂ ✽✻✽▼❍③

Pr♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ Pr♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡❧✿ ❆❲●◆P❛t❤❧♦ss ❡①♣♦♥❡♥t α ❂ ✷❲❤✐t❡ ♥♦✐s❡ ❂ ✲✶✶✶❞❇♠✴❍③❋❛❞✐♥❣✿ ♥♦♥❡

❚❛❜❧❡ ✷✿ ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs✳

❞❡♣❡♥❞s ♦♥ ❇✐t ❊rr♦r ❘❛t❡ ✭❇❊❘✮ ❛s ❢♦❧❧♦✇s✿ PER = 1− (1−BER(γ))ℓ✱ ✇✐t❤ℓ t❤❡ ❧❡♥❣t❤ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣❛❝❦❡t✳ ❚❤❡ ❇❊❘ ❞❡♣❡♥❞s ♦♥ t❤❡ t②♣❡ ♦❢ ♠♦❞✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞t❤❡ t②♣❡ ♦❢ ❝❤❛♥♥❡❧ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞✳ ■t ✐s ❞❡r✐✈❡❞ ✐♥ ♦✉r ❝❛s❡ ❢♦r ❛ ❇P❙❑ ♠♦❞✉❧❛t✐♦♥❛♥❞ ❆❲●◆ ❝❤❛♥♥❡❧ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✉s✐♥❣ BER(γ) = Q

(√2γ

)

= 0.5 ∗ erfc(√

γ)✳❚❤❡ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ ♦✉r s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ s✉♠♠❛r✐③❡❞ ✐♥ ❚❛❜❧❡ ✷✳ ❚❤❡

s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ r❡s✉❧ts ❛r❡ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡❞ ♦✈❡r ✶✵✵✵ tr✐❛❧s✳ ❆ ✜rst s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ s❡t ❞❡❛❧s✇✐t❤ t❤❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥ ❞❡❧❛② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t str❛t❡❣✐❡s ❢♦r k = 10 ✐♥ ❚❛❜❧❡ ✸✳❚❤❡ ❜❡st s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ✐s ❣r❡❡❞② r❛♥❞♦♠ r❡❧❛②✐♥❣✿ ✐t ✐s ❢❛st ❛♥❞ s❝❛❧❡s ✇❡❧❧✳ ❆t t❤❡♦t❤❡r ❡♥❞✱ ❞❡❝♦❞❡✲❛♥❞✲❢♦r✇❛r❞ ✐s t❤❡ s❧♦✇❡st ❛♥❞ ✐ts ❞❡❧❛② ❣r♦✇s ❧✐♥❡❛r❧② ✇✐t❤n✳

n = 5 n = 10 n = 15❉❡❝♦❞❡✲❛♥❞✲❢♦r✇❛r❞ ✻✾✳✾ ✶✸✽✳✷ ✷✵✻✳✺❋♦r✇❛r❞✲❛♥❞✲❞❡❝♦❞❡ ✻✻✳✽ ✶✸✹✳✶ ✷✵✷✳✼P❛ss✐✈❡ r❡❧❛②✐♥❣ ✷✹✳✹ ✺✸✳✵ ✶✶✶✳✸●r❡❡❞② r❛♥❞♦♠ r❡❧❛②✐♥❣ ✷✵✳✷ ✷✾✳✵ ✺✼✳✾

❚❛❜❧❡ ✸✿ ❚r❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥ ❞❡❧❛② ✐♥ s❡❝♦♥❞s ❢♦r k = 10✳

❲❡ ♥♦✇ t✉r♥ ♦✉r ❛tt❡♥t✐♦♥ t♦ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐③✐♥❣ ✢♦♦❞✐♥❣ tr❛✣❝✳

✹✳✷ ❆ss❡ss✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞✐♥❣ tr❛✣❝ ♠♦❞❡❧

❚❤❡ ✢♦♦❞✐♥❣ tr❛✣❝ ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡❞ ❛s ❛ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ n ∈ [2, 15]✱ ❢♦r k = 10✳❚❤❡ ✢♦♦❞✐♥❣ tr❛✣❝ ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ ❢♦r ❞❡❝♦❞❡✲❛♥❞✲❢♦r✇❛r❞ ❛♥❞ ❢♦r✇❛r❞✲❛♥❞✲❞❡❝♦❞❡✐s ♠❛r❣✐♥❛❧✳ ❋♦r ♣❛ss✐✈❡ ❛♥❞ ❣r❡❡❞② r❛♥❞♦♠ r❡❧❛②✐♥❣✱ t❤❡ ❛♥❛❧②t✐❝❛❧ ❡st✐♠❛t✐♦♥♦❢ ❊q✉❛t✐♦♥ ✶ ✐s ❝♦♥❢r♦♥t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ♦✉r s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥ ❋✐❣✳ ✸ ♦♥ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡ r❡s✉❧ts✳P❛r❛♠❡t❡r h ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤ str❛t❡❣② ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❛ ❧✐♥❡❛r r❡❣r❡ss✐♦♥

❘❘ ♥➦ ✼✸✾✼

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❖♥ t❤❡ ❋❧♦♦❞✐♥❣ ❖✈❡r❤❡❛❞ ♦❢ ❋♦✉♥t❛✐♥ ❈♦❞❡s ✐♥ ❲✐r❡❧❡ss ❙❡♥s♦r ◆❡t✇♦r❦s ✾

♠❡t❤♦❞✳ ■ts ❛♣♣❡❛rs t❤❛t t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ♠❛t❝❤❡s r❡❧❛t✐✈❡❧② ✇❡❧❧ t❤❡ s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥✳P❛ss✐✈❡ r❡❧❛②✐♥❣ ✐s ♠♦r❡ ✐♠♣❛❝t❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞✐♥❣ tr❛✣❝ t❤❛♥ ❣r❡❡❞② r❛♥❞♦♠r❡❧❛②✐♥❣ ✐s✳

P❛ss✐✈❡ r❡❧❛②✐♥❣●r❡❡❞② r❛♥❞♦♠ r❡❧❛②✐♥❣

❚❤❡♦r② ✭h ≈ 3.5✮❚❤❡♦r② ✭h ≈ 2.1✮

✶✵

✸✵

✹✵

✺✵

✹ ✶✵ ✶✹n

✻ ✽ ✶✻

✷✵

❆✈❡r❛❣❡

♥✉♠❜❡r

♦❢✢♦♦❞✐♥❣❡♠

✐ss✐♦♥s

✶✷✷

❋✐❣✉r❡ ✸✿ ❱❛❧✐❞❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞✐♥❣ tr❛✣❝ f ❢♦r ♣❛ss✐✈❡ ❛♥❞ ❣r❡❡❞② r❛♥❞♦♠r❡❧❛②✐♥❣ ✭❛✈❡r❛❣❡ r❡s✉❧ts✮✳

❲❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❡ ❛ ❤✐❣❤ ✈❛r✐❛❜✐❧✐t② ✐♥ ♦✉r r❡s✉❧ts✳ ❚❤❡ st❛♥❞❛r❞ ❞❡✈✐❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ♦✉r♣r❡✈✐♦✉s❧② ♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞ s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ r❡s✉❧ts ❣r♦✇s q✉✐❝❦❧② ✇✐t❤ n ✭s❡❡ ❋✐❣✳ ✹✮✳ ❲❡♦❜s❡r✈❡ ✇✐t❤ ♥❡❛r❧② t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② tr✐❛❧s ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ h ≈ n ♦r h ≈ 1✳ ❚❤✐s ✐s❡♥t✐r❡❧② ❞✉❡ t♦ r❛♥❞♦♠ ❜❛❝❦♦✛ ♦❢ ✽✵✷✳✶✺✳✹ t❤❛t ✐♥❞✉❝❡s ❤✐❣❤ ✈❛r✐❛❜✐❧✐t② ✐♥ t❤❡♠❡❞✐✉♠ ❛❝❝❡ss✳ ❲❡ ❡♥s✉r❡ t❤❛t ♥♦ ❝♦♥❣❡st✐♦♥ ♦❝❝✉rs ❜② s❡tt✐♥❣ t❤❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥♣❡r✐♦❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ s♦✉r❝❡ t♦ ♦♥❡ s❡❝♦♥❞✳ ❚❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ✐s t❤❛t t❤❡ ❝❤♦✐❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ▼❆❈❧❛②❡r ♠❛② ❣r❡❛t❧② ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞✐♥❣ tr❛✣❝✳

Passive

✶✵

✶✺

✷✵

✷✺

✸✺

✹✵

♦❢t❤❡✢♦♦❞✐♥❣tr❛✣

❝❙t❛♥❞❛r❞

❞❡✈✐❛t✐♦♥ ✸✵

n✻ ✽ ✶✵ ✶✷ ✶✹ ✶✻

●r❡❡❞② r❛♥❞♦♠

✹✷

❋✐❣✉r❡ ✹✿ ❙t❛♥❞❛r❞ ❞❡✈✐❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞✐♥❣ tr❛✣❝✳

❘❘ ♥➦ ✼✸✾✼

Page 13: On the Flooding Overhead of Fountain Codes in Wireless Sensor … · 2020-02-14 · Wireless Sensor Networks Anya Apaatjrutv ∗, Katia Ja rès-Runser ∗, Claire Goursaud ∗, Cédric

❖♥ t❤❡ ❋❧♦♦❞✐♥❣ ❖✈❡r❤❡❛❞ ♦❢ ❋♦✉♥t❛✐♥ ❈♦❞❡s ✐♥ ❲✐r❡❧❡ss ❙❡♥s♦r ◆❡t✇♦r❦s ✶✵

✹✳✸ ❈♦♠♣❛r✐♥❣ t❤❡ str❛t❡❣✐❡s

❋✐❣✉r❡ ✺ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡s ❛ ❞❡t❛✐❧❡❞ tr❛✣❝ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t str❛t❡❣✐❡s ❢♦r n ={5, 10, 15, 20} ❛♥❞ k = 5✳ ■♥ t❤✐s ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥✱ ❞❡❝♦❞❡✲❛♥❞✲❢♦r✇❛r❞ r❡❧❛②✐♥❣ ♦✛❡rst❤❡ ❜❡st r❡s✉❧ts ❛♥❞ ❛ ❤✐❣❤ s❝❛❧❛❜✐❧✐t②✳ P❛ss✐✈❡ ❛♥❞ ❣r❡❡❞② r❛♥❞♦♠ r❡❧❛②✐♥❣ ❤❛✈❡❛♥ ❡①♣♦♥❡♥t✐❛❧ ❣r♦✇t❤ ❛♥❞ ❢♦r n = 20✱ ♣❛ss✐✈❡ r❡❧❛②✐♥❣ ✐s ❛❧♠♦st ✉♥tr❛❝t❛❜❧❡✳❋♦r n = 15✱ t❤❡ ✢♦♦❞✐♥❣ tr❛✣❝ r❡♣r❡s❡♥ts ✶✹✪ ✭r❡s♣✳ ✽✪✮ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♦✈❡r❛❧❧ tr❛✣❝❢♦r ♣❛ss✐✈❡ r❡❧❛②✐♥❣ ✭r❡s♣✳ ❣r❡❡❞② r❛♥❞♦♠ r❡❧❛②✐♥❣✮✳

✭❛✮✭❜✮✭❝✮✭❞✮ ✭❛✮✭❜✮✭❝✮✭❞✮✭❛✮✭❜✮✭❝✮✭❞✮✭❛✮✭❜✮✭❝✮✭❞✮✵

✷✵✵

✹✵✵

✻✵✵

✽✵✵

✶✵✵✵

✶✷✵✵❯s❡❢✉❧ ❞❛t❛

❆❈❑❋❧♦♦❞✐♥❣

✶✹✵✵

♦❢❡♠

✐ss✐♦♥s

❆✈❡r❛❣❡

♥✉♠❜❡r

n = 10 n = 20n = 15n = 5

❋✐❣✉r❡ ✺✿ ❚r❛✣❝ ❞❡❝♦♠♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❞❡❝♦❞❡✲❛♥❞✲❢♦r✇❛r❞ ✭❛✮✱ ♣❛ss✐✈❡ r❡❧❛②✐♥❣ ✭❜✮✱❣r❡❡❞② r❛♥❞♦♠ ✭❝✮ ❛♥❞ ❢♦r✇❛r❞✲❛♥❞✲❞❡❝♦❞❡ ✭❞✮ r❡❧❛②✐♥❣ ❢♦r n = {5, 10, 15, 20}❛♥❞ k = 5✳

❚❤❡ ❋✐❣✳ ✻ ✭❛✮ t♦ ✭❝✮ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ r❡❧❛② ❜② r❡❧❛② t❤❡ ❡♠✐tt❡❞ tr❛✣❝ r❡❧❛t✐✈❡ t♦♣❛ss✐✈❡✱ ❣r❡❡❞② r❛♥❞♦♠ ❛♥❞ ❢♦r✇❛r❞✲❛♥❞✲❞❡❝♦❞❡ str❛t❡❣✐❡s ❢♦r k = 5 ❛♥❞ n = 10✳■♥ t❤✐s ❝❛s❡✱ ❣r❡❡❞② r❛♥❞♦♠ ♣❡r❢♦r♠s t❤❡ ❜❡st✳ ■t ❤❛s ❛❧s♦ t❤❡ ❜❡st ❢❛✐r♥❡ss✭❏❛✐♥✬s ❢❛✐r♥❡ss ❡q✉❛❧s t♦ ✵✳✾✷✮✳ P❛ss✐✈❡ r❡❧❛②✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❢♦r✇❛r❞✲❛♥❞✲❞❡❝♦❞❡ ❤❛✈❡r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡❧② ✵✳✽✵ ❛♥❞ ✵✳✼✾ ❢♦r ❢❛✐r♥❡ss✳ ❋♦r ❢♦r✇❛r❞✲❛♥❞✲❞❡❝♦❞❡✱ ♠❛♥② ♣❛❝❦❡ts❛r❡ r❡❞✉♥❞❛♥t ✇❤✐❝❤ ❡①♣❧❛✐♥s t❤❡ s❤❛♣❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝✉r✈❡✳ ❘❡♠♦✈✐♥❣ t❤✐s r❡❞✉♥❞❛♥❝②✐s ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡✱ ❜✉t ❛t t❤❡ ♣r✐❝❡ ♦❢ ❛ q✉❛❞r❛t✐❝ ❡♥❝♦❞✐♥❣ ❝♦st✳

✺ ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥

❋♦✉♥t❛✐♥ ❝♦❞❡s ❛r❡ ❛ttr❛❝t✐✈❡ ❢♦r ❲❙◆s ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡✐r r❛t❡❧❡ss ♣r♦♣❡rt②✳ ❖✉r❛♥❛❧②s✐s ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❡❞ t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ♦❜st❛❝❧❡s t♦ t❤❡✐r ❞❡♣❧♦②♠❡♥ts ♦♥ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✺✳✹✱✐✳❡✳ t❤❡ ❞❛t❛ s✐③❡ k ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❛❝❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡♠❡♥t ♣❛t❤ ✭n✲❤♦♣✮✳ ❉❡❝♦❞❡✲❛♥❞✲❢♦r✇❛r❞r❡❧❛②✐♥❣ ✐s t♦ ❜❡ ♣r❡❢❡rr❡❞ ✐❢ t❤❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ❞❡❧❛②✲t♦❧❡r❛♥t s✐♥❝❡ ✐t ❣✉❛r❛♥✲t❡❡s ❛ ♠✐♥✐♠❛❧ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥s✳ ■t ♣r❡s❡r✈❡s t❤❡ s❡♥s♦rs✬ ❡♥❡r❣②✳ ❋♦r❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❜♦t❤ ❞❡❧❛② ❛♥❞ ❡♥❡r❣② ❛r❡ ❝r✐t✐❝❛❧✱ t❤❡ s✐t✉❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ♠♦r❡❝♦♠♣❧✐❝❛t❡❞✳ ■❢ t❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❤♦♣s ♦♥ t❤❡ r♦✉t❡ ✐s ❜❡❧♦✇ ✜❢t❡❡♥✱ ❣r❡❡❞② r❛♥❞♦♠r❡❧❛②✐♥❣ ✐s ✇❡❧❧ ❛❞❛♣t❡❞✳ ❖t❤❡r✇✐s❡✱ ❢♦r✇❛r❞✲❛♥❞✲❞❡❝♦❞❡ ✐s ❜❡tt❡r✳

❆♥ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t q✉❡st✐♦♥ ❧❡❢t ❜② t❤❡ ♣❛♣❡r ✐s ❤♦✇ ❞♦❡s ✐t s❝❛❧❡ ✇✐t❤ ♦t❤❡r ▼❆❈❧❛②❡rs✳ ■t ✐s ❡❛s② t♦ s❡❡ t❤❛t ♦✉r ♠♦❞❡❧ ❛♣♣❧✐❡s ✇❡❧❧ ♦♥ ❚❉▼❆ s❝❤❡♠❡s✳ ▼❛♥②▼❆❈ ❧❛②❡rs ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ t♦ ♣r❡s❡r✈❡ t❤❡ s❡♥s♦rs ❡♥❡r❣② t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❡✣❝✐❡♥t

❘❘ ♥➦ ✼✸✾✼

Page 14: On the Flooding Overhead of Fountain Codes in Wireless Sensor … · 2020-02-14 · Wireless Sensor Networks Anya Apaatjrutv ∗, Katia Ja rès-Runser ∗, Claire Goursaud ∗, Cédric

❖♥ t❤❡ ❋❧♦♦❞✐♥❣ ❖✈❡r❤❡❛❞ ♦❢ ❋♦✉♥t❛✐♥ ❈♦❞❡s ✐♥ ❲✐r❡❧❡ss ❙❡♥s♦r ◆❡t✇♦r❦s ✶✶

✷✵

✹✵

✺✵❆✈❡r❛❣❡

♥✉♠❜❡r

♦❢❡♠

✐ss✐♦♥s

✸✵

✶✵

✵S R2 R4 R6 R8 D

✭❛✮ ♣❛ss✐✈❡

10

ACK

Useful data

✷✵

✸✵

✹✵

❆✈❡r❛❣❡

♥✉♠❜❡r

♦❢❡♠

✐ss✐♦♥s

✺✵

✭❜✮ ●r❡❡❞② r❛♥❞♦♠

❋❧♦♦❞✐♥❣

DS R2 R4 R8R6

✶✵

✷✵

✸✵

✹✵

✵S R4 DR6 R8R2

❆✈❡r❛❣❡

♥✉♠❜❡r

♦❢❡♠

✐ss✐♦♥s

✺✵

✭❝✮ ❢♦r✇❛r❞✲❛♥❞✲❞❡❝♦❞❡

❋✐❣✉r❡ ✻✿ ❊♠✐tt❡❞ tr❛✣❝ ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤ ♥♦❞❡ ✭n = 10✮✳ ❲❡ ❤❛✈❡ k = 5 ❛♥❞ ✇❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r♣❛ss✐✈❡ ✭❧❡❢t✮✱ ❣r❡❡❞② ✭❝❡♥t❡r✮ ❛♥❞ ❢♦r✇❛r❞✲❛♥❞✲❞❡❝♦❞❡ ✭r✐❣❤t✮ r❡❧❛②✐♥❣✳

❞✉t②✲❝②❝❧✐♥❣✳ ❚❤❡ ❛✉t❤♦rs ✇✐❧❧ ❧♦♦❦ ♥❡①t ✐♥t♦ t❤❡ s✉✐t❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ s✉❝❤ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s❢♦r t❤❡ ❞❡♣❧♦②♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❢♦✉♥t❛✐♥ ❝♦❞❡s✳

❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s

❬✶❪ ❆♣❛✈❛t❥r✉t ❆♥②❛✱ ❈❧❛✐r❡ ●♦✉rs❛✉❞✱ ❑❛t✐❛ ❏❛✛rès ❘✉♥s❡r✱ ❈r✐st✐♥❛ ❈♦♠❛♥✐✲❝✐✉✱ ❛♥❞ ❏❡❛♥✲▼❛r✐❡ ●♦r❝❡✳ ❚♦✇❛r❞s ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ ❞✐✈❡rs✐t② ❢♦r t❤❡ r❡❧❛②✐♥❣♦❢ ▲❚ ❋♦✉♥t❛✐♥ ❈♦❞❡s ✐♥ ❲✐r❡❧❡ss ❙❡♥s♦r ◆❡t✇♦r❦s✳ ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❘❡♣♦rt ❘❘✲✼✷✸✶✱ ■◆❘■❆✱ ▼❛r❝❤ ✷✵✶✵✳

❬✷❪ ❆♠♦s ❇❡✐♠❡❧✱ ❙❤❧♦♠✐ ❉♦❧❡✈✱ ❛♥❞ ◆♦❛♠ ❙✐♥❣❡r✳ ❘❚ ♦❜❧✐✈✐♦✉s ❡r❛s✉r❡ ❝♦r✲r❡❝t✐♥❣✳ ■❊❊❊✴❆❈▼ ❚r❛♥s❛❝t✐♦♥s ♦♥ ◆❡t✇♦r❦✐♥❣✱ ✶✺✭✻✮✿✶✸✷✶✕✶✸✸✷✱ ✷✵✵✼✳

❬✸❪ ❏♦❤♥❲✳ ❇②❡rs✱ ▼✐❝❤❛❡❧ ▲✉❜②✱ ❛♥❞ ▼✐❝❤❛❡❧ ▼✐t③❡♥♠❛❝❤❡r✳ ❆❝❝❡ss✐♥❣ ▼✉❧t✐✲♣❧❡ ▼✐rr♦r ❙✐t❡s ✐♥ P❛r❛❧❧❡❧✿ ❯s✐♥❣ ❚♦r♥❛❞♦ ❈♦❞❡s t♦ ❙♣❡❡❞ ❯♣ ❉♦✇♥❧♦❛❞s✳■♥ ■◆❋❖❈❖▼ ✬✾✾✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✷✼✺✕✷✽✸✱ ◆❡✇ ❨♦r❦✱ ◆❨✱ ❯❙❆✱ ✶✾✾✾✳ ■❊❊❊✳

❬✹❪ ❏♦❤♥ ❲✳ ❇②❡rs✱ ▼✐❝❤❛❡❧ ▲✉❜②✱ ▼✐❝❤❛❡❧ ▼✐t③❡♥♠❛❝❤❡r✱ ❛♥❞ ❆s❤✉t♦s❤ ❘❡❣❡✳❆ ❉✐❣✐t❛❧ ❋♦✉♥t❛✐♥ ❆♣♣r♦❛❝❤ t♦ ❘❡❧✐❛❜❧❡ ❉✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❇✉❧❦ ❉❛t❛✳ ■♥❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s✱ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❡s✱ ❆r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡s✱ ❛♥❞ Pr♦t♦❝♦❧s ❢♦r❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❈♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ✲ ❙■●❈❖▼▼ ✶✾✾✽✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✺✻✕✻✼✱ ❱❛♥❝♦✉✈❡r✱❇❈✱ ❈❛♥❛❞❛✱ ❆✉❣✉st ✶✾✾✽✳

❘❘ ♥➦ ✼✸✾✼

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❖♥ t❤❡ ❋❧♦♦❞✐♥❣ ❖✈❡r❤❡❛❞ ♦❢ ❋♦✉♥t❛✐♥ ❈♦❞❡s ✐♥ ❲✐r❡❧❡ss ❙❡♥s♦r ◆❡t✇♦r❦s ✶✷

❬✺❪ P❛♦❧♦ ❈❛s❛r✐✱ ▼✐❝❤❡❧❡ ❘♦ss✐✱ ❛♥❞ ▼✐❝❤❡❧❡ ❩♦r③✐✳ ❋♦✉♥t❛✐♥ ❝♦❞❡s ❛♥❞ t❤❡✐r❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ t♦ ❜r♦❛❞❝❛st✐♥❣ ✐♥ ✉♥❞❡r✇❛t❡r ♥❡t✇♦r❦s✿ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ♠♦❞❡❧✐♥❣❛♥❞ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t tr❛❞❡♦✛s✳ ■♥ ❆❈▼ ✐♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ✇♦r❦s❤♦♣ ♦♥ ❯♥❞❡r✇❛t❡r◆❡t✇♦r❦s ✲ ❲✉❲◆❡❚ ✬✵✽✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✶✶✕✶✽✱ ❙❛♥ ❋r❛♥❝✐s❝♦✱ ❈❛❧✐❢♦r♥✐❛✱ ❯❙❆✱✷✵✵✽✳ ❆❈▼✳

❬✻❪ ▼❛r②✲▲✉❝ ❈❤❛♠♣❡❧✱ ❑é✈✐♥ ❍✉❣✉❡♥✐♥✱ ❆♥♥❡✲▼❛r✐❡ ❑❡r♠❛rr❡❝✱ ❛♥❞ ◆✐❝♦✲❧❛s ▲❡ ❙❝♦✉❛r♥❡❝✳ ▲❚ ◆❡t✇♦r❦ ❈♦❞❡s✳ ■♥ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦♥❉✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❙②st❡♠s ✲ ■❈❉❈❙ ✷✵✶✵✱ ♣❛❣❡ t♦ ❛♣♣❡❛r✱ ●❡♥♦❛✱■t❛❧②✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✶✵✳ ■❊❊❊ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙♦❝✐❡t②✳

❬✼❪ ❆♥t♦✐♥❡ ❋r❛❜♦✉❧❡t✱ ●✉✐❧❧❛✉♠❡ ❈❤❡❧✐✉s✱ ❛♥❞ ❊r✐❝ ❋❧❡✉r②✳ ❲♦r❧❞s❡♥s✿ ❞❡✲✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ ♣r♦t♦t②♣✐♥❣ t♦♦❧s ❢♦r ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ s♣❡❝✐✜❝ ✇✐r❡❧❡ss s❡♥s♦rs♥❡t✇♦r❦s✳ ■♥ ❆❈▼✴■❊❊❊ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ Pr♦✲❝❡ss✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❙❡♥s♦r ◆❡t✇♦r❦s ✲■P❙◆ ✷✵✵✼✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✶✼✻✕✶✽✺✳ ❆❈▼✱ ✷✵✵✼✳

❬✽❪ ❈❤r✐st✐♥❛ ❋r❛❣♦✉❧✐✱ ❏❡❛♥✲❨✈❡s ▲❡ ❇♦✉❞❡❝✱ ❛♥❞ ❏ör❣ ❲✐❞♠❡r✳ ◆❡t✇♦r❦ ❝♦❞✲✐♥❣✿ ❛♥ ✐♥st❛♥t ♣r✐♠❡r✳ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❈♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❘❡✈✐❡✇✱ ✸✻✭✶✮✿✻✸✕✻✽✱✷✵✵✻✳

❬✾❪ ❊s❛ ❍②②t✐ä✱ ❚✉♦♠❛s ❚✐rr♦♥❡♥✱ ❛♥❞ ❏♦r♠❛ ❚✳ ❱✐rt❛♠♦✳ ❖♣t✐♠❛❧ ❉❡❣r❡❡❉✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ▲❚ ❈♦❞❡s ✇✐t❤ ❙♠❛❧❧ ▼❡ss❛❣❡ ▲❡♥❣t❤✳ ■♥ ■◆❋❖❈❖▼✷✵✵✼✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✷✺✼✻✕✷✺✽✵✱ ❆♥❝❤♦r❛❣❡✱ ❆❑✱ ❯❙❆✱ ▼❛② ✷✵✵✼✳ ■❊❊❊✳

❬✶✵❪ ❚❡①❛s ■♥str✉♠❡♥ts✳ ❈❈✶✶✵✵ ❙✐♥❣❧❡ ❈❤✐♣ ▲♦✇ ❈♦st ▲♦✇ P♦✇❡r ❘❋✲❚r❛♥s❝❡✐✈❡r✱ ✷✵✵✻✳ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❢♦❝✉s✳t✐✳❝♦♠✴❧✐t✴❞s✴s②♠❧✐♥❦✴❝❝✶✶✵✵✳♣❞❢✳

❬✶✶❪ ❋❡♥❣ ▲✉✱ ❈❤✉❛♥ ❍❡♥❣ ❋♦❤✱ ❏✐❛♥❢❡✐ ❈❛✐✱ ❛♥❞ ▲✐❛♥❣✲❚✐❡♥ ❈❤✐❛✳ ▲❚ ❝♦❞❡s❞❡❝♦❞✐♥❣✿ ❉❡s✐❣♥ ❛♥❞ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s✳ ■♥ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❙②♠♣♦s✐✉♠ ♦♥ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥❚❤❡♦r② ✲ ■❙■❚ ✷✵✵✾✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✷✹✾✷✕✷✹✾✻✱ ❙❡♦✉❧✱ ❙♦✉t❤ ❑♦r❡❛✱ ✷✵✵✾✳ ■❊❊❊✳

❬✶✷❪ ▼✐❝❤❛❡❧ ▲✉❜②✳ ▲❚ ❈♦❞❡s✳ ■♥ ❋♦✉♥❞❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡ ✲ ❋❖❈❙✷✵✵✷✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✷✼✶✕✱ ❱❛♥❝♦✉✈❡r✱ ❇❈✱ ❈❛♥❛❞❛✱ ◆♦✈❡♠❜❡r ✷✵✵✷✳ ■❊❊❊ ❈♦♠✲♣✉t❡r ❙♦❝✐❡t②✳

❬✶✸❪ ❯rs ◆✐❡s❡♥✱ ❈❤r✐st✐♥❛ ❋r❛❣♦✉❧✐✱ ❛♥❞ ❉❛♥✐❡❧❛ ❚✉♥✐♥❡tt✐✳ ❖♥ ❈❛♣❛❝✐t② ♦❢ ▲✐♥❡◆❡t✇♦r❦s✳ ■❊❊❊ ❚r❛♥s❛❝t✐♦♥s ♦♥ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❚❤❡♦r②✱ ✺✸✭✶✶✮✿✹✵✸✾✕✹✵✺✽✱✷✵✵✼✳

❬✶✹❪ ❆✳ ❖❦❛ ❛♥❞ ▲✳ ▲❛♠♣❡✳ ❉❛t❛ ❡①tr❛❝t✐♦♥ ❢r♦♠ ✇✐r❡❧❡ss s❡♥s♦r ♥❡t✇♦r❦s✉s✐♥❣ ❞✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ ❢♦✉♥t❛✐♥ ❝♦❞❡s✳ ■❊❊❊ ❚r❛♥s❛❝t✐♦♥s ♦♥ ❈♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥s✱✺✼✭✾✮✿✷✻✵✼✕✷✻✶✽✱ ✷✵✵✾✳

❬✶✺❪ P❛②❛♠ P❛❦③❛❞✱ ❈❤r✐st✐♥❛ ❋r❛❣♦✉❧✐✱ ❛♥❞ ❆♠✐♥ ❙❤♦❦r♦❧❧❛❤✐✳ ❈♦❞✐♥❣ s❝❤❡♠❡s❢♦r ❧✐♥❡ ♥❡t✇♦r❦s✳ ■♥ ■❊❊❊ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❙②♠♣♦s✐✉♠ ♦♥ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❚❤❡♦r②✲ ■❙■❚ ✷✵✵✺✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✶✽✺✸✕✶✽✺✼✱ ❆❞❡❧❛✐❞❡✱ ❆✉str❛❧✐❛✱ ✷✵✵✺✳ ■❊❊❊✳

❬✶✻❪ ❆♠✐♥ ❙❤♦❦r♦❧❧❛❤✐✳ ❘❛♣t♦r ❝♦❞❡s✳ ■❊❊❊ ❚r❛♥s❛❝t✐♦♥s ♦♥ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❚❤❡✲♦r②✱ ✺✷✭✻✮✿✷✺✺✶✕✷✺✻✼✱ ✷✵✵✻✳

❬✶✼❪ ■❊❊❊ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙♦❝✐❡t②✳ ■❊❊❊ ❙t❞ ✽✵✷✳✶✺✳✹ ✲ ❲✐r❡❧❡ss ▼❡❞✐✉♠ ❆❝❝❡ss ❈♦♥✲tr♦❧ ✭▼❆❈✮ ❛♥❞ P❤②s✐❝❛❧ ▲❛②❡r ✭P❍❨✮ ❙♣❡❝✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥s ❢♦r ▲♦✇✲❘❛t❡ ❲✐r❡❧❡ssP❡rs♦♥❛❧ ❆r❡❛ ◆❡t✇♦r❦s ✭▲❘✲❲P❆◆s✮✳ ❙t❛♥❞❛r❞✱ ✷✵✵✸✳

❘❘ ♥➦ ✼✸✾✼

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❖♥ t❤❡ ❋❧♦♦❞✐♥❣ ❖✈❡r❤❡❛❞ ♦❢ ❋♦✉♥t❛✐♥ ❈♦❞❡s ✐♥ ❲✐r❡❧❡ss ❙❡♥s♦r ◆❡t✇♦r❦s ✶✸

❬✶✽❪ ❚✉♦♠❛s ❚✐rr♦♥❡♥✳ ❋♦✉♥t❛✐♥ ❈♦❞❡s✿ P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ❛♥❞ ❖♣t✐♠✐s❛✲t✐♦♥✳ P❤❉ t❤❡s✐s✱ ✷✵✶✵✳

❬✶✾❪ ❉❛♥✐❡❧❛ ❚✉♥✐♥❡tt✐ ❛♥❞ ❈❤r✐st✐♥❛ ❋r❛❣♦✉❧✐✳ ❖♥ t❤❡ t❤r♦✉❣❤♣✉t ✐♠♣r♦✈❡♠❡♥t❞✉❡ t♦ ❧✐♠✐t❡❞ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐t② ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ❛t r❡❧❛② ♥♦❞❡s✳ ■♥ ■❊❊❊ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧❙②♠♣♦s✐✉♠ ♦♥ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❚❤❡♦r② ✲ ■❙■❚ ✷✵✵✺✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✶✵✽✶✕✶✵✽✺✱ ❆❞❡✲❧❛✐❞❡✱ ❆✉str❛❧✐❛✱ ✷✵✵✺✳ ■❊❊❊✳

❘❘ ♥➦ ✼✸✾✼

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