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On the Effectiveness
of Pair Programming
Are two heads better than one?
Tore DybåErik Arisholm
Dag I.K. Sjøberg
Jo E. Hannay
Forrest Shull
Beware: Very Short Paper!
5 Authors
3 Text pages
2 Figures
About the Authors [1/5]
About the Authors [2/5]
About the Authors [3/5]
About the Authors [4/5]
About the Authors [5/5]
#define PairProgramming
• 2 Programmers
• 1 Keyboard
DriverObserver/Navigator
Overview
• Paper’s Goal:
Empirically decide whether PP is “effective”
• Research Method:• Research Method:
Combine results from 15 different studies
• Conclusion: IT DEPENDS!
15 Studies � 15 Results Formats
• Studies focused on different issues:
– Number of subject varies: 12 to 295
– US vs Europe
– Teams vs. Individuals– Teams vs. Individuals
– Students vs. Pros.
– Different grading method, scales
• Solution:
– Normalize: Subtract mean & Divide by std dev.
Measuring “Effectiveness”
• Duration == Calendar time to complete task
• Effort == Person-hours consumed
– 1 Person x 1 Hour == 1 Person-Hour– 1 Person x 1 Hour == 1 Person-Hour
– 2 Persons x 1 Hour == 2 Person-Hours
– 2 Persons x 2 Hours == 4 Person-Hours
• Quality == How good the final product is
Not Measuring
• Programmer’s Happiness
• Teamwork Improvement
• Knowledge Transfer
• Learning• Learning
Duration-Effort-Quality Relation
1 Year
~1/2 Year
Same Effort,
Shorter Duration
1 Year
Same Duration,
Twice the Effort,
Better quality
Duration-Effort-Quality Relation
3 weeks
FAIL
1.5 weeks
OR
Which is it for Pair Programming?
The Result (DON’T PANIC)
The Result (DON’T PANIC)
Quality
The Result (DON’T PANIC)
Quality
The Result (DON’T PANIC)
Duration
The Result (DON’T PANIC)
Effort
The Result (English)
• PP moderately contributes to QUALITY
• PP moderately reduces the DURATION
– Note, there are exceptions!
• PP moderately increases EFFORT ($$$)• PP moderately increases EFFORT ($$$)
• Exploring beyond the avg case reveals more..
The Result (DON’T PANIC)
Quality
Effort
Duration
“…The extent to which group performance
exceeds that of individuals depends on
the group’s composition and the tasks’ characteristics.”
Conclusion: When to use PP
?
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