Upload
viveka
View
29
Download
1
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
On sexual morality and marriage. Dr. Ching-wa Wong Department of Applied Social Sciences Hong Kong Polytechnic University [email protected]. Outline. Philosophical approaches to sexual morality The naturalness argument against homosexuality Utilitarian views on homosexuality - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Citation preview
On sexual morality and marriage
Dr. Ching-wa WongDepartment of Applied Social Sciences
Hong Kong Polytechnic [email protected]
Outline Philosophical approaches to sexual
morality The naturalness argument against
homosexuality Utilitarian views on homosexuality The liberal and communitarian views on
marriage, family, and reproduction Arguments for and against same-sex
marriage
Approaches to Sexual Morality
Stances on sexual moralityGeneral approaches
Political doctrines Ethical doctrines
1. Traditional view
2. Sexual Libertarianism
3. Utilitarianism
1. Liberalism2. Libertarianism3. Communitarianism4. Utilitarianism
Christian ethicsConfucianism‘Naturalism’Freudian ethicsFeminismPluralismNihilism…
Sexual liberation: Backgrounds
John Stuart Mill (1806-1873)
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
Herbert Marcuse (1898-1979) Mischel Faucault (1926-1984)
Debate over sexual liberationSexual Libertarianism
The traditional view
The utilitarian view
If coercion is not involved, there is nothing wrong with: Homosexuality Sexual perversion Pornography Prostitution
Sex outside (heterosexual) marriage is wrong.
The demand for sexual freedom should be balanced with other social values, so as to maximize happiness.
The case against Homosexuality:
The naturalness arguments
Austere naturalism What is unnatural is also immoral.
Homosexuality and sexual perversion are unnatural. Therefore, they are immoral.
Unhappiness: A naturalistic argument against homosexuality Michael Levin, ‘Why Homosexuality is Abnormal?’
(1984)1. Homosexuality necessarily results in pain.2. The pain is caused by the abuse of bodily parts.3. The right use of the male genital depends on its
evolutionary functions.4. The right use of bodily parts is rewarding, and their
misuse is painful.5. Therefore, male homosexual acts are ‘abnormal’ in the
sense that ‘it leaves unfulfilled an innate and innately rewarding desire [to have intercourse].’
(http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/27902859?uid=47656&uid=3738176&uid=2&uid=3&uid=67&uid=5910200&uid=32458&uid=62&sid=21103487023343 )
Elements of the naturalness arguments1. Aristotelian functionalism2. Objectivist conception of happiness
The utilitarian rejoinder
Harm: the utilitarian/liberal approach John Stuart Mill’s ‘principle of harm’ in On
Liberty (1869): ‘the only purpose for which power can be
rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others.’
‘The only part of conduct of anyone for which he is amenable to society is that which concerns others.’
‘In the part which merely concerns himself, his independence is, of right, absolute.’
Why the harm principle? Everyone wants happiness. But different people have
different conceptions of happiness.
It is only by engaging in ‘the experiment of living’ that one knows what is truly happy for oneself.
Thus, we have no right to interfere with an individual’s decision or action unless it harms others.
But children and women are not
fully rational, and should be protected.
The case of homosexuality Homosexuality as a private conduct. Policy issues: non-interference, neutrality, and
tolerance. Limitation: Moral paternalism is required if people
intentionally harm themselves out of ignorance.
Alternative defense of homosexuality : Peter Singer’s non-liberal version of utilitarianism http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/homosexu
ality-is-not-immoral
Liberal and Communitarian views on marriage
Marriage: Two political views Liberalism (John
Rawls):Marriage is a social institution regulated by the conception of justice as fairness; the form that marriage takes is grounded on our social contract, not on human nature.
Communitarianism (Michael Sandel): The meaning of marriage is connected up with our common belief in the good life; it is a matter of communal ties and not of individual choice.
A version of the communitarian view: the natural law theoryJohn Finnis, ‘Marriage: A basic and exigent
good’ (2008): Human nature plays an important role in
shaping a society’s conception of good. Marriage’s good is bound up with the social
values of procreation and friendship. Excessive individualism is a violation of the
natural law. (
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1392288)
Some communitarian questions about family life Are there any limits of our sexual freedom
as conceived by our society? What forms of sexual partnership are
congenial to our common conception of the good life?
Are sex and marriage instrumental to reproduction according to this conception? Or do they form an organic whole?
What if society no longer have consensus over the issue of the good life?
Same-sex marriage:Arguments for and against
Theories and criteria: summing up Libertarianism:
Individual freedom Liberalism:
Contractual relationship; mutual respect; tolerance; individual freedom.
Utilitarianism: Overall happiness.
Communitarianism: Common conception of good; social meanings
of human activities; human nature.
Arguments for and against same-sex marriageAgainst The value of tradition Naturalness Harmful effects on
homosexuals and other people
Human rationality
For Liberation Maximization of
Happiness Fairness Public reason
Suggestions for further reading General ethics textbooks:
Jeffrey Olen and Vincent Barry (2002), Applying Ethics, Wadsworth.
Mackinnon, Barbara (2001), Ethics: Theory and Contemporary Issues, Wadsworth.
Political theories and ethics: Michel J. Sandel (2007), ed., Justice: A Reader, Oxford
University Press. Michael J. Sandel (2009), Justice: What’s the Right Thing
to Do?, Farrar, Straus and Giroux. Philosophy of sex:
Robert B. Baker & Kathleen J. Wininger (2009), Philosophy and Sex, New York: Prometheus Books.