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On Farm and Off Farm Resilient Livelihood - Experience from Islamic Relief Activities in Coastal Belt and
Haor Area of Bangladesh
Abu A. M. Ekramul Ahsan
Islamic Relief Bangladesgh [email protected]
3
Presentation Outline
• Quick Overview of Previous Studies in Selected Projects in Coastal Belt and Haor Area
• Consideration for Development of Resilient Agriculture Based Livelihood
4 Objective & Methodology Objective of study was
(i) identification of on-farm and off-farm options for the community,
(ii) development of area based adaptation matrix, and
(iii) suggest measures for capacity development of staff stakeholders and community.
Area of the study: • The Study Unions, Upazilas and Districts:
• District: Satkhira, Upazila: Shyamnagar, Unions: Gabura and Ramjannagor,
• District: Khulna, Upazila: Koyra, Unions: Koyra sadar, Moheshwaripur
• District: Potiuakhali, Upazila: Golachipa, Unions: Panpatty, Golkhali
• District: Sunamganj,Upazila: Sulla, Unuons: Anandapur, Bahara
Study period : 5th May 2014 to 15th July 2014.
Methodology: (i) literature (document) review, (ii) key informant survey of selected individuals and (iii) focus group discussion, and (iv) households ample survey.
Livelihood is conditioned by
• Local Agro-Climatic Characteristics
• Infrastructure
• Essential Services – Appropriate Technology-Cultivation & Post-harvest
– Inputs
– Market
– Communication/Transportation
– Health
Pre-requisites for Resilient CALO
• CALO should be location specific
– Crop Agriculture
– Livestock
– Fisheries
• Understanding of Agro-Climatic Characteristics
of the Location
Physical and Climatic Considerations
• Soil- Moisture, Salinity
• Rainfall/Irrigation/Water Management
• Day Length
• Inundation- Depth (5-10m) & Duration (6 months, May to October)
Institutions Involved
• Research Institutes- NARS Institutes, Universities
• Local Instituions- Upazila level & Union Level – Govt. Institutions, Public Representative Bodies, Climate
Related Organizations (DMCs, CDMP, CBO)
• Extension Departments & Service Providers – DAE, DLS, DOF, Forest Dept.
• Inundation- Depth (5-10m) & Duration (6 months, May to October)
Findings
Shyamnagaor and Koira Agricultural prospects are
constraints by • Inadequate residual moisture in
soils during the dry season. • High salinity in soil and water • Shrimp culture with long
duration of saline water • Damage of fruit trees
(cocoanut, betel nut, jackfruit mango) due to high salinity even around the homestead areas.
Upazila Golachipa
Agricultural prospects are constraints by the following • Basically rain fed. •Irrigation is very limited because of salinity. •The crop land remains fallow in the Rabi and Kharif 1 seasons respectively. •Transplanted Aman rice has been the predominant crop.
•Flooding during Kharif season •Late cultivation condition (land becomes suitable for cultivation late) •Inadequate residual moisture in soils during the dry season. •High salinity in soil and water •Lack of sweet water
Findings
Sulla, Sunamgonj
Commonly practiced cropping patterns- Boro-Fallow-T.amam Mustard/groundnut-B.aus-T.aman Fallow-B.aus- T.aman Boro-Fallow-Fallow Constraints to agricultural prospects:
• Occasional flash floods
• Very heavy rainfall and persistent cloudiness in the monsoon season, which hamper harvesting, drying and storage of boro and aus paddy.
• Predominance of heavy soils with a compact cultivated layer and plough pan which hamper cultivation of dry land rabi crops.
• Slow drainage of basin centres.
• Poor road communications throughout the year.
Findings On Farm CALO, Coastal
CALO
Fisheries
Fisheries is the major livelihood including shrimp cultivation and other
fish under captive fisheries technology.
Crab culture and fattening
Monosex Tilapia culture
Nona Tengra culture
Livestock
Rearing native breed of sheep
Preservation of straw and green grass
Forestry
Forestation with mangrove forest species
Community Forestry
Provision for sweet water sources
Crop Cultivation
Salinity tolerant (Variety BR 41) for Aman season cultivation
Salinity tolerant (Variety BINA 8) for Aus, Aman and Boro season
cultivation (Photoperiod neutral variety)
Short Duration (Variety BINA 7) for Aman season, can be harvested
early
Photoperiod Sensitive Variety (Variety BR 46) for Aman season. This
variety can be even grown quite late but grains can be harvested in time.
Cropping Pattern and Mangement technology
T. Aman rice (Variety BINA 7) followed by Short Duration Mustard
Variety (BARI Sharisha 9, 14 & 15)
Other crops
Oilseed cultivation (Saline Tolerant)
Ground nut (Variety BINA 5 and BINA 6)
CALO
Fruits
Coconut- suitable for coastal area, saline tolerant
Sapota (Variety BARI Safeda 1, 2,3)-for coastal area, saline tolerant
Palmyra Palm (Taal)- popular opinion as suitable for coastal area but no scientific
reference
Tamarid- popular opinion as suitable for coastal area but no scientific reference
Fruits and Vegetables
Watermelon- cultivated in the coastal area in large scale, tolerant to moderate salinity.
Squash (Variety BARI Lau 2)- tolerate to waterlogged condition, heat tolerant
Brinjal (Variety BARI Begun 4)- tolerate high temperature
Bitter Gourd in Saline soil
Sweet Gourd in Saline Soil
Ribbed Gourd in Saline Soil
Lady’s Finger in Saline Soil
Vegetables along Pond Sides
Technologies for vegetable cultivation
Cultivation in Dhap (under waterlogged situation)
Pitcher irrigation
Small pond in the crop field.(reservoir for supplementary irrigation)
Mulching
Livestock
Beef fattening with UMS (Urea Molasses Straw)
Straw Preservation in wet season for saline area
Green Grass preservation for saline area
Grass cultivation in saline area
Sheep rearing
Tree plantation
Mangove species along the coast line and road side along embankment: Sundari, Bain,
Kakra, Shingra, Kholshi, Goran, Amir, Garjan, Gewa, Keora, Chherla, Poshur, Hemfil.,
Kirpa, Golpata
On Farm CALO, Haor
Adaptation Matrix for Haor Area
Sector Suggested CALO
Other Crops Grain crops-Wheat, Maize
Oil seeds-Soybean, Mustard
Pulses-Lentil, Mungbean, Kheshari
Vegetables Potato, Cauliflower, Cabbage, Carrot, Brinjal, Tomato, Squash (Variety BARI Lau 2
tolerates waterlogged condition), Gourd, Sweet Gourd
Spices- Onion, Garlic, Chili, Coriander
Homestead vegetable cultivation Seasonal vegetables as listed
Technology for Vegetable Cultivation Vegetable cultivation in Bag,
Vegetable cultivation on the sides of pond
Compost making on polyethylene layers in pit
Crop Intensification Transforming single cropped area to double cropped area by introducing short duration
crops ( potato with local variety Chollisha, red amaranths, radish, Spinach, mustard,
pulses,) followed by traditional practice of boro rice cultivation
Fruit Trees around Homestead Mango, Jackfruit, Sapota, Pomegranate, Coconut, Betel nut Zuzuba
Erosion Protection tree Korosh
Fisheries Promote capture fisheries in pond
Cage fish culture
Livestock Beef fattening with UMS (Urea Molasses Straw)
Straw Preservation in wet season
Sheep rearing
Poultry rearing- Faomi and Ias Brown Breed
Duck rearing- Khaki Cambel, Zinding, Indian Runner Breed
Off farm CALO
Adaptation Matrix for Haor Area
Specific Livelihood Location Specified
Self-employed
Rickshaw/ van operator All locations
Key repairer All locations
Shoe repairer All locations
Tailoring All locations
Repair of agri. Machinery All locations
Boatman (owner) Most relevant in haor area
Dry fish making Most relevant in coastal area
Rice mill All locations
Puffed/flattened rice maker All locations
Small shop owener (tea stall, sweet shop, All locations
Tea seller-hawker All locations
Handicraft All locations
Sarre/ Lungi seller (hawker) All locations
Firewood seller All locations
Flower seller All locations
Hawker of miscellaneous items (hair band, ribbon, hair clip, cosmetic items etc.) All locations
Fruit shop All locations
Trading recycling materials All locations
Agricultural commodity trader (vegetables, fish, milk etc.) All locations
Off farm CALO
Adaptation Matrix for Haor Area
Specific Livelihood Location Specified
Non-farm worker
Transport worker All locations
Worker in salt pan, coal depot etc. Relevant for coastal area
Worker in Chatal (Rice drying and milling) All locations
Worker in brick field Relevant for coastal area
Workers in small factory (leth shop/ other repair shop) All locations
Worker in different store All locations
Fish drying worker All locations
Worker for earth digging and carrying All locations
Migratory worker All locations
Recommendations
Recommendations
•Research-extension system should be made easier so that farmer,
researcher and extension worker can work together to identify the
solution of the observed problems due to climate change.
•Farmers Field Laboratory concept could be strengthening to enable the
farmers to test different agricultural technologies using their indigenous
knowledge and skill .
•There is need for short duration/early maturing rice variety which can be
harvested early to avoid the flood.
•With development of irrigation facilities more profitable cropping pattern
can be introduced in relatively medium to medium high land.
•This calls for development of market system as a challenge and needs
appropriate intervention and institutional support
The New Initiative: Farmers Field Laboratory
•Field trials of some selected technologies are being conducted on farmer’s land by some 88 beneficiaries (lead farmers) of the project.
•Under the existing MOU between Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI) and
Islamic Relief Bangladesh (IRB), BARI has agreed to share and disseminate their
established technology addressing climate change issues. BARI has also been providing
technical assistance for capacity building of IRB field staff and farmers.
Pic. Dr. Abdul Aziz, Chief Scientific Officer and Head Agronomy Division, BARI, Bangladesh and Dr. Abdur Razzaque, Chief Scientific Officer and Head of Irrigation Division, BARI, Bangladesh visited project areas in Sunamgonj and Potuakhali.
Initiative taken
Reddish + Palmkin+ Bitter gourd using ‘Kanda’ in Haor Masterd cultivation to introduce new cropping pattern
Wheat introducing for low irrigation using ‘Kanda’ in Haor Garlic zero tillage introducing in ‘Kanda’ in Haor
Initiative taken
Testing: Hen rearing, Closed method , Indigenous variety
Improve technology of sheep rearing Pigeon rearing closed method
Wild fish into culture
Infrastructure Development: Building Road network and Road Side Tree Plantation with Improvised System of Watering from Bottle
Raised Platform for Deep Hand Tube Well; Facilitating Better Quality of Living with Safe Drinking Water and Rice Cultivation