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Self-Study Syllabus on China’s domestic politics Updated

September 2019

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This syllabus is designed to guideinterested non-specialists in

the study of some of the most salient and important aspects of the contemporary Chinese domestic political scene. The recommended readings survey basic features of China’s political system as well as important developments in politics, ideology, and domestic policy under Xi Jinping’s leadership. Some effort has been made to promote awareness of the broad array of available English language scholarship and analysis. Reflecting the authors’ belief that study of official documents remains a critical skill for the study of Chinese politics, we have included some of these important sources as well.

Individuals utilizing this syllabus will build their understanding in a step-by-step fashion based on one hour of reading five nights a week for four weeks. We assume at most a passing familiarity with the Chinese political system. The syllabus also provides a glossary of key terms and a list of recommended reading for books and websites for those seeking to engage in deeper study.

PrefaceAbout this syllabus

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• “An Intro to China’s Policymaking Process,” Trivium, September 2018. This articleprovides an overview and refresher on themost important and distinctive features ofChina’s political system.• “A Guide to 2018 State Council InstitutionalReforms,” NPC Observer, March 2018.A comprehensive overview of the recentgovernment restructuring that significantlyincreased the institutional power of the CCP.• “中共中央印发《深化党和国家机构改革方案 》Plan for Reform Deepening of Partyand State Structure.” The text of China’sgovernment restructuring announced at theNational People’s Congress meeting in March2018.• “Structural Reforms and CPC Power afterthe Third CPC Plenum, and the 1st Session ofthe 13th NPC,” Kjeld Erik Brødsgaardand Nis Grünberg, The Copenhagen Journal

Week One: Building the FoundationThe organization, ideology, and political processes of China’s governance

This week’s readings review some of the basic and most distinctive features of China’s political system. It surveys the function and purpose of political ideology and how authorities employ language to direct policy. The readings discuss membership in the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and how the broader public views the party.

Overview

of Asian Studies, Vol 36, No 1 (2018). The authors place the March 2018 government restructuring into a larger context of China’s ongoing political reforms. • “Engineers of the Soul: Ideology in Xi Jinping’s China,” by John Garnaut, Sinocism newsletter, January 16, 2019. A seasoned China watcher and former Australian government advisor argues that China’s leadership is utilizing ideology in ways that challenge the global order.• “Xi Takes Charge: Implications of the 19th Party Congress for China’s Future,” 21st Century China Center, UC San Diego. A collection of US San Diego academics –including Susah Shirk, Barry Naughton, and Victor Shih – catalog the political and sea change that has occurred under Xi Jinping’s leadership.• “Xi’s Signature Governance Innovation:

The Rise of Leading Small Groups,” Christopher Johnson, Scott Kennedy, Mingda Qiu, Center for Strategic and International Studies, October 17, 2017. A comprehensive examination of the leading small groups since the 18th Party Congress. • “How Xi Jinping Revived Old Methodsby Abandoning Intraparty Democracy,” Wang Xiangwei, South China Morning Post,November 5, 2017. This article examines theprocess for selecting the new leadership, notingabrupt changes from intraparty democracy.• “领航新时代的坚强领导集体——党的新一届中央领导机构产生纪实” Xinhua, October 26,2017. This Xinhua article details the selectionprocess for the 19th Partly Congress anddiscloses the uses of straw polls and departuresfrom intra-party democracy.• “Centralized Leadership – HeterogeneousParty Base Changes in the MembershipStructure of the Chinese Communist Party,” LeaShih and Kerstin Lohse-Friedrich,Mercator Institute for China Studies, August 16,2017. This paper describes how theparty’s face changed due to a substantialgrowth in membership, which rose by 26percent from 2005 to 2016.• “Ideas and Ideologies Competing ForChina’s Political Future: How Online PluralismChallenges Official Orthodoxy,” KristinShi-Kupfer, Mareike Ohlberg, Simon Langand Bertram Lang, Mercator Institute for

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China Studies, October 2017. An analysis of debates in Chinese social media and conducted a survey among predominantly urban Chinese netizens.

Week 1 >>

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• “China’s Strategic Thinking on BuildingPower in Cyberspace: A Top Party Journal’sTimely Explanation Translated,” Elsa Kania,Samm Sacks, Paul Trioloand Graham Webster, New America,September 25, 2017. An analysis of a keydirective by Xi Jinping regarding cyberspace.• “Information Control 2.0: The CyberspaceAdministration of China Tames the Internet,” Nabil Alsabah, Mercator Institute for ChinaStudies, September 15, 2016. A look at theagency responsible for administeringcyberspace.• “The Messy Truth About Social Credit,” Shazeda Ahmed, Logic, Issue 7, 2019. Anuanced analysis that attempts to frame thesocial credit score as a flawed work-in-progress.

Week Two: Censorship, propaganda, and political control

The CCP’s longevity has long defied predictions of its imminent demise by experts. The party’s ability to control challenges to its authority through censorship, propaganda, and other political controls remains crucial ensuring its hold on power. This week’s readings explore features of the Chinese “security state” and how these features have evolved.

Overview

• “Giving Credit,” Jeremy Daum, China LawTranslate, January 4, 2017. Good overviewof the PRC’s plans and relevant documentsrelated to the Social Credit System.• “Magic Weapons: China’s PoliticalInfluence Activities Under Xi Jinping,” Anne Marie Brady, Wilson Center,September 18, 2017. Top propagandaexpert Anne Marie Brady surveys howChinese leaders have directed efforts tocultivate political influence in othercountries.• “Political Indoctrination in ChineseColleges,” Zi Yang, Jamestown FoundationChina Brief, April 20, 2017. A detailed lookat the system for indoctrinating China’suniversity students.

• “‘Police cloud’: Chinese database tracks apps, car location and even electricity usage in Muslim region,” Gerry Shih, Washington Post, May 2, 2019. A Beijing-based journalist describes China’s technology-driven surveillance system.• “How China Turned a City into a Prison,” Chris Buckley, Paul Mozur, and Austin Ramzy, The New York Times, April 4, 2019. A narrated overview of the “virtual cage” that now imprisons China’ s Uighur population.• “We Should Worry About How China Uses Apps Like TikTok,” Nick Frisch,The New York Times, May 2, 2019. The author argues that China’s internal control over technology is now being exported globally.• “Domestic Security in China under Xi Jinping,” Sheena Chestnut Greitens, China Leadership Monitor, March 1, 2019. A look at recent developments in China’s internal security apparatus.• “From Big to Powerful: China’s Quest for Security and Power in the Age of Innovation,” Tai Ming Cheung, East Asia Institute working paper, April 2019. According to the author, China’ is now a “national security state.”• “How Beijing Embraces Public Opinion to Govern and Control,” Neil Thomas, MacroPolo, May 7, 2019. Tools that allow Chinese citizens to interact with local level officials also enable surveillance and controls.

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• “The 19th Central Committee Politburo,” Alice Miller, China Leadership Monitor, January23, 2018. One of the more careful analyses ofChina’s elite politics argues that, contrary topopular perception, Xi Jinping is stillfollowing “Dengist institutionalism.”• “China in Xi’s ‘New Era’: The Return toPersonalistic Rule,” Susan Shirk, Journal ofDemocracy, April 2018. A damning critique ofXi’s recent power grab.• “Xi, Unlimited,” Ryan Manuel, East AsiaForum, March 18, 2018. The author arguesthat Xi plans to rule for life.• “China’s Communists Rewrite the Rules forForeign Businesses,” Alexandra Stevenson,The New York Times, April 13, 2018.Good overview of the expansion of CCPorganizations into private companies.• “China’s New Revolution: The Reign ofXi Jinping,” Elizabeth C. Economy, ForeignAffairs, May/June 2018. A prominent DC

Week Three: Xi Jinping, elite politics, and the anti-corruption drive

This week’s readings focus on the politics of Xi Jinping, starting with a brief look at the leader’s personal background. The selections also discuss broad trends in the structure of political power, the anti-corruption drive, vested interests, factions, and elite politics.

Overview

China expert argues that Xi has taken China in a radical new direction.• “As China Trade Talks Stall, Xi Faces aDilemma: Fold? Or Double Down?” ChrisBuckley and Steven Lee Myers, The New YorkTimes, May 9, 2019. This piece argues thatdespite his undeniable power, Xi still facestough political calculations.• “A Setback or Boost for Xi Jinping’sConcentration of Power? Domination versusResistance within the CCP Elite,” Wu Guoguang, China Leadership Monitor,December 1, 2018. A former Chinesepolicymaker argues that Xi will facesignificant bureaucratic push-back as a resultof his power grab.• “A Specter Is Haunting Xi’s China: ‘Mr.Democracy’,” Ian Johnson, The New York Reviewof Books blog, April 19, 2019. This piece arguesthat China’s intellectuals still pose a threat toXi.

• “Xi’s Next Step: Demand More Fervor FromChina’s Communist Party”, Chun Han Wang,The Wall Street Journal, October 26, 2017. Ajournalistic look at the fruits of Xi Jinping’sefforts to revitalize the Communist Party.• “The Succession Dilemma”, Torrey Taussig,The American Interest, March 14, 2018. PlacesXi’s maneuvering to remain in office for life ina global context.• “Dictator’s Shadow: Chinese ElitePolitics Under Xi Jinping,” Dimitar D.Gueorguiev, China Perspectives, 2018/1-2. Acareful argument that despite significantconcentration of power, Xi is still largelyabiding by CCP rules and norms.• “Born Red,” Evan Osnos, The New Yorker,April 6, 2015. Osnos provides one of the fewavailable English language reports on theupbringing and personal background of XiJinping, a topic about which so little isknown.• “The Political Price of Xi Jinping’s Anti-Corruption Campaign,” Jamil Anderlini, TheFinancial Times, January 4, 2017. This articleoffers a skeptical progress about progressclaimed in the anti-corruption campaign.• 学习习近平总书记系列重要讲话 [StudyGeneral Secretary Xi Jinping’s ImportantSpeeches]. An Android/iOS app produced bythe Central Party School to study Xi Jinping’s“important speeches” and comments. Slicklyproduced, lots of short videos explainingvarious concepts and slogans.

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Week Four: “China Dream” and the domestic policy agenda

Xi’s policy agenda may be summarized by the often-invoked phrase, the “China dream.” This week’s selections analyze the focus on systemic and structural reform that has defined the government’s policy agenda in the Xi era. The readings also sample some of the challenges impeding the realization of the Chinese dream, including rule of law issues, unemployment, social welfare, environmental pollution, and other issues.

Overview

• Full Text of Xi Jinping’s Report at the 19thParty Congress, Xinhua, October 27, 2017. Anofficial English translation of the full text of the19th Party Congress report, which outlines theparty’s national level strategic and policyguidance for the next five years.• “How to Read Xi Jinping’s 19th PartyCongress Political Report,” Alice Miller, ChinaLeadership Monitor, May 25, 2017. Alice Millerprovides a helpful primer to interpreting theCCP’s most important and authoritative policydocument.• “The Chinese Dream,” 新华网 [Xinhua online],updated as of May 2019. An extensive Englishlanguage page provided by Chinese officialmedia on this signature concept and what itmeans for policy.• 依法治国是党领导人民治理国家的基本方略 [Ruling According to Law is the Party

Leadership’s Basic Strategy for Governing the Nation] by Li Lin, 求是 [Seeking Truth], August 18, 2017. An expert at the Chinese Academy of Science explains the CCP’s unique approach to rule through law and why the idea is central to the party’s approach to governance. • “Chinese Millenials are Rejecting DullFactory Jobs- and Transforming theEconomy” LA Times, May 12, 2019.Fascinating changes in the values andoutlook among Chinese millennials are wellunderway, as discussed in this report.• “Capital Accumulation, Private Property,and Inequality in China 1978-2015,” ThomasPicketty and Li Yang, and Gabriel Zucman,VOX website, July 20, 2017. Picketty, a well-known expert on inequality reports hisfindings regarding China’s widening income

gap.• “Land Policy Reform,” Asia Policy Institute,Winter 2019. A good overview of the statusof land policy reform in China.• “China is Relaxing Hukou Restrictionsin Small and Medium Sized Cities,” China Briefing, April 17, 2019. Domestic residency restrictions have eased in some cities, as reviewed in this report.• “Highlights of Judicial Reform Progress in2018,” Xinhua, May 28, 2019. China’s officialnews service explains what the CCP regardsas evidence of reform in the judicial system.• “Introduction to China’s Legal System,” Harvard Law School Library website, October 2017. An excellent resource provides numerous references and reports regarding China’s system of laws and regulations.• “Education in China: A Snapshot,” OECD,2016. This OECD publication provides anoverview of China’s education system.• “Review of China’s Education Reformsin 2017,” Ministry of Education website,January, 2018. The Chinese governmentexplains its reform efforts in the precedingyears.• “China’s Social Security System,” ChinaLabour Bulletin, March 2019. An excellentreview of China’s social welfare system.• “China’s Health Care Crisis,” New York Times,January 7, 2019. The New York Times featurestory examines the looming problems ofChina’s health care system.

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• “How China Will Protect One Quarter of itsLand,” Nature, May 21, 2019. This articlereviews the policies and actions taken by theChinese government to control air and waterpollution.• “China’s Next Environmental Challenge isHard to See,” China Dialogue, November 13,2018. The spread of unregulated chemicalsthroughout China’s soil, air, and water isanalyzed in depth in this report.• “Beijing’s one-child policy is gone. But manyChinese are still reluctant to have more,” Anna Fifield, Washington Post, May 4, 2019. WhyChina’s loosening of its one-child policy isunlikely to bear fruit for decades to come.• “A Chinese Puzzle: Why Economic ‘Reform’in Xi’s China Has More Meanings than MarketLiberalization,” Evan A. Feigenbaum, MacroPolo, February 26, 2018. The authorargues that Chinese leaders use the word“reform” in ways that don’t always overlapwith foreign interpretations.• “Firm Control: Governing the State-ownedEconomy Under Xi Jinping,” Wendy Leutert,China Perspectives, 2018/1-2. Excellentoverview of resurgent state-ownedenterprises under Xi.

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Week 5: Hong Kong, Tibet, Xinjiang, Taiwan, and Human Rights

This week’s readings examine contentious issues, featuring regions that dispute Chinese control to varying degrees, as well as issues of human rights that draw Western concern and criticism. Populations in Hong Kong, Tibet, and Xinjiang contest features of Chinese control, while Taiwan rejects Beijing’s authority altogether, despite the claims of PRC authorities that the island exists as a “province” of the PRC.

Overview

• “All You Need to Know About Xi Jinping’sRemarks on Hong Kong in His Report to theParty Congress,” South China Morning Post,October 20, 2017. This article explains thepolicy guidance regarding Hong Kong in the19th Party Congress report.• “In Hong Kong, Battles Grow Over Identityand Future of Special Status,” Washington Post,May 25, 2019. This Washington Post reportprovides an insightful survey over the tensionsbetween residents in Hong Kong and Beijing.• “How China Uses High Tech Surveillance toSubdue Minorities,” New York Times, May 22,2019. China’s use of technology to monitorethnic minorities is explored in this featurestory.• “As the U.S. Targets China’s ‘ConcentrationCamps,’ Xinjiang’s Human Rights Crisis

is Only Getting Worse,” Newsweek, May 22, 2019. This Newsweek story reports on China’s notorious concentration camp system for Muslims.• “China: Human Rights Report,” HumanRights Watch, 2019. A prominent humanrights organization discusses the humanrights situation in China.• “What it Means to be Taiwanese and WhyIt’s Different Depending on Generation,” NPR,May 28, 2018. Younger generations of Taiwanidentify less and less with mainland China, asthis NPR story explains.• “A History of Taiwanese Identity,” KetagalanMedia, December 8, 2018. Good overview ofthe historical background for the politics ofidentity in Taiwan.

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Appendix: Recommended Books on China’s politics and

Cheng Li, Chinese Politics in the Xi Jinping Era: Reassessing Collective Leadership, Washington, DC: Brookings Institute Press (2016).

Jude Blanchette, China’s New Red Guards: The Return of Radicalism and the Rebirth of Mao Zedong, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press (2019).

Kerry Brown, China’s Dream: The Culture of Chinese Communism and the Secret Sources of its Power, London, UK: Polity (2018).

Bruce Dickson, The Dictator’s Dilemma: The Chinese Communist Party’s Strategy for Survival, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press (2016).

Elizabeth Economy, The Third Revolution: Xi Jinping and the New Chinese State, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press (2018).

James Griffiths, The Great Firewall of China: How to Build and Control an Alternative Version of the Internet, London, UK: Zed Books (2019).

Timothy Heath, China’s New Governing Party Paradigm: Political Renewal and the Pursuit of National Rejuvenation, London, UK: Ashgate Publishing (2013).

Nicholas Lardy, The State Strikes Back: The End of Economic Reform in China? Washington, DC: Peterson Institute for International Economics (2019).

Roderick MacFarquhar, The Politics of China: Sixty Years of The People’s Republic of China, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press (2011).

Richard McGregor, The Party: The Secret World of China’s Communist Rulers, New York, NY: Harper Collins (2010).

Carl Minzner, End of an Era: How China’s Authoritarian Revival is Undermining Its Rise, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press (2018).

Evan Osnos, Age of Ambition: Chasing Fortune, Truth, and Faith in the New China, New York, NY: Farrar, Strauss, and Giroux (2015).

Minxin Pei, China’s Crony Capitalism: The Dynamics of Regime Decay, Harvard, MA: Harvard University Press (2016).

Molly Roberts, Censored: Distraction and Diversion Inside China’s Great Firewall, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press (2018).

Tony Saich, Governance and Politics of China: Third Edition, New York, MY: Palgrave MacMillan (2011).

Xi Jinping, The Governance of China, Beijing, China: Foreign Language Press (2014).

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Appendix: Online Sources for China’s politics and political

Caixin English. Caixin’s coverage of economics, finance, and politics is regarded as setting a benchmark for other non-official Chinese news outlets.

Chinafile. A website managed by the Asia Society, Chinafile aggregates stories, photos, and video on various aspects of contemporary China.

China Law Translate. An outstanding resource features English translations of Chinese laws , policy documents, and regulations.

China Leadership Monitor. A quarterly journal featuring analysis from some of the top foreign scholars on China.

China Media Project at the Journalism & Media Studies Centre at the University of Hong Kong. Excellent coverage or propaganda, media and ideology issues.

China Policy Institute. An online journal hosted by the University of Nottingham provides concise analysis of a broad range of China-related topics.

Made in China. A quarterly journal based at the Australian National University

focusing on Chinese labor and civil society.

People’s Daily English. The CCP’s English language page provides links to basic information about the party, including key speeches and documents.

Sinica broadcast. One of the top podcasts on contemporary China, past discussions topics have included culture and current events.

The Sinocism China Newsletter. This free newsletter provides links to essential readings on topics spanning economics, politics, culture, and security.

Sixth Tone. A fascinating website that presents cutting edge analysis and reporting, centered primarily on China’s young people.

Xinhua English. The official news outlet provides a steady stream of news reporting, commentary, and photographs.

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Appendix: Key Chinese Language Terms and Phrases

Chinese Dream [中国梦]:

A term introduced by Xi Jinping during a 2012 visit to a Chinese history museum, this is a restatement of the idea of the rejuvenation of the Chinese people in a more popular, accessible form. The China dream seeks the country’s revitalization as a prosperous and powerful state and envisions a comprehensive elevation in the living standard for the Chinese people. The China Dream also carries a vision in which the world benefits from a revitalized China’s prosperity and advocacy of international peace and harmony.

Core interests (核心利益):

These are the collective spiritual and material demands of the Chinese people, the realization of which is viewed by the CCP as necessary to achieve national rejuvenation. Core interests are often defined in three broad categories of “sovereignty, security, and developmental interests.” The 2011 Peaceful Development White Paper has provided the most complete authoritative list: “national security, sovereignty and territory, national unification, China’s political system, and the interests of economic and social development.”

Four Comprehensives (四个全面):

In 2015, Xi Jinping began to highlight the major strategic concept of the “four comprehensives” in describing the purpose and general approach to enacting systemic and structural reform. Widely anticipated to serve as Xi’s legacy theoretical contribution, the “four comprehensives” refers to “comprehensively” building a moderately prosperous society, deepening reform, governing the country according to rule by law, and enforcing strict party discipline. The Four Comprehensives will likely become Xi Jinping’s contribution to the ideological canon.

Govern by law (依法执政):

This is the idea that the CCP can best exercise its authority through the administration of state laws. In theory, the CCP takes the lead in drafting the content of laws based on the guiding ideology and central directives. The state in turn implements and enforces the law. The 15th Party Congress first outlined a basic requirement to “govern by law” in 1997, an imperative underscored most recently at the Fourth Plenum of the 18th Party Congress in 2014.

Governing party (执政党):

This is the idea that the CCP’s legitimacy rests in its ability to provide sound governance for the people and oversee the nation’s revitalization as a great power. It includes the idea that the CCP should: strengthen its ability to provide goods and services to address the diverse economic and non-economic demands of the people; expand the base of its membership and popular support; constantly run state affairs in a scientific, democratic, and legal way; and strengthen the party through reform and innovation. Since the 16th Party Congress, the “governing party” has been the official archetype, or conceptual framework, for the CCP’s role in the Chinese polity. Prior to 2002, the CCP regarded itself as a “revolutionary party.”

Guiding ideology (指导思想):

Also referred to as the party’s “guide to action,” this is the authoritative set of ideas, principles, and worldview which embodies the CCP’s goals and objectives. The guiding ideology also serves as the authoritative guide to all of the party’s activities. It is defined by the party’s theory system of socialism with Chinese characteristics, but

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This phrase is often shortened to “national rejuvenation” in translation. The Chinese Dream is a modified version of this idea.

Socialist core value system (社会主义核心价值体系):

The CCP identifies the socialist core value system as the moral and ethical companion to its efforts to build a harmonious society. Adopted at the 17th Party Congress, this is an attempt by the CCP to articulate a set of national values to encourage social cohesion, unity, social stability, enhance CCP legitimacy, and increase China’s international political influence. The system of socialist core values consists of the following: 1) the guiding ideology of Marxism; 2) the common ideal of socialism with Chinese characteristics; 3) national spirit with patriotism at the core; 4) the spirit of the times with reform and innovation at the core; and 5) the socialist concept of honor and disgrace.

Socialist harmonious society (社会主义和谐社会):

This major strategic concept calls for building a society characterized by rule by law and socialist democracy, in which qualities of fairness, justice, honesty, and kindness prevail and which people of diverse ethnic

development. The moderately prosperous society provides the main content of the Chinese dream.

Period of strategic opportunity (重要战略机遇期):

At the 16th Party Congress in 2002, the CCP identified a “period of strategic opportunity” that it foresaw as lasting through at least the first two decades of the twenty-first century. The period of strategic opportunity informs the CCP’s development of the strategic and policy objectives inherent in its visio of a “moderately prosperous society” and the Chinese dream. In 2010, party leaders judged that the period of strategic opportunity would continue, but that the CCP would require a more activist set of policies to ensure the nation’s sustained development.

Rejuvenation of the Chinese People (中华民族复兴):

A phrase attributed by party leaders to Sun Yatsen in 1911, this concept generally concerns the revitalization of China as a wealthy and powerful country. The CCP has adopted this concept as a functional equivalent of a desired end state, to be achieved by the centennial of the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949.

also includes the party’s guiding principles, principles, policies, and viewpoints. Incorporation of a new concept or theory into the guiding ideology through adoption at a Party Congress is a major political event, as this act requires the party to reinterpret and update the meaning of its principles, policies, and directives. This in turn requires the state’s laws and policies to be updated as needed. The guiding ideology has only had four major updates: Mao Zedong Thought achieved this status in 1945; Deng Xiaoping Theory in 1997; Important Thinking of the Three Represents in 2002; and the Scientific Development Concept in 2012.

Moderately prosperous society (小康社会):

A term first proposed by Deng in 1985 to refer to a vision of a major increase in the standard of living for the people of China. The original goal focused on quadrupling the per capita income of 1980 by 2000. Achieved ahead of schedule, the 16th Party Congress refined the content of this vision to mean the quadrupling of the per capita GDP of 2000 by 2020. The 16th Party Congress and subsequent Party Congresses have also expanded relevant policy objectives for 2020 to include political, cultural, social, military, and environmental

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of the CCP in 1921. The second goal is to achieve “national rejuvenation” by the centennial of the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949.

groups live peacefully together. It also calls for creating a sustainable, healthy relationship between man and nature

Theory system of socialism with Chinese characteristics (有中国特色的理论体系):

Regarded as the “only correct theory” by the CCP, this is the systematic articulation of the party’s Marxist theory as refined by generations of Chinese leaders. Mao’s contributions are part of the system, but most of his theoretical insights are viewed as valid for historical conditions that no longer obtain. The theory system is primarily defined by Deng Xiaoping Theory, the Important Thinking of Three Represents, the Scientific Development Concept, and related concepts in a systematic, mutually reinforcing manner. The 17th Party Congress amended the CCP Constitution in 2007 to incorporate the theory system of socialism with Chinese characteristics.

Two centennial goals (两个百年目标):

This term refers to the two centennial goals set by the CCP. The first goal is to complete the building of a “moderately prosperous society” by the centennial of the founding

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民族复兴小康社会中国梦中国特色社会主义依法治国正能量中级人民法院人民检察院中央政治局受贿被告原告证人党委书记中央党校改革开放马克思列宁主义毛泽东思想邓小平理论三个代表科学发展观社会主义市场经济收入分配制度社会主义核心价值观民主集中制公有制产权保护制度国有资本集体资本国有企业公用事业

national rejuvenationmoderately prosperous societyChina Dreamsocialism with Chinese characteristicsgovern the country by lawpositive energyIntermediate People’s CourtPeople’s Procuratorate Politburoaccepting bribedefendantplaintiffwitnessgeneral secretary of party committeeCentral Party Schoolreform and opening upMarxism and Leninism Mao Zedong ThoughtsDeng Xiaoping TheoryThree Representsoutlook on scientific development socialist market economyincome distribution mechanismsocialist core value systemdemocratic centralismpublic ownershipproperty right protection systemstate owned capitalcollectively owned capitalstate owned enterprisepublic utility

中文 拼音

mín zú fù xìng xiǎo kāng shè huì zhōng guó mèng zhōng guó tè sè shè huì zhǔ yìyī fǎ zhì guó zhèng néng liàng zhōng jí rén mín fǎ yuàn rén mín jiǎn chá yuàn zhōng yāng zhèng zhì jú shòu huì bèi gào yuán gào zhèng rén dǎng wěi shū jì zhōng yāng dǎng xiào gǎi gé kāi fàng mǎ kè sī liè níng zhǔ yì máo zé dōng sī xiǎng dèng xiǎo píng lǐ lùn sān gè dài biǎo kē xué fā zhǎn guān shè huì zhǔ yì shì chǎng jīng jìshōu rù fèn pèi zhì dù shè huì zhǔ yì hé xīn jià zhí guānmín zhǔ jí zhōng zhì gōng yǒu zhì chǎn quán bǎo hù zhì dù guó yǒu zī běn jí tǐ zī běn guó yǒu qǐ yè gōng yòng shì yè

英文

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公益事业自然垄断人民币汇率市场化行政体制改革转移支付户籍登记制度自由贸易区政治协商制度民族区域自治制度智库无党派人士统一战线劳动教养制度中央纪委形式主义官僚主义享乐主义面子工程软实力特殊教育继续教育义务教育失业保险制度计划生育全面深化改革领导小组问责制群众路线鸦片战争共产党宣言全国人大常委会立法体制

public interest sectornatural monopolymarketization of the RMB exchange rate mechanismpublic administration reformtransfer paymenthousehold registration systemfree trade zonepolitical consultation systemethnic regional autonomy system think tanknonparty memberunited frontlabor reeducation systemCentral Disciplinary Committeeformismbureaucratismhedonismface projectsoft powerspecial educationcontinuing educationcompulsory educationunemployment insurance systemfamily planningComprehensively Deepening Reform Leading Groupaccountibility systemmass lineopium warthe Communist ManifestoStanding Committee of the National People’s Congresslegislative system

中文 拼音

gōng yì shì yè zì rán lǒng duàn rén mín bì huì lǜ shì chǎng huàháng zhèng tǐ zhì gǎi gé zhuǎn yí zhī fù hù jí dēng jì zhì dù zì yóu mào yì qū zhèng zhì xié shāng zhì dù mín zú qū yù zì zhì zhì dù zhì kù wú dǎng pài rén shì tǒng yī zhàn xiàn láo dòng jiāo yǎng zhì dù zhōng yāng jì wěi xíng shì zhǔ yì guān liáo zhǔ yì xiǎng lè zhǔ yì miàn zǐ gōng chéng ruǎn shí lì tè shū jiāo yù jì xù jiāo yù yì wù jiāo yù shī yè bǎo xiǎn zhì dù jì huá shēng yù quán miàn shēn huà gǎi gé lǐng dǎo xiǎo zǔ wèn zé zhì qún zhòng lù xiàn yā piàn zhàn zhēng gòng chǎn dǎng xuān yán quán guó rén dà cháng wěi huì lì fǎ tǐ zhì

英文

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17American Mandarin Society

立法起草民主党派工商联合法性审查司法听证人民陪审员行政裁决制度政协执政党土地革命时期阶级斗争喉舌市场化占领中环港陆矛盾殖民地唯物辩证法民族分裂势力暴力恐怖势力极端宗教势力

legislation draftingdemocratic partyassociation of industry and commercelegitimacy reviewjudicial hearing people’s juror administrative arbitration systemChinese People’s Political Consultative Conferenceruling partyland revolution periodclass strugglemouthpiecemarketizationoccupy CentralHong Kong-Mainland adversarycolonymaterialistic dialeticsethnic separatist forceviolent terrorism forcereligious extremism force

中文 拼音

lì fǎ qǐ cǎo mín zhǔ dǎng pài gōng shāng lián hé fǎ xìng shěn chá sī fǎ tīng zhèng rén mín péi shěn yuán háng zhèng cái jué zhì dù zhèng xié zhí zhèng dǎng tǔ dì gé mìng shí qī jiē jí dòu zhēng hóu shé shì chǎng huà zhàn lǐng zhōng huán gǎng lù máo dùn zhí mín dì wéi wù biàn zhèng fǎ mín zú fèn liè shì lì bào lì kǒng bù shì lì jí duān zōng jiāo shì lì

英文

Appendix >>