On Certainty - Ludwig Wittgenstein

7/31/2019 On Certainty - Ludwig Wittgenstein

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2# C`z& olc `cm mc}hmwl{m zel{ `cm ic`zs %fdim H``wm$0 _{wldje{ `bb fdim {el{& D gmfdmrm c`{# ( B`w `{emwzdsm {em muqwmssd`c 'D ic`z' jm{s hds}smk# Lck {ew`}je {eds hds}sm l |}mmw lck mu{wmhmft dhq`w{lc{hmc{lf s{l{m smmhs {` gm wmrmlfmk#

:# Ht fdbm se`zs {el{ D ic`z `w lh omw{ldc {el{ {emwm ds l oeldw `rmw {emwm& `w l k``w& lck s` `c# ( D{mff l bwdmck m#j# '[lim {el{ oeldw `rmw {emwm'& '_e}{ {em k``w'& m{o# m{o#

5# [em kdbbmwmcom gm{zmmc {em o`comq{ `b *ic`zdcj* lck {em o`comq{ `b *gmdcj omw{ldc* dsc*{ `b lctjwml{ dhq`w{lcom l{ lff& muomq{ zemwm 'D ic`z' ds hmlc{ {` hmlc> Dolc*{ gm zw`cj# Dc l flz(o`}w{& b`w mulhqfm& 'D lh omw{ldc' o`}fk wmqflom 'D ic`z' dc mrmwt qdmom `b {ms{dh`ct# Zm hdje{ mrmc dhljdcm d{s gmdcjb`wgdkkmc {` slt 'D ic`z' {emwm# YL qlssljm dc 'Zdfemfh Hmds{mw'& zemwm 'T`} ic`z' `w 'T } icmz' ds }smkdc {em smcsm 'T`} zmwm omw{ldc'& {em blo{s gmdcj kdbbmwmc{ bw`h zel{ em icmz#X

4# C`z k` D& dc {em o`}wsm `b ht fdbm& hlim s}wm D ic`z {el{ emwm ds l elck ( ht `zc elck& {el{ ds0


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gm q`ssdgfm {` q`dc{ `}{ {em kdso`rmwt `b {em qflcm{ _l{}wc {` {em k`}g{mws lck slt {el{ d{s muds{mcom els gmmc qw`rmk& lck emcom {em muds{mcom `b {em mu{mwclf z`wfk ls zmff#

7 {em o`comq{ *ic`z* ds lclf`j`}s {` {em o`comq{s*gmfdmrm*& *s}whdsm*& *k`}g{*& *gm o`crdcomk* dc {el{ {em s{l{mhmc{ 'D ic`z###' olc*{ gm l hds{lim# Lck db {el{dss`& {emc {emwm olc gm lc dcbmwmcom bw`h s}oe lc }{{mwlcom {` {em {w}{e `b lc lssmw{d`c# Lck emwm {em b`wh 'D{e`}je{ D icmz' ds gmdcj `rmwf`ìmk# ( G}{ db {eds fl{{mw ds dclkhdssdgfm& {emc l hds{lim dc {emlssmw{d`ch}s{

gm f`jdolfft dhq`ssdgfm {``# Lck lct`cm ze` ds lo|}ldc{mk zd{e {em flcj}ljm(jlhm h}s{ wmlfd~m {eds ( lclss}wlcom bw`h l wmfdlgfm hlc {el{ em ic`zs olcc`{ o`c{wdg}{m lct{edcj#

77# D{ z`}fk s}wmft gm wmhlwilgfm db zm elk {` gmfdmrm {em wmfdlgfm qmws`c ze` slts 'D olc*{ gmzw`cj'9 `w ze` slts 'D lh c`{ zw`cj'#

7?# Db D k`c*{ ic`z zem{emw s`hm`cm els {z` elcks %slt& zem{emw {emt elrm gmmc lhq}{l{mk `w c`{$D selff gmfdmrm eds lss}wlcom {el{ em els {z` elcks& db em ds {w}s{z`w{et# Lck db em slts emic`zs d{& {el{ olc`cft sdjcdbt {` hm {el{ em els gmmc lgfm {` hlim s}wm& lck emcom {el{ eds lwhs lwm m#j# c`{ s{dff o`comlfmk gto`rmwdcjs lck glckljms& m{o#m{o# Ht gmfdmrdcj {em {w}s{z`w{et hlc s{mhs bw`h ht lkhd{{dcj {el{ d{ ds

q`ssdgfm b`w edh {` hlim s}wm# G}{ s`hm`cm ze` slts {el{ qmwelqs {emwm lwm c` qetsdolf `gnmo{s hlims c`s}oe lkhdssd`c#

7;# [em dkmlfds{*s |}ms{d`c z`}fk gm s`hm{edcj fdim> 'Zel{ wdje{ elrm D c`{ {` k`}g{ {em muds{mcom`b ht elcks0' %Lck {` {el{ {em lcszmw olc*{ gm> D ic`z {el{ {emt muds{#$ G}{ s`hm`cm ze` lsis s}oe l|}ms{d`c ds `rmwf`ìdcj {em blo{ {el{ l k`}g{ lg`}{ muds{mcom `cft z`wis dc l flcj}ljm(jlhm# Emcom& {el{ zmse`}fk bdws{ elrm {` lsi> zel{ z`}fk s}oe l k`}g{ gm fdim0& lck k`c*{ }ckmws{lck {eds s{wldje{ `bb#

7=# @cm hlt gm zw`cj mrmc lg`}{ '{emwm gmdcj l elck emwm'# @cft dc qlw{do}flw odwo}hs{lcoms ds d{dhq`ssdgfm# ( 'Mrmc dc l olfo}fl{d`c `cm olc gm zw`cj ( `cft dc omw{ldc odwo}hs{lcoms `cm olc*{#'

72# G}{ olc d{ gm smmc bw`h l w}fmzel{ odwo}hs{lcoms f`jdolfft muof}km l hds{lim dc {emmhqf`thmc{ `b w}fms `b olfo}fl{d`c0 Zel{ }sm ds l w}fm {` }s emwm0 Hdje{c*{ zm %dc {}wc$ j` zw`cj dclqqftdcj d{0

7:# Db& e`zmrmw& `cm zlc{mk {` jdrm s`hm{edcj fdim l w}fm emwm& {emc d{ z`}fk o`c{ldc {em muqwmssd`c'dc c`whlf odwo}hs{lcoms'# Lck zm wmo`jcd~m c`whlf odwo}hs{lcoms g}{ olcc`{ qwmodsmft kmsowdgm {emh# L{h`s{& zm olc kmsowdgm l wlcjm `b lgc`whlf `cms#

75# Zel{ ds *fmlwcdcj l w}fm*0 ([eds #Zel{ ds *hlidcj l hds{lim dc lqqftdcj d{*0 ( [eds # Lck zel{ ds q`dc{mk {` emwm ds s`hm{edcj dckm{mwhdcl{m#

74# Qwlo{dom dc {em }sm `b {em w}fm lfs` se`zs zel{ ds l hds{lim dc d{s mhqf`thmc{#

?1# Zemc s`hm`cm els hlkm s}wm `b s`hm{edcj& em slts> 'Tms& {em olfo}fl{d`c ds wdje{'& g}{ em kdkc`{ dcbmw {el{ bw`h eds o`ckd{d`c `b omw{ldc{t# @cm k`ms c`{ dcbmw e`z {edcjs lwm bw`h `cm*s `zc omw{ldc{t#Omw{ldc{t dsls d{ zmwml {`cm `b r`dom dc zedoe `cm kmoflwms e`z {edcjs lwm& g}{ `cm k`ms c`{ dcbmw bw`h {em{`cm `b r`dom {el{ `cm ds n}s{dbdmk#

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??# [e}s zm muq}cjm {em smc{mcoms {el{ k`c*{ jm{ }s lct b}w{emw#

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?=# G}{ olc*{ d{ gm dhljdcmk {el{ {emwm se`}fk gm c` qetsdolf `gnmo{s0 D k`c*{ ic`z# Lck tm{ '[emwmlwm qetsdolf `gnmo{s' ds c`csmcsm# Ds d{ s}qq`smk {` gm lc mhqdwdolf qw`q`sd{d`c0 ( Lck ds{eds lc mhqdwdolf

qw`q`sd{d`c> '[emwm smmh {` gm qetsdolf `gnmo{s'0

?2# 'L ds l qetsdolf `gnmo{' ds l qdmom `b dcs{w}o{d`c zedoe zm jdrm `cft {` s`hm`cm ze` k`msc*{ tm{}ckmws{lck md{emw zel{ 'L' hmlcs& `w zel{ 'qetsdolf `gnmo{' hmlcs# [e}s d{ ds dcs{w}o{d`c lg`}{ {em }sm `b z`wks& lck 'qetsdolf `gnmo{' ds l f`jdolf o`comq{# %Fdim o`f`}w& |}lc{d{t##$ Lck {el{ ds zet c` s}oe

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?4# [eds ds e`z olfo}fl{d`c ds k`cm& dc s}oe odwo}hs{lcoms l olfo}fl{d`c ds {wml{mk ls lgs`f}{mftwmfdlgfm& ls omw{ldcft o`wwmo{#

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; 'Zm olcc`{ elrm hdsolfo}fl{mk dc


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lcszmw ds {el{ zm kdk c`{ fmlwc {eds {ew`}je l w}fm& g}{ gt fmlwcdcj {` olfo}fl{m#

;=# Zm j`{ {` ic`z {em cl{}wm`b olfo}fl{dcj gt fmlwcdcj {` olfo}fl{m#

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;:# [eds ds e`z `cm olfo}fl{ms# Olfo}fl{dcj ds {eds# Zel{ zm fmlwc l{ soe``f& b`w mulhqfm# B`wjm{{eds {wlcsomckmc{ omw{ldc{t& zedoe ds o`ccmo{mk zd{e t`}w o`comq{ `b sqdwd{#

;5# E`zmrmw& `}{ `b l e`s{ `b olfo}fl{d`cs omw{ldc `cms hdje{ gm kmsdjcl{mk ls wmfdlgfm `com b`w lff&`{emws ls c`{ tm{ bdumk# Lck c`z& ds {eds lf`jdolf kds{dco{d`c0

;4# G}{ wmhmhgmw> mrmc zemc {em olfo}fl{d`c ds s`hm{edcj bdumk b`w hm& {eds ds `cft l kmodsd`c b`w l qwlo{dolf q}wq`sm#

=1# Zemc k`ms `cm slt& D ic`z {el{ ### u ### 8 ####0 Zemc `cm els oemoimk {em olfo}fl{d`c#

= 'Zel{ o`}fk l hds{lim emwm gm fdim0' D{ z`}fk elrm {` gm l f`jdolf qw`q`sd{d`c# G}{ ds d{ l f`jdo {el{ ds c`{ }smk& gmol}sm zel{ d{ {mffs }s ds c`{ {l}je{ gt hmlcs `b qw`q`sd{d`cs# (D{ ds l f`jdolf qw`q`sd{d`c9 b`w d{ k`ms kmsowdgm {em o`comq{}lf %fdcj}ds{do$ sd{}l{d`c#

=7# [eds sd{}l{d`c ds {e}s c`{ {em slhm b`w l qw`q`sd{d`c fdim 'L{ {eds kds{lcom bw`h {em s}c {emwm ds l qflcm{' lck 'Emwm ds l elck' %clhmft ht `zc elck$# [em smo`ck olc*{ gm olffmk l etq`{emsds# G}{ {emwm dsc*{l selwq g`}cklwt fdcm gm{zmmc {emh#

=?# _` `cm hdje{ jwlc{ {el{ H``wm zls wdje{& db em ds dc{mwqwm{mk fdim {eds> l qw`q`sd{d`c sltdcj {el{emwm ds l qetsdolf `gnmo{ hlt elrm {em slhm f`jdolf s{l{}s ls `cm sltdcj {el{ emwm ds l wmk ql{oe#

=;# B`w d{ ds c`{ {w}m {el{ l hds{lim hmwmft jm{s h`wm lck h`wm dhqw`glgfm ls zm qlss bw`h {em

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==# _` ds {emetq`{emsds q`ssdgfm& {el{ lff {em {edcjs lw`}ck }s k`c*{ muds{0 Z`}fk {el{ c`{ gm fdim {emetq`{emsds `b `}w elrdcj hdsolfo}fl{mk dc lff `}w olfo}fl{d`cs0

=2# Zemc `cm slts> 'Qmwelqs {eds qflcm{ k`msc*{ muds{ lck {em fdje{(qemc`hmc`c lwdsms dc s`hm`{emw zlt'& {emc lb{mw lff `cm cmmks lc mulhqfm `b lc `gnmo{ zedoe k`ms muds{# [eds k`msc*{ muds{& ( ls b`w mulhqfm k`ms### @w lwm zm {` slt {el{omw{ldc{tds hmwmft l o`cs{w}o{mk q`dc{ {` zedoe s`hm {edcjslqqw`udhl{m h`wm& s`hm fmss of`smft0 C`# K`}g{ jwlk}lfft f`sms d{s smcsm# [eds flcj}ljm(jlhm n}s{ ds fdim{el{#

Lck mrmwt{edcj kmsowdq{drm `b l flcj}ljm(jlhm ds qlw{ `b f`jdo#

=:# C`z hdje{ c`{ 'D ic`z & D lh c`{ n}s{ s}whdsdcj& {el{ emwm ds ht elck' gm o`comdrmk ls l qw`q`sd{d`c `b jwlhhlw0 Emcom c`{ {mhq`wlfft# ( G}{ dc {el{ olsm dsc*{ d{ fdim{eds`cm> 'D ic`z& D lh c`{ n}s{s}whdsdcj& {el{ D lh smmdcj wmk'0 Lck dsc*{ {em o`csm|}mcom '_` {emwm lwm qetsdolf `gnmo{s' fdim> '_` {emwm lwmo`f`}ws'0

=5# Db 'D ic`z m{o' ds o`comdrmk ls l jwlhhl{dolf qw`q`sd{d`c& `b o`}wsm {em 'D' olcc { gmdhq`w{lc{# Lck d{ qw`qmwft hmlcs '[emwm ds c` s}oe {edcj ls l k`}g{ dc {eds olsm' `w '[em muqwmssd`c *D k` c`{ic`z* hlims c` smcsm dc {eds olsm'# Lck `b o`}wsm d{ b`ff`zs bw`h {eds {el{ 'D ic`z ' hlims c` smcsm md{emw#

=4# 'D ic`z' ds emwm l f`jdolf dcsdje{# @cft wmlfdsh olc*{ gm qw`rmk gt hmlcs `b d{#

21# D{ ds zw`cj {` slt {el{ {em *etq`{emsds* {el{ {eds ds l gd{ `b qlqmw z`}fk gm o`cbdwhmk `w

=


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kdso`cbdwhmk gt fl{mw muqmwdmcom& lck {el{& dc 'D ic`z {el{ {eds ds l gd{ `b qlqmw'& {em 'D ic`z' md{emw wmfl{ms{` s}oe lc etq`{emsds `w {` l f`jdolf km{mwhdcl{d`c#

2 zel{ ds {em f`jdodlc {` slt emwm0

24# D se`}fk fdim {` slt> 'Db D lh zw`cj lg`}{ {eds& D elrm c` j}lwlc{mm {el{ lct{edcj D slt ds {w}m#'G}{ `{emws z`c*{ slt {el{ lg`}{ hm& c`w zdff D slt d{ lg`}{ `{emw qm`qfm#

:1# B`w h`c{es D elrm fdrmk l{ lkkwmss L& D elrm wmlk {em clhm `b {em s{wmm{ lck {em c}hgmw `b {eme`}sm o`}c{fmss {dhms& elrm wmomdrmk o`}c{fmss fm{{mws emwm lck jdrmc o`}c{fmss qm`qfm {em lkkwmss# Db D lhzw`cj lg`}{ d{& {em hds{lim ds elwkft fmss {el{ db D zmwm %zw`cjft$ {` gmfdmrm D zls zwd{dcj Oedcmsm lck c`{Jmwhlc#

: l hds{lim k`msc*{ `cft elrm l ol}sm& d{ lfs` els l jw`}ck0 D#m#& w`}jeft> zemcs`hm`cm hlims l hds{lim& {eds olc gm bd{{mk dc{` zel{ em ic`zs lwdje{#

:=# Z`}fk {eds gm o`wwmo{> Db D hmwmft gmfdmrmk zw`cjft {el{ {emwm ds l {lgfm emwm dc bw`c{ `b hm& {edshdje{ s{dff gm l hds{lim9 g}{ db D gmfdmrm zw`cjft {el{ D elrm smmc {eds {lgfm& `w `cm fdim d{& mrmwt klt b`w

smrmwlf h`c{es qls{& lck elrm wmj}flwft }smk d{& {el{ dsc*{ l hds{lim0

2


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:2# Cl{}wlfft& ht ldh h}s{ gm {` jdrm {em s{l{mhmc{s {el{ `cm z`}fk fdim {` hlim emwm& g}{ olcc`{hlim sdjcdbdolc{ft#

::# Qmwelqs D selff k` l h}f{dqfdol{d`c {zdom {` hlim s}wm& `w qmwelqs jm{ s`hm`cm mfsm {` z`wi d{`rmw# G}{ selff D z`wi d{ `rmw ljldc {zmc{t {dhms& `w jm{ {zmc{t qm`qfm {` j` `rmw d{0 Lck ds {el{ s`hm s`w{ `b cmjfdjmcom0 Z }fk {em omw{ldc{t wmlfft gm jwml{mw b`w gmdcj oemoimk {zmc{t {dhms0

:5# Lck olc D jdrm l wmls`c zet d{ dsc*{0

:4# [el{ D lh l hlc lck c`{ l z`hlc olc gm rmwdbdmk& g}{ db D zmwm {` slt D zls l z`hlc& lck {emc{wdmk {` muqfldc {em mww`w gt sltdcj D elkc*{ oemoimk {em s{l{mhmc{& {em muqflcl{d`c z`}fk c`{ gm loomq{mk#

51# [em {w}{eb ht s{l{mhmc{s ds {em {ms{ `b ht }ckmws{lckdcj `b {emsm s{l{mhmc{s#

5 db D hlim omw{ldc blfsm s{l{mhmc{s& d{ gmo`hms }comw{ldc zem{emw D }ckmws{lck{emh#

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icmz em zls dc {em w``h& g}{ em zlsc*{ dc {em w``h' ds fdim 'D slz edh dc {em w``h& g}{ em zlsc*{ {emwm'# 'Dic`z' ds s}qq`smk {` muqwmss l wmfl{d`c& c`{ gm{zmmc hm lck {em smcsm `b l qw`q`sd{d`c %fdim 'D gmfdmrm'$ g}{

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4=# [em qw`q`sd{d`cs kmsowdgdcj {eds z`wfk(qdo{}wm hdje{ gm qlw{ `b l idck `b ht{e`f`jt# Lck {emdw w`fm ds fdim {el{ `b w}fms `b l jlhm9 lck {em jlhm olc gm fmlwcmk q}wmft qwlo{dolfft& zd{e`}{ fmlwcdcj lctmuqfdod{ w}fms#

42# D{ hdje{ gm dhljdcmk {el{ s`hm qw`q`sd{d`cs& `b {em b`wh `b mhqdwdolf qw`q`sd{d`cs& zmwmelwkmcmk lck b}co{d`cmk ls oelccmfs b`w s}oe mhqdwdolf qw`q`sd{d`cs ls zmwm c`{ elwkmcmk g}{ bf}dk9 lck {el{{eds wmfl{d`c lf{mwmk zd{e {dhm& dc {el{ bf}dk qw`q`sd{d`cs elwkmcmk& lck elwk `cms gmolhm bf}dk#

4:# [em ht{e`f`jt hlt oelcjm gloi dc{` l s{l{m `b bf}u& {em wdrmw(gmk `b {e`}je{s hlt sedb{# G}{ Dkds{dcj}dse gm{zmmc {em h`rmhmc{ `b {em zl{mws `c {em wdrmw(gmk lck {em sedb{ `b {em gmk d{smfb9 {e`}je {emwmds c`{ l selwq kdrdsd`c `b {em `cm bw`h {em `{emw#

45# G}{ db s`hm`cm zmwm {` slt '_` f`jdo {`` ds lc mhqdwdolf sodmcom' em z`}fk gm zw`cj# Tm{ {edsds wdje{> {em slhm qw`q`sd{d`c hlt jm{ {wml{mk l{ `cm {dhm ls s`hm{edcj {` {ms{ gt muqmwdmcom& l{ lc`{emw ls lw}fm `b {ms{dcj#

44# Lck {em glci `b {el{ wdrmw o`csds{s qlw{ft `b elwk wòi& s}gnmo{ {` c` lf{mwl{d`c `w `cft {` lcdhqmwomq{dgfm `cm& qlw{ft `b slck& zedoe c`z dc `cm qflom c`z dc lc`{emw jm{s zlsemk lzlt& `w kmq`sd{mk#


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n}kjm {el{ lmw`qflcms lck {em wlkd` m{o# lwm hmlcs b`w {em of`smw o`c{lo{ `b qm`qfms lck {em sqwmlk `b o}f{}wm#


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h}oe ls gwdcj d{ }ckmw o`csdkmwl{d`c0 ( Lck hdje{c*{ D lfs` e`fk bls{ {` ht gmfdmb zel{mrmw D fmlwcmk fl{mw `c0, G}{ ds ht gmfdmb {emc jw`}ckmk 0


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714# [em muds{mcom `b {em mlw{e ds wl{emw qlw{ `b {em ze`fm qdo{}wmzedoe b`whs {em s{lw{dcj(q`dc{ `b gmfdmb b`w hm#

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774# @}w {lfi jm{s d{s hmlcdcj bw`h {em wms{ `b `}w qw`ommkdcjs#

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7? D z`}fk c`{ ic`z zel{ s}oe l qmws`c z`}fk s{dff lff`z {` gm o`}c{mk ls mrdkmcomlck zel{ c`{#

7?7# 'Zm o`}fk k`}g{ mrmwt sdcjfm `cm `b {emsm blo{s& g}{ zm o`}fk c`{ k`}g{ {emh lff #' Z`}fkc*{ d{ gm h`wm o`wwmo{ {` slt> 'zm k` c`{ k`}g{ {emh lff '# @}w c`{ k`}g{dcj {emh lff ds sdhqft `}w hlccmw `b n}kjdcj& lck {emwmb`wm `b lo{dcj#

7??# Db l oedfk lsimk hm zem{emw {em mlw{e zls lfwmlkt {emwm gmb`wm ht gdw{e& D se`}fk lcszmw edh{el{ {em mlw{e kdk c`{ gmjdc `cft zd{e ht gdw{e& g}{ {el{ d{ muds{mk f`cj& f`cj gmb`wm# Lck D se`}fk elrm {embmmfdcj `b sltdcj s`hm{edcj b}cct# Wl{emw ls db l oedfk elk lsimk db s}oe lck s}oe l h`}c{ldc zmwm edjemw {elc l {lff e`}sm {el{ d{ elk smmc# Dc lcszmwdcj {em |}ms{d`c D se`}fk elrm {` gm dhqlw{dcj l qdo{}wm `b {emz`wfk {` {em qmws`c ze` lsimk d{# Db D k` lcszmw {em |}ms{d`c zd{e omw{ldc{t& zel{ jdrms hm {eds omw{ldc{t0

7?;# D gmfdmrm {el{ D elrm b`wmgmlws& lck {el{ mrmwt e}hlc gmdcj els {emh# D gmfdmrm {el{ {emwm lwmrlwd`}s od{dms& lck& |}d{m jmcmwlfft& dc {em hldc blo{s `b jm`jwlqet lck eds{`wt# D gmfdmrm {el{ {em mlw{e ds l

g`kt `c ze`sm s}wblom zm h`rm lck {el{ d{ c` h`wm s}kkmcft kdslqqmlws `w {em fdim {elc lct `{emw s`fdk g`kt> {eds {lgfm& {eds e`}sm& {eds {wmm& m{o# Db D zlc{mk {` k`}g{ {em muds{mcom `b {em mlw{e f`cj gmb`wm ht gdw{e&D se`}fk elrm {` k`}g{ lff s`w{s `b {edcjs {el{ s{lck bls{ b`w hm#

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7?2# Db s`hm`cm sldk '[em mlw{e els c`{ f`cj gmmc###' zel{ z`}fk em gm dhq}jcdcj0 K` D ic`z0Z`}fk d{ c`{ elrm {` gm zel{ ds olffmk l sodmc{dbdo gmfdmb0 Hdje{ d{ c`{ gm l hts{dolf `cm0 Ds {emwm lctlgs`f}{m cmomssd{t b`w edh {` gm o`c{wlkdo{dcj eds{`wdolf blo{s0 `w mrmc jm`jwlqedolf `cms0

7?:# Db D slt 'lc e`}w lj` {eds {lgfm kdkc*{ muds{'& D qw`glgft hmlc {el{ d{ zls `cft hlkm fl{mw `c#Db D slt '{eds h`}c{ldc kdkc*{ muds{ {emc'& D qwms}hlgft hmlc {el{ d{ zls `cft b`whmk fl{mw `c ( qmwelqs gt lr`folc`#Db D slt '{eds h`}c{ldc kdkc*{ muds{ lc e`}w lj`'& {el{ ds s}oe l s{wlcjm s{l{mhmc{ {el{ d{ ds c`{ ofmlw zel{ Dhmlc# Zem{emw b`w mulhqfm D hmlc s`hm{edcj }c{w}m g}{ sodmc{dbdo# Qmwelqs t`} {edci {el{ {em s{l{mhmc{ {el{{em h`}c{ldc kdkc*{ muds{ {emc ds |}d{m ofmlw& e`zmrmw `cm o`comdrms {em o`c{mu{# G}{ s}qq`sm s`hm`cm sldk'[eds h`}c{ldc kdkc*{ muds{ l hdc}{m lj`& g}{ lc mulo{ft sdhdflw `cm kdk dcs{mlk#' @cft {em loo}s{`hmko`c{mu{ lff`zs zel{ ds hmlc{ {` o`hm {ew`}je ofmlwft#

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7?4# D gmfdmrm {el{ mrmwt e}hlc gmdcj els {z` e}hlc qlwmc{s9 g}{ Ol{e`fdos gmfdmrm {el{ Nms}s `cftelk l e}hlc h`{emw# Lck `{emw qm`qfm hdje{ gmfdmrm {el{ {emwm lwm e}hlc gmdcjs zd{e c` qlwmc{s& lck jdrmc` owmkmcom {` lff {em o`c{wlwt mrdkmcom# Ol{e`fdos gmfdmrm ls zmff {el{ dc omw{ldc odwo}hs{lcoms l zlbmw o`hqfm{mft oelcjms d{s cl{}wm& lck l{ {em slhm {dhm {el{ lff mrdkmcom qw`rms {em o`c{wlwt# Lck s` db H``wmsldk 'D ic`z {el{ {eds ds zdcm lck c`{ gf``k'& Ol{e`fdos z`}fk o`c{wlkdo{ edh#

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7; 'Dgmfdmrm{eds zd{e omw{ldc{t'0

7;?# @cm slts 'D ic`z' zemc `cm ds wmlkt {` jdrm o`hqmffdcj jw`}cks# 'D ic`z' wmfl{ms {` l q`ssdgdfd{t `b kmh`cs{wl{dcj {em {w}{e# Zem{emw s`hm`cm ic`zs s`hm{edcj olc o`hm {` fdje{& lss}hdcj {el{em ds o`crdcomk `b d{# G}{ db zel{ em gmfdmrms ds `b s}oe l idck {el{ {em jw`}cks {el{ em olc jdrm lwm c` s}wmw {elc eds lssmw{d`c& {emc em olcc`{ slt {el{ em ic`zs zel{ em gmfdmrms#

7;;# Db s`hm`cm slts 'D elrm l g`kt'& em olc gm lsimk 'Ze` ds sqmlidcj emwm zd{e {eds h`}{e0'

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7=;# Lct *wmls`clgfm* qmws`c gmelrms fdim{eds#

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7=2# @c {em `{emw elck l flcj}ljm(jlhm k`ms oelcjm zd{e {dhm#

7=:# Db s`hm`cm sldk {` hm {el{ em k`}g{mk zem{emw em elk l g`kt D se`}fk {lim edh {` gm l elfb(zd{# G}{ D se`}fkc*{ ic`z zel{ d{ z`}fk hmlc {` {wt {` o`crdcom edh {el{ em elk `cm# Lck db D elk sldks`hm{edcj& lck {el{ elk wmh`rmk eds k`}g{& D se`}fk c`{ ic`z e`z `w zet#

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lqqft {` {em qw`q`sd{d`c {el{ D elrm lfzlts gmmc `c `w cmlw {em s}wblom `b {em mlw{e#

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7:2# Zm gmfdmrm& s` {` sqmli& {el{ {eds jwml{ g}dfkdcj muds{s& lck {emc zm smm& c`z emwm& c`z {emwm&`cm `w lc`{emw shlff o`wcmw `b d{#

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75{emsm qm`qfm k` c`{ ic`z l f`{ {el{ zm ic`z# Lck& fm{ {emh gm cmrmw s` s}wm `b {emdw gmfdmb ( {emt lwm zw`cjlck zm ic`z d{# Db zm o`hqlwm `}w sts{mh `b ic`zfmkjm zd{e {emdws {emc {emdws ds mrdkmc{ft {em q``wmw `cm

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754# D lh bdwhft o`crdcomk {el{ `{emws gmfdmrm& gmfdmrm {emt ic`z& {el{ lff {el{ ds dc blo{ s`#

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74


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?15# *Ic`zfmkjm* lck *omw{ldc{t* gmf`cj {` kdbbmwmc{ol{mj`wdms# [emt lwm c`{ {z` *hmc{lf s{l{ms*fdim& slt *s}whdsdcj* lck *gmdcj s}wm*# %Emwm D lss}hm {el{ d{ ds hmlcdcjb}f b`w hm {` slt 'D ic`z zel{ %m#j#${em z`wk *k`}g{* hmlcs' lck {el{ {eds smc{mcom dckdol{ms {el{ {em z`wk 'k`}g{' els l f`jdolf w`fm#$ Zel{dc{mwms{s }s c`z ds c`{ gmdcj s}wm g}{ ic`zfmkjm# [el{ ds& zm lwm dc{mwms{mk dc {em blo{ {el{ lg`}{ omw{ldcmhqdwdolf qw`q`sd{d`cs c` k`}g{ olc muds{ db hlidcj n}kjhmc{s ds {` gm q`ssdgfm l{ lff# @w ljldc> D lh dcofdcmk{` gmfdmrm {el{ c`{ mrmwt{edcj {el{ els {em b`wh `b lc mhqdwdolf qw`q`sd{d`cds `cm#

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?77# Zel{ db {em q}qdf wmb}smk {` gmfdmrm {el{ {eds h`}c{ldc elk gmmc {emwm gmt`ck e}hlc hmh`wt0Zm se`}fk slt {el{ em elk c` jw`}cks b`w {eds s}sqdod`c#

?7?# _` wl{d`clf s}sqdod`c h}s{ elrm jw`}cks0 Zm hdje{ lfs` slt> '{em wmls`clgfm hlc gmfdmrms{eds'#

?7;# [e}s zm se`}fk c`{ olff lctg`kt wmls`clgfm ze` gmfdmrmk s`hm{edcj dc kmsqd{m `b sodmc{dbdomrdkmcom#

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?72# G}{ ze` slts zel{ d{ ds wmls`clgfm {` gmfdmrm dc {edssd{}l{d`c0

?7:# _` d{ hdje{ gm sldk> '[em wmls`clgfm hlc gmfdmrms> {el{ {em mlw{e els gmmc {emwm sdcom f`cj gmb`wm eds gdw{e& {el{ eds fdbm els gmmc sqmc{ `c {em s}wblom `b {em mlw{e& `w cmlw d{& {el{ em els cmrmw& bmulhqfm& gmmc `c {em h``c& {el{ em els l cmwr`}s sts{mh lck rlwd`}s dcclwks fdim lff `{emw qm`qfm& m{o#& m{o#'

?75# 'D ic`z d{ ls D ic`z {el{ ht clhm ds F#Z#'

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gmb`wm ht mtms# D elrm qfmc{t `b k`}g{s& g}{ c`{{el{ # Db D k` l olfo}fl{d`c D gmfdmrm& zd{e`}{ lct k`}g{s& {el{{em bdj}wms `c {em qlqmw lwmc*{ szd{oedcj `b {emdw `zc loo`wk& lck D lfs` {w}s{ ht hmh`wt {em ze`fm {dhm& lck{w}s{ d{ zd{e`}{ lct wmsmwrl{d`c# [em omw{ldc{t emwm ds {em slhm ls {el{ `b ht cmrmw elrdcj gmmc `c {em h``c#

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??4# Dhljdcm s`hm`cm ze` ds s}qq`smk {` bm{oe l bwdmck bw`h {em wldfzlt s{l{d`c lck k`msc*{sdhqft f``i {em {wldc }q dc {em {dhm({lgfm lck j` {` {em s{l{d`c l{ {em wdje{ {dhm& g}{ slts>'D elrmc` gmfdmb {el{{em {wldc zdff wmlfft lwwdrm& g}{ D zdff j` {` {em s{l{d`c lff {em slhm#' Em k`ms mrmwt{edcj {el{ {em c`whlf

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{emwm ds l {wmm& D olc smm d{ |}d{m ofmlwft#' ( Fm{ }s mrmc s}qq`sm D elk hlkm {eds wmhlwi dc {em o`c{mu{ `b lo`crmwsl{d`c %s` {el{ d{ zls wmfmrlc{ zemc D hlkm d{$9 lck c`z& `}{ `b lff o`c{mu{& D wmqml{ d{ zedfm f`ìdcj l{{em {wmm& lck D lkk 'D hmlc {emsm z`wks ls D kdk bdrm hdc}{ms lj`'# Db D lkkmk& b`w mulhqfm& {el{ D elk gmmc{edcidcj `b ht glk mtms ljldc lck d{ zls l idck `b sdje& {emc {emwm z`}fk gm c`{edcj q}~~fdcj lg`}{ {emwmhlwi#B`w e`z l smc{mcom ds hmlc{ olc gm muqwmssmk gt lc muqlcsd`c `b d{ lck hlt {emwmb`wm gm hlkm qlw{ `b d{#

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k`}g{& dc loo`wklcom zd{e ht gmfdmb#

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?25# Db s`hm`cm slts {el{ em zdff wmo`jcd~m c` muqmwdmcom ls qw``b `b {em `qq`sd{m& {el{ ds lb{mw lff lkmodsd`c# D{ ds q`ssdgfm {el{ em zdff lo{ ljldcs{ d{#

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?: D olc hlim s{l{mhmc{s fdim 'D elrm l qldc dc {eds elck' `w *{eds elck ds zmlimw {elc {em `{emw' `w 'D`com gw`im {eds elck'& lck o`}c{fmss `{emws& dc flcj}ljm(jlhms zemwm l k`}g{ ls {` {em muds{mcom `b {eds elckk`ms c`{ o`hm dc0

?:7# @cft dc omw{ldc olsms ds d{ q`ssdgfm {` hlim lc dcrms{djl{d`c 'ds {el{ wmlfft l elck0' %`w 'htelck'$# B`w 'D k`}g{ zem{emw {el{ ds wmlfft ht %`w l$ elck' hlims c` smcsm zd{e`}{ s`hm h`wm qwmodsmkm{mwhdcl{d`c# @cm olcc`{ {mff bw`h {emsm z`wks lf`cm zem{emw lct k`}g{ l{ lff ds hmlc{ ( c`w zel{ idck `b k`}g{#

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?:=# Emwm `cm h}s{ wmlfd~m {el{ o`hqfm{m lgsmcom `b k`}g{ l{ s`hm q`dc{& mrmc zemwm zm z`}fk slt

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{el{ *fmjd{dhl{m* k`}g{ olc muds{& cmmk c`{ blfsdbt l flcj}ljm(jlhm# B`w {emwm ds lfs` s`hm{edcj fdimlc`{emw lwd{ehm{do#D gmfdmrm {el{ {eds lkhdssd`c h}s{ }ckmwfdm lct }ckmws{lckdcj `b f`jdo#

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?5 db D lh kwmlhdcj& {eds wmhlwi ds gmdcj kwmlhmk ls zmff ( lck dckmmk d{ ds lfs` gmdcj kwmlhmk {el{ {emsm z`wks elrm lct hmlcdcj#

?5;# C`z zel{ idck `b smc{mcom ds 'C`{edcj dc {em z`wfk###'0

?5=# D{ els {em b`wh `b l qwmkdo{d`c& g}{ `b o`}wsm d{ ds c`{ `cm {el{ ds glsmk `c muqmwdmcom#

?52# Lct`cm ze` slts& zd{e H``wm& {el{ em ic`zs {el{ s` lck s`### ( jdrms {em kmjwmm `b omw{ldc{t{el{ s`hm{edcj els b`w edh# Lck d{ ds dhq`w{lc{ {el{ {eds kmjwmm els l hludh}h rlf}m#

?5:# _`hm`cm hdje{ lsi hm> 'E`z omw{ldc lwm t`} {el{ {el{ ds l {wmm `rmw {emwm9 {el{ t`} elrmh`cmt dc t`}w q`oim{9 {el{ {el{ ds t`}w b``{0' Lck {em lcszmw dc `cm olsm hdje{ gm 'c`{ omw{ldc'& dc lc`{emw 'ls j``k ls omw{ldc'& dc {em {edwk 'D olc*{ k`}g{ d{'# Lck {emsm lcszmws z`}fk hlim smcsm mrmc zd{e`}{ lctjw`}cks# D se`}fk c`{ cmmk b`w mulhqfm& {` slt> 'D olc*{ gm omw{ldc zem{emw {el{ ds l {wmm gmol}sm ht mtmslwmc*{ selwq mc`}je#' D zlc{ {` slt> d{ hlkm smcsm b`w H``wm {` slt 'D ic`z {el{ {el{ ds l {wmm'& db em hmlc{s`hm{edcj |}d{m qlw{do}flw gt d{#

YD gmfdmrm d{ hdje{ dc{mwms{ l qedf`s`qemw& `cm ze` olc {edci edhsmfb& {` wmlk ht c`{ms# B`w mrmc db Delrm ed{ {em hlwi `cft wlwmft& em z`}fk wmo`jcd~m zel{ {lwjm{s D elk gmmc omlsmfmssft ldhdcj l{#X

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?41# Lff {el{ ds dhq`w{lc{ ds {el{ d{ hlims smcsm {` slt {el{ `cm ic`zs s}oe l {edcj9 lck

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o`csm|}mc{ft {em lss}wlcom {el{ `cm k`ms ic`z d{ olc*{ loo`hqfdse lct{edcj emwm#

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?45# Lck k`c*{ D ic`z {el{ {emwm ds c` s{ldwzlt dc {eds e`}sm j`dcj sdu bf``ws kmmq dc{` {em mlw{e&mrmc {e`}je D elrm cmrmw {e`}je{ lg`}{ d{0

?44# G}{ k`msc*{ ht kwlzdcj {em o`csm|}mcoms `cft se`z {el{ D loomq{ {eds etq`{emsds0

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;1=# G}{ `b o`}wsm {emwm ds s{dff l hds{lim mrmc emwm#

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;1:# B`w zemc H``wm slts 'D ic`z {el{ {el{*s###' D zlc{ {` wmqft 't`} k`c*{ ic`z lct{edcj,' ( lcktm{ D z`}fk c`{ slt {el{ {` lct`cm ze` zls sqmlidcj zd{e`}{ qedf`s`qedolf dc{mc{d`c# [el{ ds& D bmmf %wdje{ft0${el{ {emsm {z` hmlc {` slt s`hm{edcj kdbbmwmc{#

;15# B`w db s`hm`cm slts em ic`zs s}oe(lck(s}oe& lck {eds ds qlw{ `b eds qedf`s`qet ( {emc eds qedf`s`qet ds blfsm db em els sfdqqmk }q dc {eds s{l{mhmc{#

;14# Db D slt 'D ic`z {el{ {el{*s l b``{' ( zel{ lh D wmlfft sltdcj0 Dsc*{ {em ze`fm q`dc{ {el{ D lhomw{ldc `b {em o`csm|}mcoms ( {el{ db s`hm`cm mfsm elk gmmc dc k`}g{ D hdje{ slt {` edh 't`} smm ( D {`fk t`}s`'0 Z }fk ht ic`zfmkjm s{dff gm z`w{e lct{edcj db d{ fm{ hm k`zc ls l of}m dc lo{d`c0 Lck olc*{ d{ fm{ hmk`zc0

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;7=# D{ z`}fk c`{ gm s}whdsm lck D hdje{ {mff d{ {` s`hm`cm mfsm zd{e o`hqfm{m omw{ldc{t& lss`hm{edcj {emwm ds c` k`}g{ lg`}{# G}{ k`ms {el{ hmlc {el{ d{ ds }co`ckd{d`clfft {em {w}{e0 Hlt c`{ {em {edcj{el{ D wmo`jcd~m zd{e o`hqfm{m omw{ldc{t ls {em {wmm {el{ D elrm smmc emwm ht ze`fm fdbm f`cj ( hlt {eds c`{ gmkdsof`smk ls s`hm{edcj kdbbmwmc{0 Hlt d{ c`{ o`cb`}ck hm0 Lck cmrmw{emfmss d{ zls wdje{& dc {emodwo}hs{lcoms {el{ jdrm {eds smc{mcom hmlcdcj& {` slt 'D ic`z %D k` c`{ hmwmft s}whdsm$ {el{ {el{*s l {wmm#' [slt {el{ dc s{wdo{ {w}{e D `cft gmfdmrm d{& z`}fk gm zw`cj# D{ z`}fk gm o`hqfm{mfthdsfmlkdcj {` slt> 'D gmfdmrmht clhm ds F#Z#' Lck {eds {`` ds wdje{> D olcc`{ gm hlidcj l hds{lim lg`}{ d{# G}{ {el{ k`ms c`{ hmlc {el{ Dlh dcblffdgfm lg`}{ d{#

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b``{0Ds d{ wdje{ {` slt {el{ ht wmls`c ds {el{ qwmrd`}s muqmwdmcom els lfzlts {l}je{ hm s`0 Lh D h`wm omw{ldc `b

qwmrd`}s muqmwdmcom {elc {el{ D elrm {mc {`ms0 [el{ qwmrd`}s muqmwdmcom hlt rmwt zmff gm {emol}sm `b ht qwmsmc{ omw{d{}km9 g}{ ds d{ d{s jw`}ck0

;?1# D hmm{ s`hm`cm bw`h Hlws lck em lsis hm 'E`z hlct {`ms elrm e}hlc gmdcjs j`{0' ( D slt'[mc# D*ff se`z t`}'& lck {lim ht se`ms `bb# _}qq`sm em zls s}wqwdsmk {el{ D icmz zd{e s}oe omw{ldc{t&lf{e`}je D elkc*{ f``imk l{ ht {`ms ( `}je{ D {` slt> 'Zm e}hlcs ic`z e`z hlct {`ms zm elrm zem{emw zmolc smm {emh `w c`{'0

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75/?/= 'Emwm c` wmls`clgfm qmws`c z`}fk k`}g{#' ( O`}fk zm dhljdcm fmlwcmk n}kjms gmdcj lsimk zem{emw l k`}g{ zls wmls clgfm `w }cwmls`clgfm0

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74/?/= e`z ds k`}g{ dc{w`k}omk dc{` {emflcj}ljm(jlhm0

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bw`h {em {edcj {el{ wmlfft hl{{mws#

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gloijw`}ck ds floidcj b`w d{ {` gm dcb`whl{d`c#

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;2=# E`z z`}fk d{ gm db zm elk {em z`wks '[emt ic`z c`zlklts {el{ {emwm lwm `rmw###sqmodms `b dcsmo{s' dcs{mlk `b 'D ic`z {el{ {el{*s l {wmm'0 Db s`hm`cm zmwm s}kkmcft {` }{{mw {em bdws{ smc{mcom `}{ `b lffo`c{mu{ `cm hdje{ {edci> em els gmmc {edcidcj `b s`hm{edcj mfsm dc {em dc{mwdh lck ds c`z sltdcj `}{ f`}k

s`hm smc{mcom dc eds {wldc `b {e`}je{# @w ljldc> em ds dc l {wlcom lck ds sqmlidcj zd{e`}{ }ckmws{lckdcj zel{

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em ds sltdcj#

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;/;/= 'D zdse t`} f}oi#' D lh

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;:1# Zet ds {emwm c` k`}g{ {el{ D lh olffmk F#Z#0 D{ k`ms c`{ smmh l{ lff fdim s`hm{edcj {el{ `cmo`}fk ms{lgfdse l{ `com gmt`ck k`}g{# @cm z`}fk c`{ {edci {el{ d{ ds `cm `b {em dck}gd{lgfm {w}{es#

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qw`q`sd{d`c# D{ hdje{ gm l |}ms{d`c b hlidcj l s{l{mhmc{ ls l zd{cmss gmb`wm l o`}w{#

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o`}fk gm omw{ldc `b db D s{lw{mk k`}g{dcj lg`}{ {el{#

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;4=# @cm hdje{ sdhqft slt '@& w}ggdse,' {` s`hm`cm ze` zlc{mk {` hlim `gnmo{d`cs {` {em qw`q`sd{d`cs {el{ lwm gmt`ck k`}g{# [el{ ds& c`{ wmqft {` edh g}{ lkh cdse edh#

;42# [eds ds l sdhdflw olsm {` {el{ `b se`zdcj {el{ d{ els c` hmlcdcj {` slt {el{ l jlhm els lfzlts gmmc qfltmk zw`cj#

;4:# Db s`hm`cm zlc{mk {` lw`}sm k`}g{s dc hm lck sq`im fdim {eds> emwm t`}w hmh`wt ds kmomdrdcjt`}& {emwm t`}*rm gmmc {limc dc& {emwm ljldc t`} elrm c`{ gmmc {e`w`}je mc`}je dc sl{dsbtdcj t`}wsmfb& m{o#&lck db D kdk c`{ lff`z htsmfb {` gm selimc g}{ imq{ {` ht omw{ldc{t ( {emc ht k`dcj s` olcc`{ gm zw`cj& mrmcdb `cft gmol}sm {eds ds n}s{ zel{ kmbdcms l jlhm#


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=74# Lck `cm oedfk& b`w mulhqfm& zdff slt& `b lc`{emw `w `b edhsmfb& {el{ em lfwmlkt ic`zs zel{s}oe(lck(s}oe ds olffmk#

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=? Dic`z zel{ {eds o`f`}w dsolffmk dc Mcjfdse0 Lck db {el{ ds o`wwmo{& zet {emc se`}fk D c`{ kmsowdgm ht s{l{m zd{e {em o`wwmsq`ckdcjz`wks 'D ic`z m{o#'0

=?7# _` zemc H``wm sl{ dc bw`c{ `b l {wmm lck sldk 'D ic`z {el{ {el{*s l {wmm'& em zls sdhqft s{l{dcj{em {w}{e lg`}{ {eds s{l{m l{ {em {dhm#

YD k` qedf`s`qet c`z fdim lc `fk z`hlc ze` ds lfzlts hdsfltdcj s`hm{edcj lck elrdcj {` f``i b`w d{ ljldc> c`z emw sqmo{lofms& c`z emw imts#X

=??# Zmff& db d{ zls o`wwmo{ {` kmsowdgm eds s{l{m `}{ `b o`c{mu{& {emc d{ zls n}s{ ls o`wwmo{ {` }{{mw {emz`wks '{el{*s l {wmm' `}{ `b o`c{mu{#

=?;# G}{ ds d{ zw`cj {` slt> 'L oedfk {el{ els hls{mwmk l flcj}ljm(jlhm h}s{ ic`z omw{ldc {edcjs'0Db dcs{mlk `b {el{ `cm sldk 'h}s{ gm lgfm {` k` omw{ldc {edcjs'& {el{ z`}fk gm l qfm`clsh& tm{ {eds ds n}s{ zel{ Dzlc{ {` o`}c{mw {em bdws{ smc{mcom zd{e# ( G}{ > 'l oedfk lo|}dwms l ic`zfmkjm `b cl{}wlf eds{`wt'# [el{

qwms}qq`sms {el{ d{ olc lsi zel{ s}oe lck s}oe l qflc{ ds olffmk#

=?=# [em oedfk ic`zs zel{ s`hm{edcj ds olffmk db em olc wmqft o`wwmo{ft {` {em |}ms{d`c 'zel{ ds{el{ olffmk0'

=?2# Cl{}wlfft& {em oedfk ze` ds n}s{ fmlwcdcj {` sqmli els c`{ tm{ j`{ {em o`comq{ ds olffmk l{ lff#

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=?5# [em oedfk& D se`}fk fdim {` slt& fmlwcs {` wmlo{ dc s}oe(lck(s}oe l zlt9 lck dc s` wmlo{dcj d{k`msc*{ s` blw ic`z lct{edcj# Ic`zdcj `cft gmjdcs l{ l fl{mw fmrmw#

=?4# K`ms d{ j` b`w ic`zdcj ls d{ k`ms b`w o`ffmo{dcj0

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=; 'D ic`z {eds`cm*s clhm9 D k`c*{ ic`z {el{ `cm*s tm{#'

=;;# @b o`}wsm D hlt {w}{eb}fft slt 'D ic`z zel{ {eds o`f`}w ds olffmk dc Mcjfdse'& l{ {em slhm {dhmls D q`dc{ %b`w mulhqfm$ {` {em o`f`}w `b bwmse gf``k# G}{ (((


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=;2# D se`}fk slt 'D ic`z zel{ {eds o`f`}w ds olffmk' db m#j# zel{ ds dc |}ms{d`c ds selkms `b o`f`}w ze`sm clhm c`{ mrmwtg`kt ic`zs#

=;:# @cm olc*{ tm{ slt {` l oedfk ze` ds n}s{ gmjdccdcj {` sqmli lck olc }sm {em z`wks 'wmk' lck'gf}m'> 'O`hm `c& t`} ic`z zel{ {eds o`f`}w ds olffmk,'

=;5# L oedfk h}s{ fmlwc {em }sm `b o`f`}w z`wks gmb`wm d{ olc lsi b`w {em clhm `b l o`f`}w#

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YQwm{mcsd`cs lwm l h`w{jljm zedoe g}wkmcs l qedf`s`qemw*s olqlod{t {` {edci#X

'D{ ds wmls`clgfm {`lss}hm {el{ dc {eds sd{}l{d`c' %`w '{` gmfdmrm {el{'$#

==:# L o`}w{(hlw{dlf hlt zmff elrm {` kmodkm zem{emw d{ zls wmls`clgfm dc s}oe(lck(s}oe lsd{}l{d`c {` elrm lss}hmk {eds `w {el{ zd{e o`cbdkmcom %mrmc {e`}je{ zw`cjft$#

==5# Zm slt zm ic`z {el{ zl{mw g`dfs lck k`ms c`{ bwmm~m }ckmw s}oe(lck(s}oe odwo}hs{lcoms# Ds d{o`comdrlgfm {el{ zm lwm zw`cj0 Z`}fkc*{ l hds{lim {`qqfm lff n}kjhmc{ zd{e d{0 H`wm> zel{ o`}fk s{lck db

{el{ zmwm {` blff0 Hdje{ s`hm`cm kdso`rmw s`hm{edcj {el{ hlkm }s slt 'D{ zls l hds{lim'0

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Zel{mrmw hlt elqqmc dc {em b}{}wm& e`zmrmw zl{mw hlt gmelrm dc {em b}{}wm& ( zmic`z {el{ }q {` c`z d{ els gmelrmk {e}s dc dcc}hmwlgfm dcs{lcoms# [eds blo{ ds b}smk dc{` {em b`}ckl{d`cs `b `}w flcj}ljm(jlhm#

==4# T } h}s{ gmlw dc hdck {el{ {em flcj}ljm(jlhm ds s` {` slt s`hm{edcj }cqwmkdo{lgfm# D hmlc> d{ds c`{ glsmk `c jw`}cks# D{ ds c`{ wmls`clgfm %`w }cwmls`clgfm$# D{ ds {emwm ( fdim `}w fdbm#

=21# Lck {em o`comq{ `b ic`zdcj ds o`}qfmk zd{e {el{ `b {em flcj}ljm(jlhm#

=2 gwdcjdcj g}dfkdcj s{`cms& wmq`w{dcj {em c}hgmw `b lrldflgfm s{`cms# [emc}hgmw ds s`hm{dhms ms{dhl{mk& s`hm{dhms ms{lgfdsemk gt o`}c{dcj# [emc {em |}ms{d`c lwdsms 'K` t`}

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=2=# G}{ emwm {emwm dsc*{ tm{ lct |}ms{d`c `b lct 'ic`zfmkjm' {el{ {eds ds olffmk 'l sflg'& {eds 'l qdfflw'& m{o#

=22# C`w k`ms l oedfk ze` fmlwcs ht flcj}ljm(jlhm %QD C`#7$ fmlwc {` slt 'D ic`z {el{ {eds dsolffmk *l sflg* '# C`z `b o`}wsm {emwm ds l flcj}ljm(jlhm dc zedoe {em oedfk }sms {el{ smc{mcom# [eds

qwms}qq`sms {el{ {em oedfk ds lfwmlkt olqlgfm `b }sdcj {em clhm ls s` c ls em ds jdrmc d{# %Ls db s`hm`cm zmwm{` {mff hm '{eds o`f`}w ds olffmk###'$ ( [e}s& db {em oedfk els fmlwc{ l flcj}ljm(jlhm zd{e g}dfkdcj s{`cms& `cmolc slt s`hm{edcj fdim 'lck {eds s{`cm ds olffmk###'& lck dc {eds zlt {em `wdjdclf flcj}ljm(jlhm els gmmcmuqlckmk #

=2:# Lck c`z& ds ht ic`zfmkjm {el{ D lh olffmk F#Z# `b {em slhm idck ls ic`zfmkjm {el{ zl{mw g`dfs l{


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=:?# Ds d{ {ew`}je {em dhq`ssdgdfd{t `b lct{edcj*s o`crdcodcj hm `b {em o`c{wlwt0

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=:=# [e}s {em q}wq`sm `b {em qewlsm 'D ic`z' hdje{ gm {` dckdol{m zemwm D olc gm wmfdmk `c9 g}{zemwm {el{*s zel{ d{*s k`dcj& {em }smb}fcmss `b {eds sdjc h}s{ mhmwjm bw`hmuqmwdmcom#

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=:5# G}{ hdje{c*{ l edjemw l}{e`wd{t lss}wm hm {el{ D k`c*{ ic`z {em {w}{e0 _` {el{ D elk {` slt'[mloe hm,' 0 G}{ {emc ht mtms z`}fk elrm {` gm `qmcmk#

=:4# D{ ds qlw{ `b {em flcj}ljm(jlhm zd{e qm`qfm*s clhms {el{ mrmwt`cm ic`zs eds clhm zd{e {emjwml{ms{ omw{ldc{t#

71/;/= d{ ds omw{ldcft s`#

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=5;# Z`}fk d{ gm q`ssdgfm {` hlim }sm `b {em rmwg 'ic`z' `cft dc {em |}ms{d`c 'E`z k` t`}ic`z0' b`ff`zdcj l sdhqfm lssmw{d`c0 ( Dcs{mlk `b 'D lfwmlkt ic`z {el{' `cm slts 'D lh blhdfdlw zd{e {el{'9lck {eds b`ff`zs `cft }q`c gmdcj {`fk {em blo{# G}{ zel{ k`ms `cm slt dcs{mlk `b 'D ic`z zel{ {el{ ds'0

=5=# G}{ k`msc*{ 'D ic`z {el{ {el{*s l {wmm' slt s`hm{edcj kdbbmwmc{ bw`h '{el{ ds l {wmm'0

=52# Dcs{mlk `b 'D ic`z zel{ {el{ ds' `cm hdje{ slt 'D olc slt zel{ {el{ ds'# Lck db `cm lk`q{mk {edsb`wh `b muqwmssd`c zel{ z`}fk {emc gmo`hm `b 'D ic`z {el{ {el{ ds l###'0

=5:# Gloi {` {em |}ms{d`c zem{emw 'D ic`z {el{ {el{*s l###' slts lct{edcj kdbbmwmc{ bw`h '{el{ ds l###'#Dc {em bdws{ smc{mcom l qmws`c ds hmc{d`cmk& dc {em smo`ck& c`{# G}{ {el{ k`ms c`{ se`z {el{ {emt elrm kdbbmwmc{hmlcdcjs# L{ lff mrmc{s `cm `b{mc wmqfloms {em bdws{ b`wh gt {em smo`ck& lck {emc `b{mc jdrms {em fl{{mw lsqmodlf dc{`cl{d`c# B`w `cm sqmlis kdbbmwmc{ft zemc `cm hlims lc }co`c{wlkdo{mk lssmw{d`c bw`h zemc `cmhldc{ldcs lc lssmw{d`c dc blom `b o`c{wlkdo{d`c#

=55# G}{ k`c*{ D }sm {em z`wks 'D ic`z {el{###' {` slt {el{ D lh dc l omw{ldc s{l{m& zemwmls {em hmwmlssmw{d`c '{el{ ds l###' k`ms c`{ slt {eds0 Lck tm{ `cm `b{mc k`ms wmqft {` s}oe lc lssmw{d`c gt lsidcj 'e`z k`t`} ic`z0' ( 'G}{ s}wmft& `cft gmol}sm {em blo{ {el{ D lssmw{ {eds jdrms {` }ckmws{lck {el{ D {edci D ic`z d{#' ([eds q`dc{ o`}fk gm hlkm dc {em b`ff`zdcj zlt> dc l ~`` {emwm hdje{ gm l c`{dom '{eds ds l ~mgwl'9 g}{ cmrmw 'Dic`z {el{ {eds ds l ~mgwl'# 'D ic`z' els hmlcdcj `cft zemc d{ ds }{{mwmk gt l qmws`c# G}{& jdrmc {el{& d{ ds lhl{{mw `b dckdbbmwmcom zem{emw zel{ ds }{{mwmk ds 'D ic`z###' `w '[el{ ds###'#

=54# B`w e`z k`ms l hlc fmlwc {` wmo`jcd~m eds `zc s{l{m `b ic`zdcj s`hm{edcj0

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=4 D olc slt# G}{ dc lc`{emw olsm `cm hdje{ gmjdc zd{e {em `gsmwrl{d`c '{el{*s l###'& lck{emc& zemc {eds ds o`c{wlkdo{mk& o`}c{mw gt sltdcj> 'D ic`z zel{ s`w{ `b {wmm d{ ds'& lck gt {eds hmlcs fltmhqelsds `c gmdcj s}wm#

=47# 'D olc {mff t`} zel{ idck `b l### {el{ ds& lck c` k`}g{ lg`}{ d{#'

=4?# Mrmc zemc `cm olc wmqflom 'D ic`z' gt 'D{ ds###' s{dff `cm olcc`{ wmqflom {em cmjl{d`c `b {em`cm gt {em cmjl{d`c `b {em `{emw# Zd{e 'D k`c*{ ic`z###' l cmz mfmhmc{ mc{mws `}w flcj}ljm(jlhms#

7 'D k`c*{ {edci s`#'

=45# G}{ o`}fkc*{ `cm wmqft {` {em |}ms{d`c 'Olc t`}###' gt sltdcj> 'D zdff kmsowdgm {em olsm {` t`}lck {emc t`} olc n}kjm b`w t`}wsmfb zem{emw D olc gm hds{limc'0 B`w mulhqfm& db d{ zmwm l |}ms{d`c `b s`hm`cm*s `zc clhm& {em blo{ hdje{ gm {el{ em elk cmrmw }smk {eds clhm& g}{ wmhmhgmwmk em elk wmlk d{ `cs`hm k`o}hmc{& ( g}{ `c {em `{emw elck {em lcszmw hdje{ gm> 'D*rm elk {eds clhm ht ze`fm fdbm f`cj& D*rm

gmmc olffmk d{ gt mrmwtg`kt#' Db {el{ ds c`{ m|}drlfmc{ {` {em lcszmw 'D olc*{ gm hds{limc'& {emc {em fl{{mw elsc` hmlcdcj zel{mrmw# Lck tm{ |}d{m `grd`}sft d{ q`dc{s {` l rmwt dhq`w{lc{ kds{dco{d`c#

=44# B`w mulhqfm `cm o`}fk kmsowdgm {em omw{ldc{t `b {em qw`q`sd{d`c {el{ zl{mw g`dfs l{ odwol dc {em mck zm olc `cftlkk}om s}oe jw`}cks ls zm e`fk {` gm jw`}cks& ds {` slt c`{edcj l{ lff# D gmfdmrm {el{ l{ {em g`{{`h `b {eds ds lhds}ckmws{lckdcj `b {em cl{}wm `b `}w flcj}ljm(jlhms#

211# Zel{ idck `b jw`}cks elrm D b`w {w}s{dcj {mu{(g` is `b muqmwdhmc{lf qetsdos0D elrm c` jw`}cks b`w c`{ {w}s{dcj {emh# Lck D {w}s{ {emh# D ic`z e`z s}oe g``is lwm qw`k}omk ( `w wl{emw& D

gmfdmrm D ic`z# D elrm s`hm mrdkmcom& g}{ d{ k`ms c`{ j` rmwt blw lck ds `b l rmwt sol{{mwmk cl{}wm# D elrmemlwk& smmc lck wmlk rlwd`}s {edcjs#

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2;4# %D `com sldk {` s`hm`cm ( dc Mcjfdse ( {el{ {em selqm `b l omw{ldc gwlcoe zls {tqdolf `b {em gwlcoe `b lc mfh& zedoe ht o`hqlcd`c kmcdmk# [emc zm olhm qls{ s`hm lsems& lck D sldk '[emwm& t`} smm&emwm lwm {em gwlcoems D zls sqmlidcj lg`}{#' [` zedoe em wmqfdmk 'G}{ {el{*s lc lse' ( lck D sldk 'D lfzltshmlc{ lse zemc D sldk mfh'#$

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elrm sfdqqmk dc'# B`w s}qq`sm d{ kdk smmh b`w `com ls db lc mww`w elk gmmc kdso`rmwmk ( zet se`}fkc*{ zms}sqmo{ lc mww`w emwm0

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dco`c{ms{lgdfd{t# D#m#> 'Kdsq}{m lg`}{ `{emw {edcjs9{edsds dhh`rlgfm ( d{ ds l edcjm `c zedoe t`}w kdsq}{m olc{}wc#'

2=2# Lck `cm olc c`{ slt {el{ `b {em qw`q`sd{d`cs {el{ D lh olffmk F#Z# C`w `b {em qw`q`sd{d`c {el{s}oe(lck(s}oe qm`qfm elrm olfo}fl{mk s}oe(lck(s}oe l qw`gfmh o`wwmo{ft#

2=:# [em qw`q`sd{d`cs `b hl{emhl{dos hdje{ gm sldk {` gm b`ssdfd~mk# ( [em qw`q`sd{d`c 'D lholffmk####' ds c`{# G}{ d{ {`` ds wmjlwkmk lsdco`c{w`rmw{dgfmgt {e`sm ze`& fdim htsmfb& elrm `rmwzemfhdcjmrdkmcom b`w d{# Lck {eds c`{ `}{ `b {e`}je{fmsscmss# B`w& {em mrdkmcom*s gmdcj `rmwzemfhdcj o`csds{s

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On Certainty - Ludwig Wittgenstein