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Omar Akbar…..2005 Omar Akbar…..2005 Thesis Thesis Committee Committee Mostofa Sarwar .. Laura Serpa ... Matthew Totten ..

Omar Akbar…..2005 Thesis Committee Mostofa Sarwar.. Laura Serpa... Matthew Totten

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Page 1: Omar Akbar…..2005 Thesis Committee Mostofa Sarwar.. Laura Serpa... Matthew Totten

Omar Akbar…..2005Omar Akbar…..2005

Thesis CommitteeThesis Committee

Mostofa Sarwar ..Laura Serpa ...Matthew Totten ..

Page 2: Omar Akbar…..2005 Thesis Committee Mostofa Sarwar.. Laura Serpa... Matthew Totten

AgendaAgenda

IntroductionIntroduction Location Deposition Thesis Objective Thesis Significance

MethodologyMethodology

Data AnalysisData Analysis Observations Hypothesis

ResultsResults Structural Interpretation Stratigraphical Interpretation Result Comparison

ConclusionConclusion

Page 3: Omar Akbar…..2005 Thesis Committee Mostofa Sarwar.. Laura Serpa... Matthew Totten

LouisianaLouisiana

Introduction: Introduction: LocationLocation

GB -191GB -191

Gulf of Mexico 160 miles Gulf of Mexico 160 miles

southwest of Lafayettesouthwest of Lafayette

Water depth of 700 ftWater depth of 700 ft

Between Texas-Louisiana Between Texas-Louisiana

outer shelf and Texas-outer shelf and Texas-

Louisiana upper slopeLouisiana upper slope

Garden Bank, block number Garden Bank, block number

191191

Page 4: Omar Akbar…..2005 Thesis Committee Mostofa Sarwar.. Laura Serpa... Matthew Totten

Introduction: Introduction: DepositionDeposition

Two Pleistocene sands (4500-ft Two Pleistocene sands (4500-ft and 8500-ft) were deposited and 8500-ft) were deposited during relatively regressive sea during relatively regressive sea levellevel

The Sands were transported to The Sands were transported to the area from some deltas to the area from some deltas to the north of GB-191the north of GB-191

These shelf edge deltas are 10-These shelf edge deltas are 10-15 miles to the north of GB-191 15 miles to the north of GB-191 ((West Cameron 638 and 643West Cameron 638 and 643))

(Fugitt et. al., 2000)

Page 5: Omar Akbar…..2005 Thesis Committee Mostofa Sarwar.. Laura Serpa... Matthew Totten

Introduction: Introduction: Thesis ObjectiveThesis Objective

The objective of this thesis is to study the 4500-ft

and 8500-ft sands accumulations in GB-191, and to

examine how they were impacted by salt tectonics. I

believe that this study would lead to a better

understanding of hydrocarbon traps by integrating

both geological and geophysical data within the area.

Some results this thesis will be presented as time and

amplitude maps. Also, this thesis will reconstruct a

wave-theoretical model that describes sand

accumulation and its relationship to salt evolution.

Page 6: Omar Akbar…..2005 Thesis Committee Mostofa Sarwar.. Laura Serpa... Matthew Totten

Introduction: Introduction: Thesis SignificanceThesis Significance

Provide comprehensive analysis of the Pleistocene Provide comprehensive analysis of the Pleistocene sands depositionsands deposition

Provide clues to potential prospects and leads in the Provide clues to potential prospects and leads in the areaarea

Maintain the seed interpretation Maintain the seed interpretation seismic attribute seismic attribute analysis, quality enhancement and time to depth conversionanalysis, quality enhancement and time to depth conversion

Offer an integrated data set in format ready to be used Offer an integrated data set in format ready to be used under the GeoFrame environmentunder the GeoFrame environment

Provide a knowledge database posted on the Provide a knowledge database posted on the supervisor’s webpage supervisor’s webpage ((area history, geological area history, geological interpretation, previous studies, well information, and interpretation, previous studies, well information, and production historyproduction history)) Such information is essential for any similar Such information is essential for any similar study in the futurestudy in the future

Enrich our understanding of GB191 geological historyEnrich our understanding of GB191 geological history

Page 7: Omar Akbar…..2005 Thesis Committee Mostofa Sarwar.. Laura Serpa... Matthew Totten

Methodology: Methodology: StepsSteps

Study and Evaluation of the AreaStudy and Evaluation of the Area

Data CollectionData Collection

Geological InterpretationGeological Interpretation Data PreparationData Preparation Log CorrelationLog Correlation Map GenerationMap Generation

Geophysical InterpretationGeophysical Interpretation Geological & Geophysical Data IntegrationGeological & Geophysical Data Integration Salt Diapir PickingSalt Diapir Picking Major Fault PickingMajor Fault Picking Major Sands PickingMajor Sands Picking Fault Boundary CreationFault Boundary Creation Final Map GenerationFinal Map Generation Amplitude Anomaly Map GenerationAmplitude Anomaly Map Generation

Page 8: Omar Akbar…..2005 Thesis Committee Mostofa Sarwar.. Laura Serpa... Matthew Totten

Methodology: Methodology: DataData

3D Seismic data in time domain3D Seismic data in time domain

Sonic, density, resistivity, spontaneous Sonic, density, resistivity, spontaneous potential (SP) and gamma ray (GR) well logspotential (SP) and gamma ray (GR) well logs

Well coordinatesWell coordinates

Well headers (total depth, water depth, run Well headers (total depth, water depth, run date, kelly bushing and well status).date, kelly bushing and well status).

Paleo-reports and perforated intervals.Paleo-reports and perforated intervals.

Directional survey points.Directional survey points.

Velocity surveys.Velocity surveys.

Wells productions.Wells productions.

Page 9: Omar Akbar…..2005 Thesis Committee Mostofa Sarwar.. Laura Serpa... Matthew Totten

Data AnalysisData Analysis

SomeSome times are needed to set aside and times are needed to set aside and

scroll through the seismic in vertical and scroll through the seismic in vertical and

horizontal orientation in order to get a sense horizontal orientation in order to get a sense

of which direction the structures are trending of which direction the structures are trending

and where future interpretation problem and where future interpretation problem

areas may exist areas may exist

ObservationsObservations HypothesisHypothesis InterpretationInterpretation

Page 10: Omar Akbar…..2005 Thesis Committee Mostofa Sarwar.. Laura Serpa... Matthew Totten
Page 11: Omar Akbar…..2005 Thesis Committee Mostofa Sarwar.. Laura Serpa... Matthew Totten

Data Analysis: Data Analysis: ObservationsObservations

Xline 600Horizontal Scale: 1:30,000 Vertical Scale: 2.5 in/sec

GB-191GB-191

Show strata dipping to Show strata dipping to the north. the north.

Strata are expected to Strata are expected to be deposited during the be deposited during the Cenozoic era on Cenozoic era on southward dipping southward dipping slope. slope.

Clear on X-lines to the Clear on X-lines to the left side of the block. left side of the block.

Page 12: Omar Akbar…..2005 Thesis Committee Mostofa Sarwar.. Laura Serpa... Matthew Totten

Data Analysis: Data Analysis: ObservationsObservations

Inline 111023Horizontal Scale: 1:60,000 Vertical Scale: 2.5 in/sec

GB-191GB-191

Differences Differences in tectonic in tectonic activity activity applied on applied on each side of each side of the salt. the salt.

SaltSalt

Asymmetric Asymmetric structure structure ((steep Vs. steep Vs. gentlegentle).).

Page 13: Omar Akbar…..2005 Thesis Committee Mostofa Sarwar.. Laura Serpa... Matthew Totten

Data Analysis: Data Analysis: ObservationsObservations

Inline 111023Horizontal Scale: 1:60,000 Vertical Scale: 2.5 in/sec

GB-191GB-191

SaltSalt

Page 14: Omar Akbar…..2005 Thesis Committee Mostofa Sarwar.. Laura Serpa... Matthew Totten

Data Analysis: Data Analysis: ObservationsObservations

Inline 111023Horizontal Scale: 1:60,000 Vertical Scale: 2.5 in/sec

GB-191GB-191

Faults Faults facilitated the facilitated the movement movement and put extra and put extra pressure on pressure on the left flankthe left flank

SaltSalt

Left beds were Left beds were uplifted and uplifted and rotated due to rotated due to salt diapirismsalt diapirism

Page 15: Omar Akbar…..2005 Thesis Committee Mostofa Sarwar.. Laura Serpa... Matthew Totten

Data Analysis: Data Analysis: ObservationsObservations

Inline 111023Horizontal Scale: 1:60,000 Vertical Scale: 2.5 in/sec

GB-191GB-191

A major A major normal fault normal fault played a played a significant significant role in role in triggering and triggering and controlling controlling the shape of the shape of the salt the salt structure. structure.

This major This major fault bounded fault bounded the right side the right side of the of the upgoing salt upgoing salt body.body.

SaltSalt

Page 16: Omar Akbar…..2005 Thesis Committee Mostofa Sarwar.. Laura Serpa... Matthew Totten

Data Analysis: Data Analysis: ObservationsObservations

Inline 111023Horizontal Scale: 1:60,000 Vertical Scale: 2.5 in/sec

GB-191GB-191

Evidences Evidences show show sediments sediments continuity in continuity in prediapiric prediapiric areaarea

8500’ Sand

4500’ Sand

Dating 4500-Dating 4500-ft and 8500-ft ft and 8500-ft sands relative sands relative to salt to salt diapirism is diapirism is important important

Page 17: Omar Akbar…..2005 Thesis Committee Mostofa Sarwar.. Laura Serpa... Matthew Totten

Data Analysis: Data Analysis: HypothesisHypothesis

Page 18: Omar Akbar…..2005 Thesis Committee Mostofa Sarwar.. Laura Serpa... Matthew Totten

Imaginary DatumImaginary Datum

PleistocenePleistocene SandsSands

SaltSalt

Imaginary DatumImaginary Datum

SaltSalt

Data Analysis: Data Analysis: HypothesisHypothesis

Pleistocene SandsPleistocene Sands A major normal fault played a A major normal fault played a significant role in triggering significant role in triggering and/or facilitating the movement and/or facilitating the movement

The 4500-ft and 8500-ft sands The 4500-ft and 8500-ft sands are prediapiric; deposited prior to are prediapiric; deposited prior to salt evolutionsalt evolution

Page 19: Omar Akbar…..2005 Thesis Committee Mostofa Sarwar.. Laura Serpa... Matthew Totten

Data Analysis: Data Analysis: HypothesisHypothesis

A major normal fault played a A major normal fault played a significant role in triggering significant role in triggering and/or facilitating the movement and/or facilitating the movement

Imaginary DatumImaginary Datum

PleistocenePleistocene SandsSands

MigrationMigration

The 4500-ft and 8500-ft sands The 4500-ft and 8500-ft sands are prediapiric; deposited prior to are prediapiric; deposited prior to salt evolutionsalt evolution

The major fault caused a The major fault caused a differential pressure within differential pressure within salt sheet. salt sheet.

SaltSalt

Structural depression on the Structural depression on the downthrown drove salt to migrate downthrown drove salt to migrate upwardupward

Page 20: Omar Akbar…..2005 Thesis Committee Mostofa Sarwar.. Laura Serpa... Matthew Totten

Data Analysis: Data Analysis: HypothesisHypothesis

Sediments overlaying salt to the Sediments overlaying salt to the left side of the bounding fault left side of the bounding fault were uplifted and rotated were uplifted and rotated

Imaginary DatumImaginary Datum

SaltSalt

Pleistocene

Pleistocene

SandsSands

Imaginary DatumImaginary Datum

SaltSaltPleisto

cene

Pleistocene

SandsSands

Secondary faults influenced Secondary faults influenced the salt formation; caused the salt formation; caused pressure gradient over salt left pressure gradient over salt left flank. flank.

Sediments, however, to the Sediments, however, to the right moved downward as right moved downward as salt was withdrawn from salt was withdrawn from beneath (beneath (asymmetric asymmetric structurestructure).).

Page 21: Omar Akbar…..2005 Thesis Committee Mostofa Sarwar.. Laura Serpa... Matthew Totten
Page 22: Omar Akbar…..2005 Thesis Committee Mostofa Sarwar.. Laura Serpa... Matthew Totten

Results: Results: Structural Interpretation Structural Interpretation

Salt Salt DiapirDiapir

FaultsFaults

Page 23: Omar Akbar…..2005 Thesis Committee Mostofa Sarwar.. Laura Serpa... Matthew Totten

Results: Results: Structural Interpretation Structural Interpretation

Salt Salt DiapirDiapir

FaultsFaults

Page 24: Omar Akbar…..2005 Thesis Committee Mostofa Sarwar.. Laura Serpa... Matthew Totten

Results: Results: Structural Interpretation Structural Interpretation

Salt Salt DiapirDiapir

FaultsFaults

Page 25: Omar Akbar…..2005 Thesis Committee Mostofa Sarwar.. Laura Serpa... Matthew Totten

Results: Results: Structural Interpretation Structural Interpretation

Salt Salt DiapirDiapir

FaultsFaults

In-line 111013 Horizontal Scale: 1:60,000 Vertical Scale: 2.5 in/sec.

Page 26: Omar Akbar…..2005 Thesis Committee Mostofa Sarwar.. Laura Serpa... Matthew Totten

Time MapTime Map

Results: Results: Stratigraphical InterpretationStratigraphical Interpretation

4500-ft4500-ft

8500-ft8500-ft

Page 27: Omar Akbar…..2005 Thesis Committee Mostofa Sarwar.. Laura Serpa... Matthew Totten

Results: Results: Stratigraphical InterpretationStratigraphical Interpretation

4500-ft4500-ft

8500-ft8500-ft

Amplitude MapAmplitude Map

Page 28: Omar Akbar…..2005 Thesis Committee Mostofa Sarwar.. Laura Serpa... Matthew Totten

Results: Results: Stratigraphical InterpretationStratigraphical Interpretation

4500-ft4500-ft

8500-ft8500-ft

Depth Map (4500-1)Depth Map (4500-1)

-5152

-4847

-4694

-4471

A5

A6

A9

A10

GB191

2000’

-4500

0’

-5000

NN

-4500-5000

Page 29: Omar Akbar…..2005 Thesis Committee Mostofa Sarwar.. Laura Serpa... Matthew Totten

Results: Results: Stratigraphical InterpretationStratigraphical Interpretation

4500-ft4500-ft

8500-ft8500-ft

Geophysical Vs. Geological InterpretationGeophysical Vs. Geological Interpretation

-5152

-4847

-4694

-4471

A5

A6

A9

A10

GB191

2000’

-4500

0’

-5000

NN

-4500

-5000

Page 30: Omar Akbar…..2005 Thesis Committee Mostofa Sarwar.. Laura Serpa... Matthew Totten

Results: Results: Stratigraphical InterpretationStratigraphical Interpretation

4500-ft4500-ft

8500-ft8500-ft

Time MapTime Map

Page 31: Omar Akbar…..2005 Thesis Committee Mostofa Sarwar.. Laura Serpa... Matthew Totten

Results: Results: Stratigraphical InterpretationStratigraphical Interpretation

4500-ft4500-ft

8500-ft8500-ft

Amplitude MapAmplitude Map

Page 32: Omar Akbar…..2005 Thesis Committee Mostofa Sarwar.. Laura Serpa... Matthew Totten

Results: Results: Stratigraphical InterpretationStratigraphical Interpretation

4500-ft4500-ft

8500-ft8500-ft

Depth MapDepth Map

-9252-8678

-8181

-900

0

-800

0

A2ST1A4

A7

GB191

4000’

NN

0’

Page 33: Omar Akbar…..2005 Thesis Committee Mostofa Sarwar.. Laura Serpa... Matthew Totten

Results: Results: Stratigraphical InterpretationStratigraphical Interpretation

4500-ft4500-ft

8500-ft8500-ft

Geophysical Vs. Geological InterpretationGeophysical Vs. Geological Interpretation

-9252-8678

-8181

-900

0

-800

0

A2ST1 A4

A7

GB191

4000’

NN

0’

Page 34: Omar Akbar…..2005 Thesis Committee Mostofa Sarwar.. Laura Serpa... Matthew Totten
Page 35: Omar Akbar…..2005 Thesis Committee Mostofa Sarwar.. Laura Serpa... Matthew Totten

There is only one published interpretations for GB-191.There is only one published interpretations for GB-191.

The interpretations were published in SEG, The The interpretations were published in SEG, The Leading Edge April 2000. Leading Edge April 2000.

The study was done by Chevron group The study was done by Chevron group (Fugitt, et. al., (Fugitt, et. al.,

2000)2000). .

Results ComparisonResults Comparison

This thesis study differs than Chevron This thesis study differs than Chevron work by paying more attention to salt work by paying more attention to salt evolution in the area. The influence of evolution in the area. The influence of salt dynamics on overlaying beds and salt dynamics on overlaying beds and their direct relationship with the fault their direct relationship with the fault system is the core element of this system is the core element of this thesis.thesis.

Page 36: Omar Akbar…..2005 Thesis Committee Mostofa Sarwar.. Laura Serpa... Matthew Totten

The conclusion of my thesis about The conclusion of my thesis about sand-sand-depositional-modeldepositional-model and its related and its related interpretationsinterpretations differ from those by Chevron group.differ from those by Chevron group.

Results ComparisonResults Comparison

Chevron group concluded:Chevron group concluded:

1)1) The 8500-ft sand is a localized The 8500-ft sand is a localized channel in a small withdrawal channel in a small withdrawal basin just north of the salt. basin just north of the salt.

2)2) The salt mobilized before sands The salt mobilized before sands deposition in the Pleistocene.deposition in the Pleistocene.

3)3) The main fault system cuts the The main fault system cuts the block from east to west.block from east to west.

Page 37: Omar Akbar…..2005 Thesis Committee Mostofa Sarwar.. Laura Serpa... Matthew Totten

Results Comparison: Results Comparison: (1) 8500-ft Limitation(1) 8500-ft Limitation

GB-191BaseMap

8500’ Sand

4500’ Sand

Page 38: Omar Akbar…..2005 Thesis Committee Mostofa Sarwar.. Laura Serpa... Matthew Totten

The previous two The previous two seismic sections seismic sections doubt the idea of doubt the idea of sand limitation to sand limitation to the north part of the north part of GB-191. GB-191.

Results Comparison: Results Comparison: (1) 8500-ft Limitation(1) 8500-ft Limitation

GB-191BaseMap

SaltSalt

8500’ Sand

4500’ Sand

Page 39: Omar Akbar…..2005 Thesis Committee Mostofa Sarwar.. Laura Serpa... Matthew Totten

Results Comparison: Results Comparison: (2) Relative Dating(2) Relative Dating

Strata, within the uplifted area, can help in Strata, within the uplifted area, can help in determining the thickness of layers deposited before determining the thickness of layers deposited before salt evaluation. salt evaluation.

Slope System

SaltSalt

Uplifted

Thrusted

Uplifted Vs. thrusted layersUplifted Vs. thrusted layers

Page 40: Omar Akbar…..2005 Thesis Committee Mostofa Sarwar.. Laura Serpa... Matthew Totten

Results Comparison: Results Comparison: (2) Relative Dating(2) Relative Dating

In Texas-Louisiana shelf and slope, an overburden In Texas-Louisiana shelf and slope, an overburden thickness of about 5000 ft is required for salt to start thickness of about 5000 ft is required for salt to start rising rising (Nelson, 1991)(Nelson, 1991). .

According to the velocity model in the area, 5000 ft is According to the velocity model in the area, 5000 ft is about 1.3 seconds (about 1.3 seconds (average velocity of 1200 m/saverage velocity of 1200 m/s). ).

Slope System

SaltSalt

> 5000 ft> 5000 ft

Page 41: Omar Akbar…..2005 Thesis Committee Mostofa Sarwar.. Laura Serpa... Matthew Totten

Results Comparison: Results Comparison: (2) Relative Dating(2) Relative Dating

Therefore, at least 1.3 seconds of uplifted sediments Therefore, at least 1.3 seconds of uplifted sediments should lie below the 4500-ft sand to prove that the salt should lie below the 4500-ft sand to prove that the salt diaper predated the sand depositiondiaper predated the sand deposition

Slope System

SaltSalt

> 5000 ft> 5000 ft4500’ Sand

8500’ Sand

Page 42: Omar Akbar…..2005 Thesis Committee Mostofa Sarwar.. Laura Serpa... Matthew Totten

Results Comparison: Results Comparison: (2) Relative Dating(2) Relative Dating

This also can be justified if an unconformity in-between the This also can be justified if an unconformity in-between the 4500-ft sand and the salt peak can be found4500-ft sand and the salt peak can be found

(b)

Slope System

SaltSalt

< 5000 ft< 5000 ft4500’ Sand

8500’ Sand

UnconformityUnconformity

Unfortunately, seismic doesn’t prove this unconformity and Unfortunately, seismic doesn’t prove this unconformity and lines show only a thin section of less than a second in-lines show only a thin section of less than a second in-between the salt high and the 4500-ft sand. between the salt high and the 4500-ft sand.

This challenges depositional model of Fugitt, et. al. This challenges depositional model of Fugitt, et. al.

Page 43: Omar Akbar…..2005 Thesis Committee Mostofa Sarwar.. Laura Serpa... Matthew Totten

My Interpretation

Results Comparison: Results Comparison: (3) Fault System(3) Fault System

That fault separates between salt withdrawal area to the That fault separates between salt withdrawal area to the north and salt added area to the south. north and salt added area to the south.

My bounding fault runs from north-west to south-eastMy bounding fault runs from north-west to south-east

Fault A

Fault B

Chevron

A normal fault cuts the block from east to west and trap A normal fault cuts the block from east to west and trap the sand to the north. the sand to the north.

Page 44: Omar Akbar…..2005 Thesis Committee Mostofa Sarwar.. Laura Serpa... Matthew Totten

Results Comparison: Results Comparison: (3) Fault System(3) Fault System

Map ViewMap View

SaltSalt

YY

Section XSection X

Map ViewMap View

Perpendicular to the strike

(Uplifted strata)

Parallel to the strike

(Limit of the uplifted strata)

SaltSalt

XX

Section YSection Y

Page 45: Omar Akbar…..2005 Thesis Committee Mostofa Sarwar.. Laura Serpa... Matthew Totten

Results Comparison: Results Comparison: (3) Fault System(3) Fault System

Uplifted Area

Salt

Parallel to the strike

SaltSalt

Section XSection X

(Limit of the uplifted strata)

Page 46: Omar Akbar…..2005 Thesis Committee Mostofa Sarwar.. Laura Serpa... Matthew Totten

Results Comparison: Results Comparison: (3) Fault System(3) Fault System

Uplifted Strata

Salt

Perpendicular to the strike

SaltSalt

Section YSection Y

(Uplifted strata)

Page 47: Omar Akbar…..2005 Thesis Committee Mostofa Sarwar.. Laura Serpa... Matthew Totten

Results Comparison: Results Comparison: (3) Fault System(3) Fault System

My Interpretation

Fault A

Chevron

1)1) The 8500-ft sand is a localized The 8500-ft sand is a localized channel in a small withdrawal channel in a small withdrawal basin just north of the salt. basin just north of the salt.

2)2) The salt mobilized before sands The salt mobilized before sands deposition in the Pleistocene.deposition in the Pleistocene.

3)3) The main fault system cuts the The main fault system cuts the block from east to west.block from east to west.

Page 48: Omar Akbar…..2005 Thesis Committee Mostofa Sarwar.. Laura Serpa... Matthew Totten

ConclusionConclusion

The salt diapir is still in its active stage. It splits the The salt diapir is still in its active stage. It splits the block into two zones, east and west. East zone strata block into two zones, east and west. East zone strata are gently dipping while west zone strata are rotated, are gently dipping while west zone strata are rotated, uplifted, and faulted.uplifted, and faulted.

A bounding fault that controls the overall structure A bounding fault that controls the overall structure separates the two zones. Downthrown-strata are separates the two zones. Downthrown-strata are slightly modified and pierced by the salt. Upthrown-slightly modified and pierced by the salt. Upthrown-strata, however, are uplifted and rotated but not strata, however, are uplifted and rotated but not pierced by the salt.pierced by the salt.

Other secondary faults are located to the left of the Other secondary faults are located to the left of the bounding fault in the west zone. These faults bounding fault in the west zone. These faults accommodated the uplift in strata within the region. As accommodated the uplift in strata within the region. As a result, they reduced the tension within the uplifted a result, they reduced the tension within the uplifted strata and introduced a new pressure over the salt-strata and introduced a new pressure over the salt-west-flank.west-flank.

Page 49: Omar Akbar…..2005 Thesis Committee Mostofa Sarwar.. Laura Serpa... Matthew Totten

The 4500-ft and 8500-ft sands are prediapiric; The 4500-ft and 8500-ft sands are prediapiric; deposited prior to salt evolution.deposited prior to salt evolution.

The 8500-ft sand is not localized in a small basin to The 8500-ft sand is not localized in a small basin to the north of GB-191. Some evidences show a the north of GB-191. Some evidences show a possible continuation to the south of the block.possible continuation to the south of the block.

ConclusionConclusion

Page 50: Omar Akbar…..2005 Thesis Committee Mostofa Sarwar.. Laura Serpa... Matthew Totten

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