Oliver Meredith Boone Bulman, 20 May 1902 - 18 February …rsbm.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/roybiogmem/21/175.full.pdf · OLIVER MEREDITH BOONE BULMAN 20 May 1902—18 February

Oliver Meredith Boone Bulman, 20 May 1902 - 18 February 1974

Sir James Stubblefield, F. R. S.

, 175-195, published 1 November 1975211975 Biogr. Mems Fell. R. Soc.

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OLIVER MEREDITH BOONE BULMAN

20 May 1902—18 February 1974

Elected F.R.S. 1940

By Sir James Stubblefield, F.R.S.

Oliver M eredith Boone Bulman, who died on 18 February 1974 at his home in Cambridge, was born on 20 May 1902 at Wandsworth, the second of three children of Henry Herbert Bulman, R.B.A. (1871-1928), and his wife, Beatrice Elizabeth Boone (1870-1950). The Bulmans were a Cumberland family and the Boones had come from Staffordshire to Kent.

Henry Bulman was born at Carlisle and took his art training in Antwerp and London. Against a trend of the times, he developed a strongly naturalistic style in working, particularly in watercolour but also in oils, tempera, crayon or pencil. He specially enjoyed painting people in their home surroundings. Portraits by him were exhibited at the Royal Academy and landscape paintings, flower studies and other of his works are to be seen at the Victoria and Albert Museum or in various galleries at home or overseas. There was also artistic skill in Oliver’s mother’s family for her father, W. A. Boone, A.R.C.A., was an art master at King’s School, Canterbury; but of the three Bulman children, it was Oliver who inherited the outstanding graphic ability that he was to use so effectively in making the hundreds of drawings and diagrams that illustrate his papers, books and lectures; some people even collected his ‘doodles’ after committee meetings.

Oliver’s father believed commercial art to be philistine but the need to provide for a growing family led him to work for an advertising company and later as a free lance. His annual income was always small yet he contrived to finance university education for his children; only his daughter excelled in winning a university entrance scholarship. Joan C. Bulman, Oliver’s younger sister, gained a first class in Swedish at Cambridge (Newnham College) and proceeded to Stockholm University where she undertook the basic work for her book on Strindberg and Shakespeare and became a specialist in Scandinavian literature. Oliver’s elder brother, Michael W. B. Bulman, M.D. (Lond.), F.R.C.S. (1898— 1968), became a distinguished gynaecologist and served Norwich as its Lord Mayor in 1959-60; it was he who, on behalf of that city, invited the British Association for the Advancement of Science to hold its annual meeting there in 1961; he was also involved in the founding of the University of East Anglia.

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Oliver has recorded that his childhood was exceedingly happy though financial circumstances were not easy; he recognized that each of his parents had strong though unobtrusive influences upon him. His mother had read English at Oxford (Lady Margaret Hall); she was a good linguist and played the piano well. Concerts were rare and expensive luxuries for the Bulmans, yet Oliver without much effort picked up an appreciation of both music and art. He enjoyed the family’s occasional summer holidays in the Lake District, a countryside which his father knew intimately, and at least once a year the children went to stay with their maternal grandparents at Ramsgate. He sketched a little and he collected butterflies, moths, fossils and minerals to become happily employed for weeks after the holiday, trying to identify his finds at the British Museum (Natural History).

He first went to Battersea Grammar School in 1910. He wrote that he was never fond of cricket and football but he was keen on athletics and, latterly, walking. Misfortune befell him for at the age of 12 (1914), he underwent an operation for a malignant cyst in the left femur and he spent the subsequent year at home on crutches. He has written in his Personal Record: ‘Up till then I had quite enjoyed school but going back again rather undersized and a bit careful of the left leg, I found myself rather out of things and I had acquired a taste for absenting myself from school which I indulged whenever possible.’ Nevertheless, he won prizes in various subjects including drawing and music and, as well, he gained honours with distinction in chemistry, physics and drawing in the London Schools University Matriculation examination in 1918. It then came about that Oliver singled geology from his hobby subjects and decided to take up its study seriously. As Battersea Grammar School could not provide this instruction, he sought it at evening classes conducted by A. J. Maslen (1871— 1954) at the South Western Polytechnic Institute (S.W.P.I.), which successively became the Chelsea Polytechnic (1922), the Chelsea College of Science and Technology and is now known as Chelsea College. The S.W.P.I. was a recognized school of the University of London and Maslen was among the keenest geology teachers of his time; his evening classes were well attended. Certainly some of those who went to them aimed to foster an altruistic interest in geology; some of the others, however, chose by evening study to proceed to London University degrees in science, or at least to the intermediate science examination. Among us were civil engineers, metallurgists, school teachers, civil servants, a brewers’ public relations officer and industrial chemists; I was among the latter group, albeit a junior. Thus began my long, enjoyable and fruitful friendship with Oliver Bulman; certainly we two, and also W. F. Whittard (1902-66), who joined Maslen’s classes a year after we did, are among those who derived from Maslen much of our basic geological training.

Having in his earlier years been a coauthor of a textbook on botany and written papers on the morphology of various Carboniferous plants, Maslen had built up and annotated good teaching collections of rocks, minerals, fossils and geological maps at Chelsea, where he was a conscientious and encouraging teacher. He taught what were then all the academic branches of geology with the help in

176 Biographical Memoirs



Oliver Meredith Boone Bulman 111

mineralogy of an assistant lecturer, I. G. Jardine. In July 1919, Oliver passed the London Intermediate Science examination including geology as one of his subjects; and at his school, in 1920, he took the Higher Schools examination with distinction in mathematics. He also gained at Chelsea the London University Geology Scholarship for 1920, which was JT.75 for one year. As he had been unsuccessful in entrance scholarship examinations for Cambridge University, he resolved to use the London scholarship money towards financing a year at Chelsea as a day student to prepare him for another Cambridge attempt. The subjects that he offered were chemistry, physics and geology, but though doing well in the Polytechnic examinations, again he failed at Cambridge. One might speculate on the cause or causes of the Cambridge failures. Colour blindness is believed to be a lesser handicap if its possessor knows of its presence. Oliver was not aware that he had red-green colour blindness until some years later when it was revealed to him that his paintings of the polarization colours exhibited by certain minerals under the microscope were unusual. Whether this handicap, being unrecognized, was significant in Oliver’s practical examinations, he never knew.

Meanwhile, having decided to cease to try to be an industrial chemist and to become a geologist, I used the evenings of the 1920-21 session at Chelsea in preparing for scholarship examinations to enable me to spend the succeeding sessions studying geology at the Royal College of Science (Imperial College). My luck was better than Oliver’s ; so he forwent (or, as it turned out, postponed) his Cambridge ambitions and decided to join me at the Imperial College by applying for entrance to the geology course. In addition to the Associateship of the Royal College of Science (A.R.C.S.) examinations, we had in mind to take the separate London B.Sc. honours geology examinations with zoology as a subsidiary subject. The Professor of Geology, W. W. Watts (1860-1947) was extremely welcoming and because Bulman and I had already passed London Interscience, and in successive years had each been awarded London University Geology Scholarships, Watts succeeded in getting the college authorities to give us exemption from the first 2 years of the A.R.C.S. course, with one proviso in the case of Bulman for he at that time had had no organized zoological instruction. To meet this proviso, it was arranged that Lancelot T. Hogben, then a lecturer in E. W. MacBride’s zoology department at the college, should give Bulman a crash course of zoology in the summer of 1921 to fit him for attendance at the final year’s zoology course in the ensuing session. So rewarding were these two courses that Bulman headed the success list with zoology first class honours in July 1922. The lectures in the college systematic course were mostly given by Hogben, whereas MacBride (1866-1940) lectured on embryology (with H. G. Cannon as demonstrator) and zoogeographical distribution. The latter course included visits to the Zoological Gardens in Regent’s Park enlivened with a selection of the anecdotes for which MacBride was justly renowned. The contrasted philosophies and lecturing styles of Hogben and MacBride were generally enjoyed by our class of half-a-dozen or so which included two who, by a strange coincidence, died within two months after Bulman. They were



178H. R. Hewer (subsequently a Professor of Zoology at the Imperial College) and N. A. Mackintosh who was an expert on Antarctic whales and like Hewer a C.B.E. In October 1922 Bulman and I safely negotiated the zoology examination subsidiary to the London B.Sc. geology degree, and in the ensuing session we gave undivided attention to the remainder of the geology course. The lectures were spread so that Watts dealt with much of the stratigraphy, also coalfield and water-supply geology; J. W. Evans (1857-1930) with the Devonian System and petrology; C. G. Cullis (1871-1941) with mineralogy and mining geology; V. C. Illing (1890-1969) with physical geology and oilfields; A. Brammall (1880-1954) with structural geology and petrology and A. Morley Davies (1869- 1959) with the Jurassic System and palaeontology; there were also lectures and practical work in topographical surveying by L. H. Cooke. In the Easter vacations of 1922 and 1923 our class mapped successively the solid geology of the Breidden Hills and of the Wrekin area of Shropshire. The resultant maps were joint efforts, masterminded by Watts; nevertheless, these six-inches-to-the- mile field-mapping courses held by Watts were almost unique in the universities of Great Britain at that time. A feature of the college invertebrate palaeontology course was the examination and making of pencil drawings of the fossils in the comprehensive and admirable teaching collections that Morley Davies had amassed and arranged. As his Introduction to palaeontology was published in 1920, this had resulted in his lectures to his advanced students having become fewer: to break the monotony of whole days spent drawing, Davies agreed to our requests and gave us extra lectures on general aspects of palaeontology. During the 1922-23 session, Bulman and I went to University College, London (U.C.L.) once a week for a special course of lectures and practical work in vertebrate palaeontology given by D. M. S. Watson (1886-1973). This course was valuable because, as well as profiting from Watson’s keenness in studying the animal’s original shape and an understanding of the mechanism of the working parts, we were taught techniques for cleaning and examining fossils, including the use of a prism binocular microscope fitted with a bench-stand as an alternative to a raised stage; this facility for assisting the cleaning of matrix from fossils was then a novelty in British palaeontology schools. Bulman wrote in his brief Personal Record that he considered himself fortunate in having failed to gain an entrance scholarship to Cambridge and having instead come under the influence of Watts, Watson and MacBride.

After gaining the A.R.C.S. in June 1923, Bulman and I started joint research on a subject which we had been given by Watts; this was ‘the Shineton Shales of the Stiperstones district of Shropshire’. As a prelude, Watts suggested that we should familiarize ourselves with the detail of the stratal succession in the drift-covered area south-east of the Wrekin. This we started but the tempo of the research was reduced in October by the London B.Sc. honours geology examination which had a successful outcome. Bulman had already been awarded a Beit Scientific Research Fellowship and this he held for 2 years. During that time, as well as being occupied with Shineton Shale work based upon the Imperial College, he continued his vertebrate studies under Watson at U.C.L. and there

Biographical Memoirs




he undertook research in collaboration with W. F. Whittard, who, having come to the Imperial College from Chelsea Polytechnic a year after Bulman, had joined Watson’s course at U.C.L. in 1923.

To establish the Shineton Shale succession in the Wrekin district, Bulman and1 collected many fossils which appeared to be accessible chiefly in stream outcrops in the bramble-covered but beautiful wooded dingles. Unexpected local features of the succession were the great thickness of shales characterized by Graptolithina and the excellent undistorted preservation of the fossils in most of the beds; it was not long before we decided that more significant research interest and results would be found in this Wrekin area rather than in the less promising Stiperstones country and accordingly, with Watts’s concurrence, we concentrated our time there. The London University authorities, before granting our request for our proposed Ph.D. thesis to be undertaken jointly, required us to indicate how our research responsibilities were to be divided; our proposals were accepted that the mapping and structural geological interpretation should be collaborative and that the palaeontological description should be independent. Thus it happened that whereas Bulman undertook the study of the abundant Dictyonema, the Echinoderma, Brachiopoda, Hyolithida and Agnostid trilobites, I worked on the supposedly true graptolites (and Clonograptus) and the bulk of the Trilobita. As a consequence, Bulman’sfirst independent paper was on Dictyonema (1, Bibliography) and, appropriately, it was published in the Geological Magazine, then a monthly journal of which later he was—to join R. H. Rastall and—to be actively concerned in the editorship for 38 years (1934-72). The Shineton Shale succession became delineated sufficiently well for us to give a demonstration to the Geologists’ Association (2) during Watts’s excursion to South Shropshire in July 1925.

Bulman was then awarded an 1851 Senior Studentship and he spent the first year of its tenure (1925-26) at the Imperial College where his fellow research workers included the Williams twin brothers, Howel (subsequently a Commonwealth Fund Fellow and Professor at Berkeley) and David (later Professor of Geology at the Imperial College). There were also two who were destined to be elected F.R.S., namely, W. F. Whittard and G. H. Mitchell. In 1926, after seeing some of the fossil collections at Frankfurt-am-Main and Tubingen in the summer, Bulman was able to bring to fruition the ambition of his teen years by moving to Cambridge (Sidney Sussex College) for the remaining 2 years of his 1851 studentship to study dendroid graptolites with Miss G. L. Elies (1872— 1960) at the Sedgwick Museum. At Cambridge, he found R. E. (later Sir Raymond) Priestley, who became Secretary-General of the Faculties, a good friend to all research students of whom there were a record number in those2 years. They included Bulman’s lifelong friends Maurice Black (who died3 months before him) and A. G. Brighton; and of the others, as well as Whittard (who had gone with Bulman to Sidney Sussex College) and himself, there were two who subsequently became Fellows of the Royal Society; they were T. N. George and L. R. Wager. In that congenial atmosphere, Bulman produced the first two parts of the Palaeontographical Society’s monograph on British



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dendroid graptolites (7, 9) which with several subsidiary papers earned for him a Cambridge Ph.D. degree; this was additional to the doctorate obtained in London for the Shineton Shale work. The results of this latter study we jointly communicated to the Geological Society of London in 1927 (4).

Bulman returned to London in 1928 to take up a demonstratorship, surprisingly in zoology, in MacBride’s department, for at that time there was no teaching vacancy in the geology school; however, from 1929 Bulman taught geology at the Imperial College until 1931. In the summer of 1929, Bulman and I visited Prague to see the Barrande Collection and some local geology under the guidance of Jan Koliha and Ferdinand Prantl. From there we went to Stuttgart, Tubingen and Ulm as participants in the Tagung of the Deutsche Palaontologische Gesellschaft under the presidency of J. F. Pompeckj. Among the members of the party was Professor E. A. Stensio (subsequently a Foreign Member of the Royal Society), who, after the meeting, wrote to Bulman inviting him to describe the Nordenskiold Collection of South American graptolites which Stensio sent to London; the results were published in Sweden in 1931 (16). In that same year appeared the paper describing Howel Williams and Bulman’s geological mapping of the Dolwyddelan district of Caernarvonshire (19) which had been read to the Geological Society in 1930. Meanwhile W. B. R. King (1889-1963), a lecturer in the Cambridge geology department, had been appointed to the Yates-Goldsmid Chair of Geology at University College, London, thus creating a vacancy at Cambridge which Bulman filled.

But in Sweden, Stensio was so pleased with the results of Bulman’s research that he invited him to visit Stockholm to study the Gerhard Holm Collection of Scandinavian graptolites; this collection was mostly in the state of microscope preparations, too fragile to be sent by post. Bulman has written of it (31, p. 11) as the finest collection of ‘isolated’ graptolites in the world; he made several visits to Stockholm, one with the aid of a grant from the Worts Fund administered by Cambridge University and his descriptions of a considerable part of this collection were published between 1932 and 1936 (20-22, 29). During his Scandinavian journeys, he made many good friends; K. A. Gronwall and A. Hadding at Lund who guided him over the principal graptolite-bearing exposures in Scania, C. Wiman and Elsa Warburg at Uppsala, P. Thorslund at Stockholm and Chr. Poulsen at Copenhagen; there were also Leif Stormer and T. Strand with whom he studied graptolitiferous strata near Oslo and near Slemmestad. In 1934, when Henry Woods (1868-1952) retired from the Lectureship in Palaeozoology at Cambridge, Bulman succeeded him though the title of the lectureship by some error was termed ‘in geology’ until, following Woods’s remonstrances, it reverted to ‘in palaeozoology’. Teaching made more demands on Bulman’s time, but in 1936 he proceeded to the Sc.D. degree and he started a 10-year spell as biological secretary of the Cambridge Philosophical Society; in 1937, he again visited Scandinavia. In the following year appeared his first synthesis of knowledge concerning the Graptolithina (33); this was one of the few sections of O. H. Schindewolf’s Handhuch der Palaozoologie





to be published before the war. Also in 1938, Bulman married Marguerite, the elder daughter of Professor and Mrs W. G. Fearnsides. Marguerite had entered Girton College in 1932 and, after the Natural Sciences Tripos, had undertaken ecological research in botany at Cambridge and Uppsala. Her mother was the elder daughter of Professor W. W. Watts and her father the Professor of Geology at Sheffield University.

In 1939 a grant from the Geological Society’s J. B. Tyrrell Fund enabled Bulman to study the Levis Shale graptolites in Quebec and to meet Canadian graptolite workers including T. H. Clark at McGill; he also explored the Deep Kill section in New York State and met R. Ruedemann, the leading American graptolite authority at the New York State Museum at Albany. He had hoped that Ruedemann and he (37, p. 119) would revise together the various so-called Dictyonema flabelliforme recorded as occurring in eastern North America but that did not materialize as a joint venture. Bulman worked intermittently on his material during the war years and though resultant studies on the Anisograptids appeared in 1941 (37), his main North American Dictyonema research was not published until 1951 (57). In the early years of the war, Bulman served as a special constable and he took part in various university and city A.R.P. work; in 1941 he joined the Royal Observer Corps.

Both he and his father-in-law, W. G. Fearnsides, had attended the delivery of P. G. H. Boswell’s presidential address to the Geological Society in 1941 and they had heard Boswell deplore the lack of a popularly written inexpensive book on geology. This lack brought about thoughts that culminated in their shared authorship (39) of the sixpenny Pelican book, Geology in the Service of Man which reached several editions and translations. About this time O. T. Jones (1878-1967) retired from the Woodwardian Professorship of Geology at Cambridge and he was succeeded by W. B. R. King. Bulman was promoted to a Readership in Palaeozoology. He was also made a Fellow of Sidney Sussex College and thus he continued a fellowship tradition set up at that college by his forebears-in-law, W. W. Watts, F.R.S., and W. G. Fearnsides, F.R.S.

After the war, at the invitation of Professor V. Van Straelen, Bulman visited the Institut Royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique (1948) to examine graptolites from the Brabant massif Ordovician strata; a report on these appeared in 1950 (50) and much later (103) Bulman described a new Dictyonema fauna from the Stavelot massif. He gave a lecture in 1951 at Oslo University which formed the basis of his Harvard publication (62). When W. B. R. King retired from the Woodwardian Chair in 1955, Bulman, despite having some misgivings regarding the weight of professorial administration involved, was appointed to succeed him. The annual output of his publications was hardly diminished. Soon after his appointment, his textbook Graptolithina (64) appeared as a volume of the Treatise of invertebrate paleontology jointly sponsored by the Geological Society of America, the Palaeontographical Society, the Paleontological Society and the Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists. Bulman was the first of the British authors of these volumes to produce copy for that very active and indefatigable editor of the 27-volume , Raymond C. Moore.



182

Bulman helped to remedy yet another deficiency in English language publications. For many years British palaeontologists had felt the need for a journal publishing well-illustrated papers on any aspect of palaeontology and strati- graphical palaeontology. In the middle 1950s a group of people, activated by some of Bulman’s former students, obtained the necessary financial backing from oil companies and others to launch such a journal which was called Palaeontology and was fathered by a new Palaeontological Association; this Association at the close of 1973 had 1366 members. Bulman became one of the members of its first Council and in March 1958 he delivered its first annual lecture. That was published in the journal as ‘The sequence of graptolite faunas’ (68). In the same year he took part in a symposium on colonial organisms organized by the Linnean Society (67) and at the York meeting of the British Association he presided over the Geology Section in 1959 (70). The year following saw him President of the Palaeontological Association and later that year he represented the Association at the International Geological Congress at Copenhagen where he communicated a paper (71) and later visited geological exposures in Bornholm and Scania.

At Cambridge, he was appointed the Vice-master of Sidney Sussex College (1960-62). In 1962, he took up membership of the Geological Survey Advisory Board which, after the disbanding of D.S.I.R., became the Natural Environment Research Council’s Geology and Geophysics Research Committee. Another assignment which gave him special pleasure was his appointment in 1963 as a Trustee of the British Museum (Natural History). Meanwhile Bulman had been elected President of the Geological Society of London in 1962. During his presidency that Society, following another of P. G. H. Boswell’s 1941 recommendations, arranged its first ordinary meeting to be held outside London. This took place in Glasgow, in collaboration with the Glasgow Geological Society and it was in the form of a symposium on the Phanerozoic Time Scale. The proceedings were subsequently published by the London society as a cloth- bound volume which sold well. On relinquishing the presidential chair Bulman became the Society’s Foreign Secretary and here he brought about an innovation, for the holding of that office became limited to 3 years. One of his overseas visits during that period arose from an invitation by Professor R. Kozlowski and the Polish Academy of Sciences to see graptolite collections housed in Warsaw.

In October 1966, Bulman resigned from the Woodwardian Professorship at the age of 64; he then spent 2 months in Oslo working on graptolites. In the period of his tenure of the chair, in common with most university scientific departments, the geology school’s annual expenditure had increased substantially and the staff had grown by nearly 50 per cent; in addition there were four or five ‘assistants in research’ supported by non-university funds, as well as a few post-doctoral fellows or visiting scientists. He had been able to secure a considerable extension of research accommodation to make diversification of research and other developments possible. Changes in the course-teaching were implemented within the Natural Sciences Tripos, partly resulting from the findings of the small university committee, of which he was a member (1960-63),




Oliver Meredith Boone Bulnian 183

appointed to review the whole of the Natural Sciences Tripos. Here, as in the Geological Society, Bulman pointed out to me in a letter, he was not personally concerned with introducing particular radical changes; rather had he tried to ensure that the best of the status quo was retained.

Without the administrative responsibilities and frustrations of the Chair, and with a room placed at his disposal in the Sedgwick Museum, Bulman was able to concentrate on graptolites, especially when aided by his young collaborators, R. B. Rickards and latterly by Miss Jana Hutt. Moreover, having been awarded a New Zealand Commonwealth Prestige Fellowship, in 1967 he lectured at Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch and Dunedin and had discussions with New Zealand graptolite workers. He also visited co-workers at Melbourne and Sydney. Two years later, by special invitation, Bulman attended the Joachim Barrande celebrations at Prague. For some years he was engaged in the revision and enlargement of his treatise Graptolithina of which a revised edition (97) appeared in December 1970; this will probably prove to be the most widely used of Bulman’s works. In the following year he became President of the Palaeonto- graphical Society but in the spring of 1972, as in 1914, physical misfortune overtook him; on this occasion one of his lungs was removed and there was further surgery for an intestinal adjustment. With great determination and spurning motor transport he recovered sufficiently to walk almost daily to the Sedgwick Museum where he continued his work on Dictyonema\ from the Museum, he would walk to lunch at Sidney Sussex College and then return to his home for a post-prandial nap; in September, he and his wife went sketching in the Hardanger Fjord region. The year 1973 held both gladness and sadness for the Bulmans. In April, Oliver seemed in excellent fettle for the wedding of their daughter, Louisa, and in May, Margo drove him and her mother to north Wales, the scene of their honeymoon; following short stays at Tan-y-Bwlch and Ffestiniog, they journeyed to Manchester and Scotland to visit in turn each of the Bulman daughters, by then all three married. After returning to Cambridge, happy in achieving the things she had set herself, Mrs Fearnsides died. Oliver became seriously ill in late July but struggled bravely and cheerfully to complete his papers from his bed. In September, he rallied somewhat but in October a relapse set in from which he never recovered.

Bulman had for many years assisted the Geological Survey of Great Britain (now the Institute of Geological Sciences) as its graptolite specialist; his last palaeontological work was probably the correcting of the final proofs of his paper (105) written jointly with Adrian Rushton (one of his most recent Ph.D. students) in which he dealt with the dendroid graptolites from cored boreholes in the English Midlands.

Work on G raptolithina

Bulman’s choice of the class Graptolithina for a lifetime’s research undoubtedly gave him advantages, for the British representatives of the order Graptoloidea had only a few years previously been the subject of a classical and monumental



study in the Monograph of British graptolites by G. L. Elies and E. M. R. Wood (1901-18). There had been recently published, also, G. L. Elles’s 1922 comprehensive and provocative essay dealing with various aspects of growth of these colonial organisms, their evolution and the succession of their occurrence in the rocks; this latter publication was used effectively by Bulman as a taking-off step for several of his papers. Moreover, techniques by which well-preserved and uncompressed graptolites could be studied had already been described by G. Holm and C. Wiman; these were (i) that the fossil should be made more accessible by using hydrochloric or hydrofluoric acid to dissolve away its rock matrix and if conditions were suitable, the skeletal material should be treated to enable it to be studied as a transparency; and (ii) that serial sections of it should be obtained either by microtome sectioning or by grinding. Though these techniques had been described in the 1890s, apart from work on serial sections of Palaeospondylus by the Sollases (1903), there is little evidence of either technique being employed by British palaeontologists in the first two decades of the twentieth century. The use of both these methods by Bulman in his study of Dictyonema (1) created a welcome stimulus to British invertebrate palaeontology. This, his first scientific paper, was essentially a description of the early growth and method of branching of the rhabdosome (colony) as deduced from skeletal structures preserved in the adult. In subsequent years, as research proceeded, Bulman revised his concepts and his terminology of the Dictyonema rhabdosome (7, 22, 29, 46, 49, 97) most notably after Kozlowski’s (1938, 1949) description of Dendroid material from Poland had revealed the significance of the stolon system in the morphology of the rhabdosome. In consequence, it became known that Wiman’s ‘budding individual’ was renamed ‘stolotheca’. In his last year, Bulman was conducting further revision because of his examination of isolated and cleared siculae and very early rhabdosome stages of Shineton Shale Dictyonema; regrettably terminal cancer prevented his completion of that work.

The first two parts of the British dendroid graptolite monograph (7, 9) were finished before Bulman started his teaching career and though a third part appeared in 1934 (26), in subsequent years increased teaching and other commitments distracted Bulman from the monograph. Knowledge was accumulating of extra-British Dendroidea and Kozlowski’s (1938) researches concerning the stolon system were being confirmed by Bulman’s work on the ‘graptolites’ from Laggan Burn (45, 46). Then in 1951 (57) Bulman removed several genera from the Dichograptidae by establishing the family Anisograptidae for what he described as the ‘graptodendroid’ forms. This new family, consisting of taxa previously considered to be true graptolites, he transferred to the Dendroidea because of their ‘perfectly typical dendroid branch structure’. These various factors eventually led him to abandon his monograph and he concluded it in 1967 stating (88, Foreword), ‘Despite its attempt to elicit morphological detail by transfer preparations and serial sectioning, the Monograph of British Dendroid Graptolites belongs to the era of Lap worth, Elies and Wood’s Monograph of British Graptolites and should be judged by the standards of its period. It became no longer feasible to write in conformity with the terminology and style of the




first three parts and to make an abrupt change to post-war style and standards of description within the covers of a single monograph would be impossible.’

Substantial achievements in Bulman’s graptolite studies came to be published in the Arkiv for Zoologie in the 1930s, starting with his South American graptolites paper (16), which was his first contribution to elucidate the structure of any true graptolite. As the full title of the paper implies, this was primarily a description of fossils collected by E. Nordenskiold in his 1904-5 expedition; the fossils came from the borders of Bolivia and Peru but the paper also incorporated consideration of additional graptolites collected by others from Bolivia, Peru and Argentina. The Nordenskiold Collection bulked largest, however, and it formed the basis for ten octavo plates of graptolites and one plate of other fossils, already prepared by Gerhard Holm. He had painted most of the graptolites white and he had photographed them; prints of the photographs were then bleached and retouched by the master of this technique, G. Lilljeval. Gerhard Holm at one time was Palaeontologist to the Swedish Geological Survey and, later, he joined the staff of the Stockholm Riksmuseum. He left no descriptions of the South American fossils. Bulman added to the Holm graptolite illustrations his own camera lucida drawings and a plate of wash-drawings. He determined some sixty graptolite taxa and of these, eleven he described as new species and five more as new varieties; he assigned the graptolites to nine geological horizons ranging in age from Tremadoc to middle or upper Caradoc.

The next major research by Bulman appeared as a seven-part study of some other graptolites prepared by Holm and lodged in the Stockholm Riksmuseum (20-23, 29). By dissolving away the rock matrix of certain Swedish and Estonian limestones, Holm had isolated over three thousand graptolites and mounted them as microscope preparations; furthermore he had described and illustrated some of them in two classical publications. At the time of Holm’s death in 1923, however, much of this other work remained unpublished. He had made beautiful dissections of several graptolites to reveal their internal skeletal structure and many he had photographed. As with the Nordenskiold fossils, the photographic prints had been bleached and skilfully retouched by Lilljeval. The prints had been arranged into some forty plates and, though he had indicated provisional identifications in some cases, Holm had left no other manuscript or notes on the material. Bulman, to whom Stensio had entrusted preparation for publication, in many instances had to recognize the original of the various illustrations and to determine the species. Profiting from this exceptionally well-preserved material, Bulman gave much attention to the early growth of the rhabdosomes in the various taxa that he studied. He indicated the various patterns of sicula ontogeny and of rhabdosome astogeny and these and subsequent papers (20-23, 29, 67, 97) showed the steps in evolution of his concepts concerning the establishment of progressive morphological series and contributed to consideration of the history of the class Graptolithina. He was assisted in the formulation of his views by making wax-enlargements from serial sections of the proximal ends of graptolite rhabdosomes and particularly wax casts of thecal cavities. He acknowledged the help given him by Stensio in this technique (29). Much of Bulman’s thoughts




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and writings was devoted to improving his earlier work and his most significant results regarding astogeny and the sequence of faunas are discussed in his two 1958 publications (67, 68).

In his contribution to the Linnean Society’s symposium on colonial animals, Bulman stated (67, p. 32) ‘that the rhabdosome . . . far from being a haphazard aggregate of individuals . . . behaves as a complex unit of which the pattern is often precisely regulated. This regulation, which is effected through the budded succession of individuals, appears as something comparable with the varying field of growth potential of a solitary organism and perhaps finds its closest parallel among metamerically segmented animals.’ Again (78, p. 402) in a review of the evolution and classification of the Graptoloidea, he wrote: ‘In no other colonial group has the form of the colony played such an important role in taxonomy’; this, he stated, was partly due to ‘the unparalleled regularity with which the colonies are constructed’. He pointed out that the characters of the thecae rarely remain constant throughout the Graptoloidea colony and though the thecal characters may be in a category different from that of the colony ‘the two are linked by a pervasive rhabdosomal control’.

Bulman’s views on graptolite taxonomy above the family level had reached more or less final form in 1963 (78) but he gave some finishing touches to them in the 1970 Graptolithina (97). Concerning the occurrence of graptolites in time, whereas G. L. Elies (1922) had enunciated a fourfold succession of the graptolite faunas in the British Isles, Bulman, by considering a wider area, made two significant changes in the conceptual interpretation of the three earliest of Elles’s divisions. He divided her earliest fauna into two, called respectively, the Anisograptid and Dichograptid faunas and he removed the upper elements of her Dichograptid fauna to join her Leptograptid and Diplograptid faunas as an enlarged Diplograptid fauna in which the early occurrence of Glyptograptids is justifiably given an enhanced value. In the same paper, Bulman (68, p. 161) summarized some of his earlier work in a categorical statement that ‘the origin of scandent forms biserial and uniserial, is disconcertingly obscure and abrupt*.

Bulman achieved noticeable success in operating the tidying component of his make-up which led him to bring a better degree of precision into the concept of a particular genus or species and to seek stability in the generic and species nomenclature of Graptolithina. His earliest venture in this field (10) appears to be his recognition that the generic name Odontocaulis Lapworth 1881 was a subjective synonym of Callograptus Hall 1867. In 1929 appeared his compilation (12) of an alphabetically arranged list, with annotations, of nearly a hundred valid genera and their type species, also of forty-four names which he considered to be of invalid genera or synonyms. The significance which Bulman attached to the nature of the type species of a genus, and in particular to its type or lectotype, can be gauged from his treatment of Amplexograptus (75) and Glyptograptus (77). Between 1946 and 1967, he initiated six separate applications to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. One was to gain suppression of the name Graptolithus, another for the suspension of the nomenclatorial rules toenable the legalization of established usage of such well-known names as





Monograptus Geinitz 1852 and Retiolites Barrande 1850. There was also his 1961 application (74) for the validation of the name endings being changed to- graptus; his last application (87) related to the speciesthe concept of which he sought to stabilize by designating a neotype from Estonia.

In considering the zoological affinities of the Graptolithina, in 1933, after referring to previously held views relating graptolites to Polyzoa, Hydrozoa or Chordata ( Rhabdopleura), he stated (22, p. 31) that to him ‘the claims of theCoelenterata appear more attractive’, though he added that ‘a little more conclusive evidence concerning the “common canal” structure’ would make those views ‘very well established’. But it proved otherwise because, after Kozlowski had shown the relationship of the common canal to the stolotheca, Bulman added support to Kozlowski’s views concerning the Pterobranch affinities of the Dendroidea by his detailed description of Koremagraptus and by his re-examination of Wiman’s serial sections of Dendroidea. Furthermore, Florkin (1965) had demonstrated biochemically that the graptolite skeleton had a scleroproteic nature; such scleroproteic material also occurs in the Hemichordata. Thus, Bulman concluded in the Graptolithina (97, p. V 6) that this extinct class should be ‘provisionally assigned’ to the phylum Hemichordata along with the class Pterobranchia. This last book has been given by Professor R. Kozlowski (in a letter) the following well-merited tribute: ‘Cette edition . . . restera pour longtemps la meilleure source pour tous les paleontologistes, menant des recherches dans ce domain. C’est un monument qu’il s’est erige avant de quitter ce monde.’

W ork on fossils other than graptolites

Among vertebrates, Bulman’s first researches were published jointly with those of W. F. Whittard in a paper dealing with the Branchiosauridae from the Permian Rotliegende of Germany (3). Bulman accepted responsibility for the description, including skull and limb reconstructions, of the type species of his new genus, Micromelerpeton and two species of Pelosaurus from Odernheim, Bavaria, and a revised description of Branchiosaurus tener Schonfeld from Saxony which he referred to a new genus Leptorophus. In 1928, additional descriptions and illustrations were given (11) of the type species of Micromelerpeton and of a new species of Leptorophus, both from Odernheim.

In his contribution to research on fishes, Bulman wrote on the Anaspid ostracoderm, Lasanius (15), and provided a revised reconstruction. In the case of Palaeospondylus (18), he amplified the results of the Sollas’s serial sections by dissolving away with hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids the rock matrix surrounding the fossil and transferring the fossil to a glass slide; additionally he dissected a recent myxinoid to facilitate comparison between Palaeospondylus skull structures and those of recent cyclostomes. A plate of wash-drawings and two text-figures illustrated his dissection of the skulls.

In the war years generally, and especially in the early years, there was a scarcity of papers submitted for publication in the Geological Magazine so the



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editor came to look for material of his own authorship. The paper on muscle systems of some inarticulate Brachiopods (35), Bulman told me, was written when he was preparing lectures for his advanced palaeontology course some years earlier and, he added, that he had hoped to follow the topic more intensely. It is interesting to record that Bulman’s drawings (admittedly after Blochmann) of the muscle systems of recent Lingula, Discinisca and Crania have been reproduced by Alwyn Williams in the 1955 edition of the Brachiopoda section of the Treatise on invertebrate paleontology. Bulman had already described a new species of Obolus and commented on four other Shineton Shale brachiopod species in 1927 and in that same paper (4) he had also described three new Hyolithid species and one Agnostid trilobite subspecies. Bulman’s paper dealing with the Nordenskiold South American graptolites (16) also carried descriptions of fossils other than graptolites. Of those new to science, there were the Caradoc phyllocarid Caryocaris acuta and the Llanvirn trilobite Trinucleus nordenskioeldi which became the type species of Incaia Whittard 1955. A trilobite pygidium from Bolivia which Bulman referred to Saukia ? was made by Harrington and Leanza (1957) a member of their new genus Hypermecaspis and called H. bulmani.

In consideration of generalities within his subject, Bulman’s address to Section C of the British Association (70) was a masterly discussion of new methods and new materials used in palaeontology and the contribution these have made to the species concept, to views on evolution and to the interpretation of phylogeny and ontogeny.

Appreciation and awards

Bulman stood upright, was 6 feet tall but sparsely built; he had a quizzical expression, keen hazel-coloured eyes and he was left handed. Though occasionally showing a disturbing tendency to voice his dislike of certain people, in his happy moods he was a delightful companion, fully endowed with consideration, wit and friendship. He was generous with gifts to his friends and their families. In my own case, to single out one instance, he and his wife gave unstinting hospitality to my wife and two small children for some months after our London home had been damaged during the 1940 blitz. He was specially devoted to children, both his own and those of others. His former pupil, Professor Michael House, writes: ‘It came as quite a surprise, when he first stayed with us, to discover his fondness for children. My daughter was very young then and I recall him pulling her around the garden in a cardboard box attached to a rope. We rarely met afterwards without his asking after her or mentioning her on postcards he sent from away.’ That he was a lucid, inspiring lecturer and teacher, several of his former students have enthusiastically affirmed; as an example, I quote from one of five of Oliver’s students who now hold senior geological appointments in Canada, namely Dr Digby McLaren, Director of the Geological Survey of Canada: ‘I first came under Bulman’s influence as an undergraduate in 1938, when I took the first year palaeontology course from him at the Sedgwick Museum. At first he seemed a forbidding person, but this austerity masked a kindness and warmth that was quickly apparent in response to





any display of interest. I was fortunate in having him as a supervisor for a short time, and he sparked an interest in palaeontology and stratigraphy that has remained with me ever since. After the war, several of us, straight from the Army, returned to Cambridge to take Part II of the Tripos. Bulman was immensely helpful to us and his enthusiasm assisted many of us to make the difficult transition. We got to know him well, in the Sedgwick, at his home, and on field excursions. He had a facility for lecturing that was quite remarkable. He drew with his left hand, and managed to do that apparently without looking at the blackboard while still facing the class and without interupting the flow of his words. The diagrams he drew were so beautiful that we would examine the board before lectures to find out if it was marked in some way to assist him. But he was a really gifted draughtsman as well as a brilliant teacher. From that time he remained for many of us a close personal friend who took a continuing interest in our careers until his death/ Certainly both as a lecturer and as a professor, he devoted much time and thought to his teaching and other departmental work. The manifolded aides-m that he gave to his advanced students were treasured by some of the recipients long after their courses had finished. His success as a teacher is indicated by nine of his former pupils holding professorships in Britain or overseas. The Chief Palaeontologist of the Institute of Geological Sciences and three of his staff were taught by Bulman as were several of the teaching staff at the Sedgwick Museum. Mrs Edith Brighton has reminded me that Bulman in his spell as a London postgraduate student at Cambridge was critical of the college and tutorial systems, but during his subsequent 40-year long sojourn there, he came to believe them to be almost ideal and was very perturbed when younger fellows of his college criticized or were hostile to the Establishment. He had considerable experience at Cambridge and other universities as an examiner and one of his co-examiners, Professor M. House, in a letter recalls Bulman saying ‘I never regretted being generous towards a candidate but have sometimes regretted being harsh/ Professor House also wrote of his appreciation of Bulman’s geological offprint and journal presentations to the University of Hull Geological Department. These gifts also contained material inherited from the Watts and Fearnsides libraries including a run of the Transactions and Quarterly Journals of the Geological Society from 1808 to 1963.

I have been privileged to read a selection of the many tributes to Bulman which have been sent to his wife who, throughout their life together, had given him much wholehearted and intelligently directed support and devotion in his work and in his journeys overseas. Several letters refer to his happy home and family life so generously shared with others. Some write particularly of his smile or cheerful countenance or of his sense of humour which is described by one as ‘a sharpish wit which was generally enjoyed*; another recalled the sense of accord in that ‘something that made one of us laugh, inevitably would amuse the other*. A former Sidney chaplain recalls Oliver at lunch in hall, some years ago surveying the ranks of dullish-looking undergraduates at that time; ‘ “I should like”, he said, “to put a compulsory question in the college entrance examination.



Describe how you would create merry hell in the Court.” No one would ask that now.’ Bulman possibly had in mind the (probably) apocryphal flagstone lifting attributed to his father-in-law, when a Sidney undergraduate.

One past student wrote: ‘He didn’t praise much, he just took it for granted that one would be able to do things’; on the other hand, many wrote specially of the encouragement which he gave them. Mention was made of ‘the consummate ease with which writing and speaking came to him’; another referred to his high standard of scholarship being combined with reassuring kindliness and friendliness.

To his Cambridge college he was notably kind and generous; he attended chapel and took a full part in the meetings of the governing body and latterly he edited the college Annual; he became an Emeritus Fellow in 1966. The Master of Sidney Sussex, Professor J. W. Linnett, F.R.S., also writes of Bulman as a kind and gentle person. Both the Master and Dr R. C. Smail have told me that when some of the medieval stained glass, from the windows of the late thirteenth- century Franciscan church which underlay part of the college, was excavated early in the 1960s, it proved possible to reassemble some of the larger fragments for windows in the ante-chapel and the old library above it. The whole of this work was done at Bulman’s expense. He wished to contribute to the perpetuation of the past by the college. He also left substantial money bequests to the Geological Society of London and to the Palaeontographical Society.

Bulman was awarded the Huxley Memorial Medal and Prize by the Imperial College in 1928 and he was made a Fellow of the college in 1961. From the Geological Society of London he received the Daniel Pidgeon Fund (1925), a moiety of the balance of the Lyell Fund (1931), a grant from the J. B. Tyrrell Fund (1939) and the Lyell Medal (1953). Elected to the Fellowship of the Royal Society in 1940, he served on the Council from 1950 until 1952. He was elected a Corresponding Member of the Geologiska Forening i Stockholm in 1947 and a Foreign Member of the Konglige Fysiografiska Sallskapets i Lund in 1957. He was made an Honorary Fellow of the Palaeontological Society of India in 1956 and he received the honorary degree of D.Phil. of Oslo University in 1965. Some twenty-two of his fellow graptolite workers, including some of his former students, contributed a series of nineteen papers, with an introductory essay, designed to form a Festschrift, but instead, was destined to form a memorial tribute to him; it was published by the Palaeontological Association in October 1974; though unable to read these various papers, he had the pleasure of learning something of their authorship and contents before he died.

Various genera have been named after him, including Bulmanograptus Pribyl 1948, Bulmanicrusta Kozlowski 1962 and Bulmanidendrum Obut 1974; there is also the family Bulmanidendridae Obut 1974 and, additionally, the specific name bulmani is used in several phyla.

Both his sister Joan and his wife Margo shared his pride in the children of the marriage. He lived to see all four of them launched in their chosen professions and the three girls happily married. The eldest and youngest of the four are now practising medicine; Elizabeth Jane (Mrs C. G. Hely), the eldest daughter,





qualified at Edinburgh University in 1965 and the son, William Henry, at the London Hospital in 1973. Louisa Mary (Mrs T. O’Connor), the second daughter, read history at Somerville College and after graduating continued her studies at Oxford, the Courtauld Institute and Florence, culminating in the award of a D. Phil, in 1973; she has been a lecturer in Fine Arts in Manchester University for 5 years. The third daughter, Charlotte Anne (Mrs John Dean), graduated in 1969 in Greek and English at Edinburgh University and is now a principal English teacher in a school.

I am grateful to the following for help in compiling this account: Miss Joan Bulman, Mrs O. M. B. Bulman, Mr and Mrs A. G. Brighton, Dr M. A. Calver, Mr Ian Cox, C.B.E., Dr R. A. Fortey, Professor M. R. House, Miss Jana E. Hutt, Professor R. Kozlowski, Professor J. W. Linnett, F.R.S., Dr D. J. McLaren, Dr S. R. Nockolds, F.R.S., Mr J. A. Phillips (Headmaster of Battersea Grammar School), Dr R. B. Rickards, Dr R. C. Smail and to my wife.

The portrait was taken in 1949 by Edward Leigh, F.I.R.P., F.R.P.S., of Cambridge.

References

Boswell, P. G. H. 1941 The anniversary address of the President. Part 1—The status of geology: A review of present conditions. Proc. geol. Soc. Lond. 97, xxxvi—lv.

Elies, G. L. 1922 The graptolite faunas of the British Isles; a study in evolution. Proc. Geol. Ass. 33, 168-200.

Elies, G. L. & Wood, E. M. R. 1901-18 A monograph of the British graptolites. 11 parts, clxxi+539 pp., 52 pis. Palaeont. Soc. [Monogr.].

Florkin, M. 1965 Paleoproteines. Bull. Acad. r. Belg. Cl. Set. (5) 51, 156-169. Harrington, H. J. & Leanza, A. F. 1957 Ordovician trilobites of Argentina. Spec. Pubis

Uttiv.Kansas 1, 276 pp.Kozlowski, R. 1938 Informations preliminaires sur les graptolithes du Tremadoc de la

Pologne et leur portee theorique. Annls Mus. Zool. Polon. 13, 183-196, text-figs 1, 2. Kozlowski, R. 1949 Les graptolithes et quelques nouveaux groupes d’animaux du

Tremadoc de la Pologne. Palaeont. pol. 3 for 1948, 1-233, text-figs. 1-66, 42 pis. Rickards, R. B., Jackson, D. E. & Hughes, C. P. (eds) 1974 Graptolite studies in honour

of O. M. B. Bulman. Spec. Pap. Palaeontology no. 13, viii +261pp.Sollas, W. J. & Sollas, B. J. 1903 An account of the Devonian fish Palaeospondylus gunni

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(3) 1926 (With W. F. W hittard) On Branchiosaurus and allied genera (Amphibia).Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. part 1, 533-579, pis 1-4, 15 text-figs.

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